Repositorio académico de acceso abierto (Univ. Autonóma de Chile)
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Percepción de personas mayores sobre el proceso de deglución en el envejecimiento
No full textThe aging process is accompanied by demands and adaptations of the body to improve the quality of life, including the maintenance of the individual’s diet. Eating difficulties can be minimized in the face of health promotion actions linked to popular knowledge. The objective to know the perception of the elderly about swallowing in the aging process and to verify the presence of myths and truths that pervade this topic. Qualitative research of the type of participatory action research, articulated with the Research Itinerary of Paulo Freire. It was carried out in four Culture Circles, with eight elderly participants, between the months of October and December 2018, and the stages of thematic research, coding and decoding were carried out simultaneously with the critical unveiling, such as the methodology Freireana foresees the analytical process. The thematic investigation revealed 32 generating themes that culminated in three significant themes, namely: (a) Myths and truths related to choking, (b) Understanding and perception of swallowing difficulties, and (c). Swallowing Care, Discussed Across Cultural Circles. The elders participated actively, speaking about their beliefs regarding swallowing and the factors that can lead to choking, as well as the methods used by them to unblock themselves. It was possible to notice that the elderly has beliefs that were transmitted to them culturally and that they use them in a natural and adaptive way to compensate for their difficulties. The participants demonstrated understanding of the intrinsic aspects that influence the act of swallowing, as well as the importance of a coordinated and conscious action, so that the consequences derived from presbyophagia do not develop over time.El proceso de envejecimiento va acompañado de demandas y adaptaciones del organismo para mejorar la calidad de vida, incluido el mantenimiento de la dieta del individuo. Las dificultades de alimentación pueden minimizarse frente a las acciones de promoción de la salud vinculadas al conocimiento popular.
El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la percepción de las personas mayores sobre la deglución en el proceso de envejecimiento y verificar la presencia de mitos y verdades que impregnan este tema.
Para ello se definió una metodología de investigación cualitativa del tipo de investigación acción participativa, articulada con el itinerario de investigación de Paulo Freire. Se llevó a cabo en cuatro círculos de cultura, con ocho participantes de edad avanzada, entre los meses de octubre y diciembre de 2018. Las etapas de investigación temática, codificación y decodificación se llevaron a cabo simultáneamente con la develación crítica de acuerdo a cómo la metodología freireana prevé el proceso analítico.
La investigación temática reveló 32 temas generadores que culminaron en tres temas significativos, a saber: (a) Mitos y verdades relacionados con la sensación de atoro, (b) Comprensión y percepción de las dificultades para deglutir y (c). Cuidado de la deglución, discutido a lo largo de los círculos culturales. Las personas mayores participaron activamente, hablando sobre sus creencias con respecto a la deglución y los factores que pueden conducir a sensación de atoro, así como los métodos utilizados por ellos para su corrección.
