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Quality of life of patients living with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, a clinic-based study, Kerala, India
No full textAssociative learning and face recognition in MCI and early Alzheimer’s disease-a Neuropsychological and Brain Volumetric study
No full textGBD 2017 Mortality Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
No full textBackground
Assessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally.
Methods
The GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950.
Findings
Globally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4–19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2–59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5–49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1–70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7–54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3–75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5–51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9–88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3–238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6–42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2–5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development.
Interpretation
This analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing.
Funding
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Validation of shunt quantification by phase contrast MRI in adult acyanotic left to right shunts with invasive oximetry as a gold standard
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Engineered Nanoparticles with Antimicrobial Property
No full textAbstract: Background: The urge for the development and manufacture of new and effective antimicrobial agents is
particularly demanding especially in the present scenario of emerging multiple drug resistant microorganisms. A
promising initiative would be to converge nanotechnology to develop novel strategies for antimicrobial treatment.
These distinct nano scale properties confer impressive antimicrobial capabilities to nanomaterials that could be exploited.
Nanotechnology particularly modulates the physicochemical properties of organic and inorganic nanoparticles,
rendering them suitable for various applications related to antimicrobial therapy compared to their bulk counterparts.
However, a major issue associated with such usage of nanomaterials is the safety concern on heath care
system. Hence, a thorough put knowledge on biocompatible nanostructures intended for antimicrobial therapy is
needed.
Methods: A systematic review of the existing scientific literature is being attempted here which includes the properties
and applications of a few nano structured materials for antimicrobial therapy and also the mechanism of action of
nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents. Silver (Ag), Graphene, Quantum dots (QDs), Zinc oxide (ZnO) and chitosan
nanoparticles are taken as representatives of metals, semiconductors, metal oxides and organic nanoparticles that
have found several applications in antimicrobial therapy are reviewed in detail.
Results and Conclusion: An ideal anti microbial should selectively kill or inhibit the growth of microbes but cause
little or no adverse effect to the host. Each of the engineered nanomaterials reviewed here has its own advantages
and disadvantages. Nanomaterials in general directly disrupt the microbial cell membrane, interact with DNA and
proteins or they could indirectly initiate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage microbial cell
components and viruses. Some like silver nanoparticles have broad spectrum antibacterial activity while others like
cadmium containing QDs shows both antibacterial as well as antiprotozoal activity. Nano material formulations can
be used directly or as surface coatings or as effective carriers for delivering antibiotics. Polycationic nature of Chitosan
NPs helps in conjugation and stabilization of metallic nanoparticles which will enhance their effective usage in
antimicrobial therapy
COMPARISON OF AORTIC VALVE AREA OBTAINED BY CONTINUITY EQUATION AND PLANIMETRY USING INTRAOPERATIVE 2 DIMENSIONAL AND 3 DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN AORTIC STENOSIS
No full textThe Human Brain Mapping Project- A resting state fMRI study of healthy controls and patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer's type.
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