Repositorio académico de acceso abierto (Univ. Autonóma de Chile)
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El papel de las reglas fiscales en el control del endeudamiento: la debilidad institucional de los municipios mexicanos
No full textEl rápido e insostenible crecimiento de la deuda de gobiernos subnacionales en México (estatal y municipal), ha cobrado importancia en los años recientes en la medida en que el endeudamiento nuevo es usado para financiar partidas recurrentes de presupuesto o déficit de gasto anteriores. De acuerdo con la información de las Cuentas Públicas “los niveles de deuda del 2008 al 2011 se han incrementado, en términos reales, de 22 trillones de dólares americanos, respectivamente. Esto representa en sí mismo un incremento del 92.4%” (ASF, 2012). El endurecimiento de las restricciones de gasto (soft budget constraints), incluso cuando los gobiernos están usando deuda para financiar partidas de presupuesto recurrentes, ha sido utilizado por muchos gobiernos subnacionales (incluso países) para reformar su prodigalidad en el gasto. Sin embargo, éstas medidas de reforma tienen que ser mejor comprendidas en el contexto de América Latina.
El propósito de ésta investigación es explicar la ausencia de una regulación apropiada para la deuda subnacional y trata de explicar porqué un endurecimiento del marco regulatorio o de las “reglas fiscales” se necesitan a través de un instrumento más fuerte de sanciones. Un modelo econométrico que utiliza datos de 2,400 gobiernos municipales para el periodo de 2000 a 2012 es utilizado para demostrar cómo construir restricciones de gasto fuertes en México. El modelo incluye variables que ayudan a fortalecer el marco institucional, y en consecuencia, hacer posible el proponer un instrumento mejorado para reducir y regular apropiadamente la deuda subnacional
DESCENTRALIZACIÓN, POLITIZACIÓN Y SOLVENCIA FISCAL: LA EXPERIENCIA EN PUERTO RICO LUEGO DE LA REFORMA MUNICIPAL DE 1991
No full textLa Reforma Municipal de 1991 en Puerto Rico comenzó un proceso de descentralización necesario en un gobierno caracterizado por el centralismo. Se evalúan los conceptos de autonomía y delegación de poderes de la Reforma Municipal de 1991, así como el efecto del proceso de descentralización que surge de la Ley en la capacidad de recaudos de los gobiernos locales, el tamaño del gasto, la deuda y la composición del empleo público, entre otros. El mismo utiliza como marco conceptual la teoría económica de federalismo fiscal, tomando en consideración los posibles problemas institucionales y su aplicación al caso de Puerto Rico. La Reforma creó instituciones para encaminar el proceso, construyó un marco legal y reglamentario bastante completo, tomando en consideración factores importantes como lo son la planificación territorial y el fomento de la participación comunitaria. Sin embargo, veintitrés años después podemos concluir que los resultados han sido limitados. Uno de los problemas con su concepción inicial es enfatiza la delegación de facultades a los municipios, más solo aspira a asegurar que los municipios mantengan sus niveles de ingresos, provocando elendeudamiento municipal.
Dados los tropiezos en el camino, la idea de enmarcar la descentralización en un proceso de regionalización surge como una nueva posibilidad. No obstante, se discuten limitaciones fiscales, institucionales y políticas que deben tomarse en cuenta si se desea lograr un proceso exitoso
Understanding the Neurotrophic Virus Mechanisms and Their Potential Effect on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Development
No full textCentral nervous system (CNS) pathologies are a public health concern, with viral infections one of their principal causes. These viruses are known as neurotropic pathogens, characterized by their ability to infiltrate the CNS and thus interact with various cell populations, inducing several diseases. The immune response elicited by neurotropic viruses in the CNS is commanded mainly by microglia, which, together with other local cells, can secrete inflammatory cytokines to fight the infection. The most relevant neurotropic viruses are adenovirus (AdV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), enterovirus (EV), Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and the newly discovered SARS-CoV-2. Several studies have associated a viral infection with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) manifestations. This article will review the knowledge about viral infections, CNS pathologies, and the immune response against them. Also, it allows us to understand the relevance of the different viral proteins in developing neuronal pathologies, SLE and NPSLE. © 2024 by the authors.Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT, (11221280, 1170964, 1190830, 1190864, 1231866, PAI SA77210051)Universidad Autónoma de Chil
La simulación pedagógica como aproximación temprana al Ethos profesional docente
No full textEn este documento presentamos el modelo de simulación pedagógica desarrollado en la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile (UA), entendiendo la simulación pedagógica como una estrategia para el ensayo, apropiación y modelamiento de acciones docentes básicas. Expondremos aspectos generales del modelo, enfocados en el ciclo inicial
de la formación docente en la facultad, señalando también algunos desafíos que surgen en su implementació
Transcriptional and structural analysis of non-specific lipid transfer proteins modulated by fungal endophytes in Antarctic plants under drought