Como conclusión fue posible notar que las personas mayores tienen creencias que se les transmitieron culturalmente y que los usan de forma natural y adaptativa para compensar sus dificultades. Los participantes demostraron comprender los aspectos intrínsecos que influyen en el acto de tragar, así como la importancia de una acción coordinada y consciente, para que no desarrollen con el tiempo las consecuencias derivadas de la presbifagia
Correlación entre marcadores inflamatorios con función física y composición corporal en adultos mayores de la comunidad: estudio transversal
No full textIntroduction: Aging is associated with various chronic diseases that cause systemic inflammation, characterized by an increase in blood levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Physical function and body composition may be related to these inflammatory markers in older adults. Objective: To analyze the correlation between blood inflammatory markers, physical function and body composition in community-dwelling older adults. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 242 community-dwelling older adults (mean age was 68±6 years for males and 70±6 years for females; the percentage of men was 36.6% and 69.4% of women) from the city of Londrina, Brazil. Blood levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were analyzed with flow cytometry. For the physical evaluation, static balance was measured with the one-legged stance test (OLS), hand-grip strength (HGS) using a digital dynamometer and aerobic capacity with the six-minute walk test (6MWT). For the evaluation of body composition, the following perimeters were considered: hip, calf, quadriceps, biceps brachii, triceps brachii and waist. The correlation of inflammatory variables with those of physical function and body composition was analyzed using Pearson or Spearman with SPSS version 22 software. Results: IL-6 levels were correlated with OLS (r:-0.22; p:0.002), triceps circumference (r: 0.16; p:0.023) and waist circumference (r: 0.34; p:0.000). TNF-α levels were correlated with HGS (r:-0.15; p:0.035), triceps circumference (r: 1.79; p:0.012) and waist circumference (r: 0.27; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Inflammatory biomarkers are related to low muscle strength, static balance, and an increase in triceps and waist circumference. © 2024 Sociedad espanola de dietetica. All rights reserved
Validation of the questionnaire to measure Chilean teachers’ perception of school violence and coexistence management (VI+GEC)
No full textIn this article, we present the development and validation of a psychometric scale that measures the teacher’s perception in the Chilean school system with respect to elements of school violence and coexistence management. The novelty lies in the incorporation of factors that address violence from teachers to students, from students to teachers and coexistence management. A total of 1072 teachers from the Northern, Central, Southern and Metropolitan macro-zones of Chile participated, with ages between 22 and 76 years (M=44.56; SD=10.52) and from 1 to 54 years of work (M=17.14; SD=10.38). 76.3% identify with the female gender and 23.7% with the male gender. Of the teachers, 78.4% worked mainly in the classroom and the rest performed managerial or administrative functions outside the classroom in the school. The school violence and coexistence management questionnaire for teachers (VI+GEC) was used. The validity of the scale was demonstrated by means of Confirmatory Factor Analysis, convergent validity analysis and discriminant validity. Reliability was demonstrated by means of McDonald’s omega coefficient in all the factors of the scale. An analysis with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) found a mean, and statistically significant influence of the perception of coexistence management on the perception of school violence. The findings are discussed in terms of previous research on school violence and coexistence management. Copyright © 2024 Muñoz-Troncoso, Halberstadt, Cuadrado-Gordillo, Riquelme-Mella, Miranda-Zapata, Legaz-Vadímisrkaya, Sepúlveda-Bernales, Salamanca-Aroca and Muñoz-Troncoso.Universidad Católica de Temuco, UCT; Fondecyt Regular, (1231178, 1191956); Fondecyt Iniciación, (11191041)Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Diagnóstico de necesidades formativas entre maestros AICLE en formación inicial
No full textThis research paper aims to uncover training needs of university students or pre-service CLIL teachers (N=19) through the process of presentation, explanation, and resolution of mathematical problems in English as a foreign language concerning four operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The aim is to make sure whether the training needs are related to the pre-service CLIL teachers’ mathematical knowledge, language competence, or teaching skills. This is a descriptive correlational study with a quantitative approach, in which two research tools were used: A questionnaire answered before and after each mathematical problem by the students who performed as teachers, together with a voice recorder to collect their full discourses. Although the results do not reveal significant training needs, some weaknesses in terms of teaching skills are found. However, it is also worth considering the degree of difficulty of the mathematical problems focused on Primary Education Year 3. It would make it possible to infer probable complications in terms of content knowledge and language competence if the mathematical problems were designed for more advanced courses. Finally, the relationship between the results achieved and the objectives and research hypotheses is outlined.Este trabajo pretende descubrir necesidades formativas de estudiantes universitarios o maestros AICLE en formación inicial (N=19) a partir de la presentación, explicación y resolución de problemas matemáticos en inglés como lengua extranjera para cuatro operaciones: suma, resta, multiplicación y división. El objetivo es determinar si dichas necesidades formativas se relacionan con su conocimiento matemático, su competencia idiomática o sus habilidades pedagógicas. Se trata de una investigación de alcance descriptivo y correlacional con un enfoque cuantitativo, donde se utilizaron dos instrumentos de investigación: un cuestionario, respondido antes y después de cada problema matemático por los estudiantes que ejercían como docentes, junto a una grabadora para recopilar íntegramente sus discursos. Aunque los resultados no muestran necesidades formativas significativas, sí evidencian ciertas incapacidades de carácter pedagógico. Sin embargo, es importante considerar el grado de dificultad de los problemas matemáticos, enfocados a 3º de Educación Primaria, lo que permite inferir posibles dificultades en materia de conocimiento del contenido y dominio idiomático si los problemas estuvieran pensados para cursos más avanzados. Finalmente, se establece una relación entre los resultados alcanzados y los objetivos e hipótesis se investigación.
