Repositorio académico de acceso abierto (Univ. Autonóma de Chile)
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Nanotechnology in Preclinical and Clinical Drug Development
No full textNanotechnology is generating a strong impact in preclinical and clinical drug development. The diversity of current nanotechnologies offers a broad platform used to enhance the performance of drug discovery screening, to develop sensitive and specific methods used to unveil the mechanisms behind the actions of drugs, to determine the function and interaction between molecules, and to study the physiological and pathological changes of cellular components. In addition, advancements in nanobiotechnology have led to the design of new nanomaterial-based drug candidates that present a novel approach to medical diagnostics and therapeutics. The biocompatible nanoarchitecture of the marketed nanocarriers used for drug delivery has increased the solubility and effectiveness of classical drugs, and has provided the technology required for the targeted delivery of encapsulated tissue-organ specific therapeutics. Because of its effect on drug development, nanotechnology serves as the foundation for many future medical endeavors. This article provides an overview of the basics of nanobiotechnology, and discusses its applications in drug discovery, design, and delivery systems
A novel approach for pre-surgical evaluation of facial morphometry in children using magnetic resonance imaging scans of the brain: A feasibility analysis: Facial morphometry in magnetic resonance imaging
No full textPre-surgical evaluation of facial morphometry is frequently warranted for children with facial dysmorphism. Though many methods utilized previously for such purposes, data is scarce on using magnetic resonance (MRI) brain images for such purposes. The purpose of this study was to appraise the feasibility of utilizing MRI brain scans done in epilepsy imaging protocol to assess facial morphometry. Measurements of the face; orbit, mouth, and nose of children aged 1 to 7 years were obtained using T1 sagittal, T2 axial and three dimensional (3D) MRI images of the brain (n=20). Ability to obtain facial measurements, inter and intra-observer variability calculated. The mean age of the studied children was 4±2 years, of which 40% (n=8) were boys, and 60% (n=12) were girls. Obtaining facial measurements were reliable with high intra-observer (α=0.757 to 0.999) and inter-observer agreements (α=0.823 to 0.997). The landmarks of the cranium, upper face, and upper nose could be identified (100%) in both two dimensional (2D) and 3D images when such landmarks were contained in the imaging field of view (FOV). Landmarks of lower nose, (subalar width = 0%) or mouth (0%) were not contained in the FOV of 2D images, but contained in 3D images (100%). Both 2D and 3D images did not allow assessment of lower face or the mandible as such landmarks were not contained in the FOV.
We conclude that Brain MRIs performed to evaluate cerebral pathology can be executed to assess facial measurements, provided the FOV of the scan is adjusted to include all significant landmarks
Adverse Events and Malpractice Claims in Endodontics
No full textAn "adverse event" has defined as a non-intentional complication result of health care treatment, and although it can have different causes, always involves the providing care, but not the complications inherent to the patient’s disease itself. Adverse events, iatrogenic complications and malpractice have been clearly differentiated because only malpractice causes liability: while iatrogenic events can be result of a well-performed procedure, malpractice involves damage caused by negligence or lack of knowledge, and it is a potential for complaint and liability claim. In dentistry, endodontics is one of the specialties of greatest challenge where adverse events and malpractice claims have been reported with significant frequency. We present a literature review searching the main causes and results of malpractice claims in endodontics. Three articles from Italy, Israel and Denmark were selected, where the most claimed adverse events were root perforations, inappropriate drug therapies, defective root fillings and instrument fracture. One of the articles referred to malpractice verdicts in 97.5 % of claims. Since endodontics leads dental malpractice claims in Chile, strategies of risk management for these procedures are discussed; the adherence to strict protocols is proposed and measures to minimize the negative effects of these events are recommended
Ventajas del uso de mercados laborales locales en estudio de desigualdades sociales intra-regionales: el caso de Los Lagos, Chile