No full textLipid transfer proteins (LTPs) play crucial roles in various biological processes in plants, such as pollen tube adhesion, phospholipid transfer, cuticle synthesis, and response to abiotic stress. While a few members of the non-specific LTPs (nsLTPs) have been identified, their structural characteristics remain largely unexplored. Given the observed improvement in the performance of Antarctic plants facing water deficit when associated with fungal endophytes, this study aimed to assess the role of these symbiotic organisms in the transcriptional modulation of putative nsLTPs. The study focused on identifying and characterizing two nsLTP in the Antarctic plant Colobanthus quitensis that exhibit responsiveness to drought stress. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of Antarctic endophytic fungi on the expression profiles of these nsLTPs, as these fungi have been known to enhance plant physiological and biochemical performance under water deficit conditions. Through 3D modeling, docking, and molecular dynamics simulations with different substrates, the conducted structural and ligand-protein interaction analyses showed that differentially expressed nsLTPs displayed the ability to interact with various ligands, with a higher affinity towards palmitoyl-CoA. Overall, our findings suggest a regulatory mechanism for the expression of these two nsLTPs in Colobanthus quitensis under drought stress, further modulated by the presence of endophytic fungi. © 2024 Scandinavian Plant Physiology Society.Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, ANID; Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT, (1240771, 1220782); Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECY
Towards the development of performance-efficient compressed earth blocks from industrial and agro-industrial by-products
No full textThis work addresses the development of compressed earth blocks with high quality using stabilizers and reinforcements of industrial and agroindustrial by-products. A critique of the production of compressed earth blocks using new mixtures, compositions, and characteristics required for adequate performance according to different construction standards is included. Furthermore, the effect of adding stabilizers and reinforcements from industrial and agro-industrial by-products on strength, durability and thermal insulation is evaluated. Fibers improve tensile and crack resistance while stabilizers enhance cohesion of mixtures, originating new compounds with higher compressive strength and lower permeability. Finally, the main prediction tools for engineering design and application of compressed earth blocks in building are discussed. The main findings and research gaps identified provide a baseline for future research projects focused on the transition to a low-carbon future through the production of compressed earth block. © 2024 The AuthorsDoctoral Program in Sciences of Natural Resources of the Universidad de La Frontera; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, ANID, (21222107)Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Exploring the Influence of Cation and Halide Substitution in the Structure and Optical Properties of CH3NH3NiCl3 Perovskite
No full textThis manuscript details a comprehensive investigation into the synthesis, structural characterization, thermal stability, and optical properties of nickel-containing hybrid perovskites, namely CH3NH3NiCl3, CsNiCl3, and CH3NH3NiBrCl2. The focal point of this study is to unravel the intricate crystal structures, thermal behaviors, and optical characteristics of these materials, thereby elucidating their potential application in energy conversion and storage technologies. X-ray powder diffraction measurements confirm that CH3NH3NiCl3 adopts a crystal structure within the Cmcm space group, while CsNiCl3 is organized in the P63/mmc space group, as reported previously. Such structural diversity underscores the complex nature of these perovskites and their potential for tailored applications. Thermal analysis further reveals the stability of CH3NH3NiCl3 and CH3NH3NiBrCl2, which begin to decompose at 260 °C and 295 °C, respectively. The optical absorption properties of these perovskites studied by UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy revealed the bands characteristic of Ni2+ ions in an octahedral environment. Notably, these absorption bands exhibit subtle shifts upon bromide substitution, suggesting that optical properties can be finely tuned through halide modification. Such tunability is paramount for the design and development of materials with specific optical requirements. By offering a detailed examination of these properties, the study lays the groundwork for future advancements in material science, particularly in the development of innovative materials for sustainable energy technologies. © 2024 by the authors.Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo, ANID; Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYT, (11230732, 11230831); Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico, FONDECYTUniversidad Autónoma de Chil
Sobrevivir a las complicaciones de la fibrosis retroperitoneal con recaídas intermitentes durante un período de 20 años: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura: ¿Es una enfermedad crónica progresiva o recaídas intermitentes cada vez que involucra una nueva estructura?