 
Anteproyecto de biodigestor de bolsa para la cocina comedor de la empresa porcina
No full textThe use of biodigesters worldwide and in Cuba has had a notable growth due to the implementation of energy policies that promote the use of renewable energy sources. The objective of this work is to show the energy, agricultural and economic advantages that the use of biodigesters should promote in the pig farm and neighboring farms. In the preliminary project, biodigester calculation methodologies from FAO, ECLAC and the Institute of Porcine Research of the Republic of Cuba were used. The calculation made for the kitchen of 100 people shows that 13 plastic bags of 10 m3 each are required. The economic evaluation is carried out in Cuban pesos (CUP) with an equivalence of 24 CUP / CUP is necessary, which results in an annual income of 101,485.26 CUP, an IRR of 30% and a period of recovery of the investment of (PRI) of 3.2 years in an estimated useful life of 10 years, which makes it an attractive investment. The proposed social investment aims to improve the living and working conditions of the personnel who use firewood to cook food and also contributes to preserving the nearby forest by avoiding the burning of 56 t / year of wood as fuel.El uso de los biodigestores a nivel mundial y en Cuba específicamente, ha tenido un notable crecimiento por la puesta en vigor de políticas energéticas que potencian el uso de las fuentes renovables de energía. El objetivo del presente trabajo radica en mostrar las ventajas energéticas, agrícolas y económicas que el uso de los biodigestores debe propiciar en la granja porcina y fincas aledañas. En el anteproyecto fueron utilizadas metodologías de cálculos de biodigestores de la FAO, CEPAL y el Instituto de Investigaciones Porcinas de la República de Cuba. El cálculo realizado para la cocina de 100 comensales muestra que se requieren 13 bolsa plásticas de 10 m3 cada una. La evaluación económica es realizada en pesos cubanos (CUP) con una equivalencia de 24 USD y muestra que es necesaria una inversión inicial de 94,334.24 CUP por el uso del biogás y la venta del abono, obteniéndose un VAN de 215,265.05 $CUP, una TIR de 30% y un periodo de recuperación de la inversión (PRI) de 3,2 años en una vida útil estimada de 10 años, lo que la convierten en una inversión atractiva. La inversión social propuesta tiene como objetivo mejorar las condiciones de vida y trabajo del personal que utiliza la leña en la cocción de alimentos y además contribuir a preservar el bosque cercano evitando la combustión de 56 t/año de madera como combustible
Comentario de la sentencia no. 104/2019 de 19 de febrero de 2019 de la sala de lo civil del tribunal supremo español: abre la posibilidad de extinguir la pensión de alimentos de aquellos hijos mayores de edad que no mantengan relación con el progenitor obligado al pago de su pensión de alimentos
No full textEl fallo que se analiza y versa acerca de si la falta absoluta que tenga un hijo mayor de edad de relacionarse con su progenitor puede amparar que se extinga la pensión alimenticia que recibe de él. El caso deja expuesto la necesidad de sentar jurisprudencia sobre un problema jurídico que plantea la realidad social
La mediación como requisito de procesabilidad. Una mirada crítica de tal exigencia
No full textEn nuestro ordenamiento se están exigiendo como un trámite previo para demandar judicialmente el haberse llevado a cabo un método alternativo de solución de conflictos. Esto lo vemos reflejado en tres áreas específicamente (familia, laboral y salud), por lo que el presente trabajo busca analizar la eficacia de tales métodos y si ellos representan algún inconveniente para acceder a los tribunales de justicia
Me Justifico, Luego Existo. Regímenes De Justificación En Las Universidades De Élite Chilenas