No full textSe buscó determinar si para el análisis de desigualdades territoriales a nivel intra-regional resulta ventajoso utilizar una concepción teórico-metodológica del territorio según mercados laborales locales en vez de delimitaciones político-administrativas, analizando concretamente el caso de la región de Los Lagos, del sur de Chile. Se fundamenta una tipología territorial en base a mercados laborales locales que posteriormente se utiliza para analizar desigualdades territoriales de ingreso económico, nivel educativo, clase social y asociadas a adscripción étnica. En todas las variables consideradas la tipología propuesta permite evidenciar desigualdades que permanecen subsumidas en los análisis que utilizan las delimitaciones de acuerdo a criterios político-administrativos
Effects of active exergames on physical performance in older people: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analysis
No full textThis overview assessed the available body of published peer-reviewed systematic reviews and meta-analyses related to the effects of active exergames compared with active/passive control on physical performance outcomes in older people. The methodological quality and certainty of evidence were assessed using PRISMA, AMSTAR 2, and GRADE. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (code: CRD42023391694). The main outcomes indicate that 4,477 records, five systematic reviews, and 10 meta-analyses were included. The AMSTAR-2 reported six meta-analyses with high methodological quality, four moderate quality, two systematic reviews with low quality, and three very-low quality. Meta-analysis was performed on balance using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) tests, on cardiorespiratory fitness using the 6-min walk test, and on upper and lower limbs muscle strength using the handgrip strength, knee extension, and 30-s chair stand tests. Significant differences in favor of the active exergames groups concerning active/passive groups were reported in BBS (SMD = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.12–1.58; I2 = 96%; p = 0.02), TUG (SMD = 1.44; 95% CI = 0.71–2.16; I2 = 97%; p < 0.0001), and 30-s chair stand test (SMD = 0.79; 95% CI = 0.33–1.25; I2 = 88%; p = 0.0008). However, no significant differences were reported in favor of the active exergames groups in 6-min walk (SMD = 0.93; 95% CI = −0.64 to 2.50; I2 = 95%; p = 0.24), handgrip strength (SMD = 0.67; 95% CI = −0.04 to 1.38; I2 = 84%; p = 0.06), and knee extension tests (SMD = 0.20; 95% CI = −0.05 to 0.44; I2 = 95%; p = 0.12) compared to active/passive control. However, it was impossible to perform a meta-analysis for the variables of walking speed as a fall risk due to the diversity of instruments and the small number of systematic reviews with meta-analysis. In conclusion, interventions utilizing active exergames have shown significant improvements in the static and dynamic balance and lower limb muscle strength of apparently healthy older people, compared to control groups of active/inactive participants, as measured by BBS, TUG, and 30-s chair stand tests. However, no significant differences were found in the 6-min walk, HGS, and knee extension tests. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO, CRD42023391694. Copyright © 2024 Hernandez-Martinez, Ramos-Espinoza, Muñoz-Vásquez, Guzman-Muñoz, Herrera-Valenzuela, Branco, Castillo-Cerda and Valdés-Badilla.Chile’s National Research and Development Agency; Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT, (11220035); Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYTUniversidad Autónoma de Chil
Oral Mucosal Melanoma: The Natural History of the Disease a Case Report
No full textOral Mucosal Melanoma is a very aggressive disease that requires early detection by biopsy suspicious lesions, characteristics and surgical treatment resection with wide margins, cervical lymph node dissection and adjuvant therapies aimed at eradicating systemically neoplastic cells. The aim of this report is to show the evolution of this disease in a case where the patient did not accept treatment and thus understanding its earlier stage, the subsequent invasion of adjacent tissues and finally as it spread to the cervical lymph nodes and vital organs remote triggering systemic failure
Plan de Internacionalización de Investigación, Innovación y Doctorados
No full textI. Introducción
La internacionalización se ha consolidado como una herramienta fundamental para las instituciones de educación superior,
propiciando un horizonte más amplio para la generación y transmisión de conocimiento, y estableciendo puentes para el desarrollo colaborativo y la co-creación a nivel global. En este contexto, la Universidad Autónoma de Chile (UA)
reconoce la imperiosa necesidad de integrar en su visión estratégica, una dimensión internacional que le permita abrazar oportunidades y enfrentar desafíos inherentes a nuestro mundo interconectado.