No full textIdiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis is a rare fibro-inflammatory disease of varied etiology which usually originates around aorta and spreads caudally along Iliac vessels into adjacentretroperitoneum causing ureteral obstruction as the most frequent complication.A 53-year-old male patient presented with complaint of mild pain in both the legs off and on. On investigating further, we found that he had been struggling with intermittent relapses every 3-4 years for last 20 years since he was first diagnosed with Idiopathic Retroperitoneal Fibrosis. He was33-year-old when he first developed the symptoms of anuria for 48 hours and was diagnosed with Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. This was followed by atrophy of left kidney and hypertension 6 years later, then hypothyroidism after another 3years and finally involvement of Inferior VenaCava and acute Deep Vein Thrombosis of lower limbs after another 3-4 years. His deep vein thrombosis was well managed in time. He was put on glucocorticoids everytime he had a relapse and a complication.We did a review of literature to understand recent advances about its pathogenesis, diagnosis, investigations and management. We searched in PubMed using terms like retroperitoneal fibrosisalone and in combination with related terms such as Inferior Vena Cava thrombosis, Deep Vein Thrombosis, Tamoxifen, Methotrexate. This case is unique as it is very rare to find acute Deep Vein Thrombosis in Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis without development of any collateralswhen Inferior Vena Cava lumen is compromised to almost complete obstruction. After a follow up of 20 years patient is doing well in terms of physical activity and psychologicalwellbeing with anti-hypertensives, thyroxine and anti-coagulants. Is the disease-free interval actually free of the disease or it just subsided with immunosuppressants to become active after some time?Reportamos el caso de un paciente varón de 53 años que se presentó con un dolor leve en ambas piernas. Al investigar más a fondo, descubrimos que había estado luchando con recaídas intermitentes cada 3-4 años durante los últimos 20 años desde que se le diagnosticó por primera vez fibrosis retroperitoneal idiopática. Tenía 33 años cuando desarrolló por primera vez los síntomas de anuria durante 48 horas y se le diagnosticó fibrosis retroperitoneal idiopática. Esto fue seguido por atrofia del riñón izquierdo e hipertensión 6 años después, luego hipotiroidismo después de otros 3 años y finalmente afectación de la vena cava inferior y trombosis venosa profunda aguda de las extremidades inferiores después de otros 3-4 años. Su trombosis venosa profunda se controló bien a tiempo. Le recetaron glucocorticoides cada vez que tenía una recaída y una complicación.
Hicimos una revisión de la literatura para comprender los avances recientes sobre su patogenia, diagnóstico, investigaciones y manejo. Se realizaron búsquedas en PubMed utilizando términos como fibrosis retroperitoneal sola y en combinación con términos relacionados como trombosis de la vena cava inferior, trombosis venosa profunda, tamoxifeno, metotrexato. Este caso es único, ya que es muy raro encontrar trombosis venosa profunda aguda en fibrosis retroperitoneal idiopática sin desarrollo de colaterales cuando la luz de la vena cava inferior está comprometida hasta una obstrucción casi completa.
Después de un seguimiento de 20 años, el paciente se encuentra bien en términos de actividad física y bienestar psicológico con antihipertensivos, tiroxina y anticoagulantes. ¿El intervalo libre de enfermedad está realmente libre de la enfermedad o simplemente disminuyó con inmunosupresores para activarse después de algún tiempo
Environmental Risk and Toxicity Effect of Organophosphorus Insecticides on Male Red Earthworm (Eisenia foetida)
No full textOrganophosphate pesticides are widely used to eliminate pests in agriculture. In Arica- Chile, they were used to control and eliminate the plague of fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata). They act as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and induce DNA damage. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of malathion and methamidophos two organophosphate pesticides on male reproductive parameters of red earthworm Eisenia foetida. After determining the LD50 in mg per kilogram of soil (malathion= 880 mg/kg and methamidophos= 85.3 mg/kg), we proceeded to subdue Eisenia foetida at a dose of 1/10, 1/6, 1/3 and 2/3 of the LD50. The control groups were sprayed with water. All groups were analyzed at 1, 6, 15 and 30 days post treatment. The weight and external morphological changes was determined. Sperm count was held in camera Neubaur, DNA integrity was determined with Acridine orange test. The Ethics / Bioethics Committee at the University of Tarapaca, approved the research protocols. The results show that both organophosphate express a significant decrease in body weight in all animals treated with 100% of coiled tail. A significant rise in the number of sperm at 1, 6 and 15 days followed by a significant decrease from 15 to 30 days was observed. A significant increase of abnormal metachromatic sperm (red fluorescence) in all treated animals was observed. It is concluded that malathion and methamidophos, alter the external morphology, sperm count and quality of Eisenia foetida red earthworm. The use of these chemicals needs better handling and storage procedures to avoid altering human health and the environment
ATRAÇÃO DE ESTUDANTES E ESTRATÉGIAS DE MARKETING EM UM INSTITUTO FEDERAL: UM CASO DE ESTUDO BRASILEIRO
No full textPurpose: This case study analyzes how management strategies for higher technical-vocational education are used to attract students, based on institutional marketing, and how they were put into practice in the MarketIFPI project of the FIPI-Campus Oeiras. Method: This descriptive and interpretative investigation used participant observation, analysis of documents and field notes. Results and Discussion: The main results indicate that the organizational culture, the involvement of the project team and the financial investment for institutional dissemination represented the main key points for the success of the project. Research Implications: Actions that promote the interaction of potential students with the institution tend to generate a greater increase in the number of requests. Paradoxically, actions that involve a lot of effort on the part of civil servants tend to generate less commitment from them. In addition, the less the implementation of command-and-control mechanisms for employee performance, the less will be their involvement. Originality/Value: This research provide important practical contributions for higher education institutions, especially public and campuses located in the interior, to develop and implement effective strategies for attracting new students and establish mechanisms for the management of institutional projects that keep their campuses competitive and do not impede the offering of their courses. © 2024 ANPAD - Associacao Nacional de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa em Administracao. All rights reserved.Universidad Autónoma de Chil