No full textFew studies focus on understanding the role of universities in the elites’ legitimation processes. This article examines how elite universities-in the context of Chilean tertiary education massification-actively create privileged statuses. Focusing on eight case studies, we examine how these universities justify their roles and existence, generating distinctions that promote highly exclusive spaces, replicating elite privilege. Through 48 semi-structured interviews, this article focuses on understanding the justification arguments employed by faculty and deans from these elite institutions. Following Boltanski’s and Thévenot’s theoretical model, the results illustrate three different justification regimes: i) arguing for their elite status within the university system; ii) justifying the role they fulfil within Chilean society; and iii) defending their existence in the social structure. These regimes combine arguments relating to social justice, efficiency and market system performance in an eclectic and pragmatic way. © The Author(s) 2024.Universidad Autónoma de Chil
Specific Training Improves the Detection and Management of Patient-Ventilator Asynchrony
No full textBACKGROUND: Patient-ventilator asynchrony is common in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. The proportion of health-care professionals capable of identifying and effectively managing different types of patient-ventilator asynchronies is limited. A few studies have developed specific training programs, but they mainly focused on improving patient-ventilator asynchrony detection without assessing the ability of health-care professionals to determine the possible causes. METHODS: We conducted a 36-h training program focused on patient-ventilator asynchrony detection and management for health-care professionals from 20 hospitals in Latin America and Spain. The training program included 6 h of a live online lesson during which 120 patient-ventilator asynchrony cases were presented. After the 6-h training lesson, health-care professionals were required to complete a 1-h training session per day for the subsequent 30 d. A 30-question assessment tool was developed and used to assess health-care professionals before training, immediately after the 6-h training lecture, and after the 30 d of training (1-month follow-up). RESULTS: One hundred sixteen health-care professionals participated in the study. The median (interquartile range) of the total number of correct answers in the pre-training, post-training, and 1-month follow-up were significantly different (12 [8.75–15], 18 [13.75–22], and 18.5 [14–23], respectively). The percentages of correct answers also differed significantly between the time assessments. Study participants significantly improved their performance between pre-training and post-training (P < .001). This performance was maintained after a 1-month follow-up (P 5.95) for the questions related to the detection, determination of cause, and management of patient-ventilator asynchrony. CONCLUSIONS: A specific 36-h training program significantly improved the ability of health-care professionals to detect patient-ventilator asynchrony, determine the possible causes of patient-ventilator asynchrony, and properly manage different types of patient-ventilator asynchrony. © 2024 Daedalus Enterprises
Monitoreo de progresión y cumplimiento del perfil de egreso
No full textLos programas doctorales de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile llevan a cabo procedimientos en los que se realiza un monitoreo o seguimiento de avance de los doctorandos con miras identificar logros y debilidades, y por ende, implementar medidas correctivas respectivas para cada programa. Cabe destacar que semestralmente, se realizan distintas reuniones (p.e., reunión ampliada con el claustro académico, reuniones de los comités académicos), lo que facilita la retroalimentación del resultado de los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. El objetivo de estos encuentros es minimizar la tasa de deserción por mal rendimiento académico, así como cumplir los tiempos de permanencia establecidos en los planes de estudio y la graduación oportuna, la tasa de ocupación de vacantes, contribuyendo en su conjunto al cumplimiento del perfil de egreso como futuros doctores en sus respectivas materias.
Para ejemplificar estos procedimientos, se ilustrará con las acciones que lleva a cabo el Programa de Doctorado en Ciencia Sociales. De forma específica, el Programa se apoya en diversas estrategias y medidas concretas las que se resumen a continuación