El presente Plan Estratégico de Internacionalización se erige como un documento guía que busca orientar y coordinar los esfuerzos de la Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Doctorados (VRID) hacia una integración más profunda y significativa con la
comunidad académica y científica global, con un énfasis especial en nuestra región de Iberoamérica. A través de este plan, la VRID busca fortalecer sus capacidades internas para mejorar el posicionamiento y el reconocimiento en el ámbito internacional de la investigación que se desarrolla en la UA, paralelamente contribuyendo de forma activa al avance del conocimiento y a
la construcción de soluciones que atiendan las demandas y desafíos tanto de la sociedad chilena como de la comunidad iberoamericana en su conjunto
旅游者会梦想着城市空中交通吗？结合心理学和整合型科技接受模型
No full textTraffic congestion is a widespread problem that can affect tourists at psychological, cognitive, physical, and social levels. Some cities are solving traffic congestion better than others. The purpose of this study is to unearth the perception of U.S. and Chinese tourists toward the adoption of urban air mobility (UAM). The novelty of the current study dwells in introducing avoidance, hyper-arousal, impairment in functioning and somatization as antecedences of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and combining emotional exhaustion and depersonalization with the modified Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) 2 model. The prospective conceptual framework explained the influencing predominance produced by the dependent variables: intention to use UAM (88.3%), emotional exhaustion (60.9%) and depersonalization (72.0%) for Chinese tourists and intention to use UAM (76.6%), emotional exhaustion (68.4%) and depersonalization (61.3%) for U.S. tourists. We found that emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and modified UTAUT 2 constructs have a significant effect on the intention to use UAM for urban tourism. © 2024 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
PERCEPCIÓN DEL ÉXITO SOBRE GOBIERNO ABIERTO EN FUNCIÓN DEL GÉNERO: UN ANÁLISIS DESDE SOCIEDAD CIVIL ORGANIZADA Y GOBIERNO
No full textGobierno Abierto (GA) es un modelo novedoso que configura una estrategia de gestión pública basada en transparencia, participación, rendición de cuentas y datos abiertos, que está siendo cada vez más asumida por los gobiernos de diferentes niveles, pero también por la Sociedad Civil Organizada (SCO). Sin embargo, las percepciones sobre el término de GA varían entre actores gubernamentales y de SCO, pero ¿las percepciones también varían por el género? Esta investigación presenta resultados de un cuestionario aplicado a SCO y a funcionarios públicos involucrados en las acciones de GA en el Estado de Jalisco, México, particularmente se analizan estadísticamente las percepciones de éxito en función del género. El objetivo de la investigación es contrastar las valoraciones en cuatro dimensiones analíticas asociadas al éxito: a) gobierno abierto, b) transparencia, c) participación ciudadana y d) datos abiertos. Los hallazgos muestran una brecha considerable entre las percepciones de los funcionarios públicos y la SCO, así como la relación del éxito del gobierno abierto en función al género
Dimensiones de Empatía en Estudiantes de Psicología
No full textThe interest in examining personal constructs such as empathy may be relevant in psychology university students who will dedicate themselves professionally to the care of different groups, such as the elderly. This work analyzes whether empathy can differ according to sociodemographic variables such as age and sex of psychology university students. The sample is made up of 212 participants of different levels of training from Alicante and province. Of them, 64.6% were women and 35.4% were men, with a mean age of 22.34 (SD = 7.02). The instrument used was the Basic Empathy Scale (2006), abbreviated form, made up of 9 items in Likert-type format that analyzes cognitive and affective empathy. For this, an online questionnaire was created, hosted by Google, to which the participants answered voluntarily and anonymously. The results were statistically significant in Psychology students according to gender, age and training course. These data suggest that this ability can develop and evolve according to a multitude of personal variables, as well as contextual factors. These results help to understand the importance of delving into the possible empathy deficiencies of these future professionals and with it, encourage those students with these most deficient potentialities in order to promote their professionalism.El interés por examinar constructos personales como la empatía, puede ser relevante en estudiantes universitarios de psicología que se dedicarán profesionalmente a la atención de diferentes colectivos, como la tercera edad. En este trabajo se analiza si la empatía puede diferir en función de variables de carácter sociodemográfico como la edad y el sexo de los estudiantes universitarios de Psicología. La muestra está compuesta por 212 participantes de diferentes niveles de formación de Alicante y provincia. De ellos el 64,6% eran mujeres y el 35,4% eran hombres, con edad media de 22,34 (D.T= 7,02). El instrumento utilizado fue la Escala Básica de Empatía (2006), forma abreviada, conformada por 9 ítems en formato tipo Likert que analiza la empatía cognitiva y afectiva. Para ello, se creó un cuestionario online, alojado en Google, al cual contestaron los participantes de manera voluntaria y anónima. Los resultados fueron estadísticamente significativos en los estudiantes de Psicología en función del sexo, de la edad y del curso formativo. Estos datos sugieren que esta capacidad puede desarrollarse y evolucionar según multitud de variables personales, así como factores del contexto. Estos resultados ayudan a comprender la importancia de profundizar en las posibles carencias de empatía de estos futuros profesionales y con ello, fomentar en aquellos estudiantes con estas potencialidades más deficitarias con objeto de fomentar su profesionalidad