Open Research Oklahoma (Oklahoma State Univ.)
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Facts about enriched flour and bread
No full textThe Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service periodically issues revisions to its publications. The most current edition is made available. For access to an earlier edition, if available for this title, please contact the Oklahoma State University Library Archives by email at [email protected] or by phone at 405-744-6311
Cotton insect control
No full textThe Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service periodically issues revisions to its publications. The most current edition is made available. For access to an earlier edition, if available for this title, please contact the Oklahoma State University Library Archives by email at [email protected] or by phone at 405-744-6311
Light absorption by brown carbon due to individual components and their complexes
No full textBrown carbon aerosol is a complex mixture of light-absorbing organic compounds suspended in the air. Brown carbon has complex effects on the radiative balance on Earth, as it may contribute to warming the planet through absorption of light and to cooling through scattering. In addition to these interactions with radiation, it has interactions with water, as well, influencing cloud formation and properties. The direct effect of brown carbon through interactions with radiation is not adequately understood, so there is significant uncertainty in the magnitude and direction of this effect on radiative forcing. One source of this uncertainty is the complexity of the mixture, which is composed of hundreds and thousands of functionalized organic compounds, including methoxyphenols and quinones. With only few exceptions, these compounds are not available commercially for use as standards, so typically identifications are tentative, detections are non-quantitative, and mass and molar absorption coefficients are unknown. Here, we first demonstrate the utility of time-dependent density functional theory as a computationally affordable method to predict the molar absorption coefficients of a homologous series of cinnamaldehydes, including coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde, which are two of the most abundant methoxyphenols generated from biomass burning. The predicted UV-vis absorption spectra show good agreement with experimental results. We next posed the following question: even if we could know the mass and molar absorption coefficients of every organic component in brown carbon, would we know the total absorption of their mixture – or do non-additive intermolecular interactions play a role? To address this question, we next demonstrate that the light absorption of mixtures of guaiacol and benzoquinone in dilute bulk solutions, upon liquid-liquid partitioning, and upon gasliquid partitioning in thin disks is greater than is expected from the sum of their individual molar absorptivities. Kinetic, thermodynamic, and composition analyses support the conclusion that this enhanced absorption comes from non-covalent complexes rather than covalent products. Finally, we demonstrate that similarly enhanced light absorption due to intermolecular interactions occurs for a series of other liquid methoxyphenols, in addition to guaiacol, in both the previous setup with thin disks as well as a new setup with acoustically levitated microdroplets. Together, these studies of the fundamental origins of the light absorption of brown carbon can help improve our understanding of how biomass burning impacts Earth’s climate
Kosher and halal slaughter
No full textThe Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service periodically issues revisions to its publications. The most current edition is made available. For access to an earlier edition, if available for this title, please contact the Oklahoma State University Library Archives by email at [email protected] or by phone at 405-744-6311
Metabolic response of fire engine crew members during simulated fire task scenarios
No full textFirefighters have a demanding and arduous job, where each task may put many lives at risk. To reduce this risk the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has a minimum standard of 12 METs or VO₂ of 42 ml/kg/min⁻¹ during a graded exercise test. The use of fire simulated scenarios is a way to replicate the tasks that firefighters face during their job and the associated metabolic demands in less harmful conditions. The purpose of the study was to determine the metabolic demands of fire engine crew members during fire simulated tasks. The following are major findings of the thesis. The average peak METs during Evolution A1 (pair) and Evolution A2 (crew) was 11.6 ± 2.9 and 10.9 ± 3.7. There was no difference in average peak METs or average peak VO₂ between evolution tasks (p > 0.05). The average peak METs for the individual tasks assessed ranged from 4.9 to 6.3 METs, and there was no significant difference between the individual tasks and average peak METs levels (p = 0.461) or between the individual tasks and average peak VO₂ (p = 0.525). There was no difference between the evolution scenarios METs to the NFPA minimum standard (p > 0.05). The METs achieved during the evolution tasks were consistent with the minimum standard of 12 METS recommended by the NFPA for injury reduction. The results of this study reinforce the necessity for adequate levels of aerobic fitness and the need to perform high intensity cardiovascular training when preparing firefighters to meet the metabolic demands of a fire scene
Poultry culling and judging chickens for egg production
No full textThe Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service periodically issues revisions to its publications. The most current edition is made available. For access to an earlier edition, if available for this title, please contact the Oklahoma State University Library Archives by email at [email protected] or by phone at 405-744-6311
Exploring the pharmacodynamic properties of fentanyl: A comparative analysis of intraperitoneal injection and vapor self-administration in a mouse model of substance use disorders
No full textIntroduction: Amidst the ongoing opioid crisis, there is a critical need for research to comprehend the underlying mechanisms of substance use disorders and investigate potential treatments. While intravenous fentanyl administration stands as a gold standard in mouse studies, it presents challenges such as difficulty in placing catheters in mice and frequent catheter failure, hindering experimental progress. This study introduces an innovative vapor self-administration model for fentanyl delivery, aiming to evaluate the pharmacodynamic properties of fentanyl when administered passively through vapor.Methods: A series of experiments were conducted involving three groups of mice: intraperitoneal injection of fentanyl, passive vapor self-administration using equivalent doses, and a control group for each experimental group. The analgesic effect of fentanyl was assessed through the hot plate test over a period ranging from 5 to 120 minutes. Mice were placed on a hot plate, and specific signs were evaluated within a 30-second window following fentanyl administration.Results: The analgesic effect of fentanyl was examined using the hot plate test, and a dose-response curve was constructed, revealing comparable responses in mice for both intraperitoneal injection and passive vapor self-administration of fentanyl.Conclusions: The utilization of the vapor self-administration model represents a promising advancement in the field. Our data illuminate this method from a pharmacological perspective, demonstrating a robust analgesic effect of fentanyl through vapor self-administration, comparable to intraperitoneal administration. Further experiments are warranted to explore the full range of properties associated with this methodology
Exploring emergency department wait times for individuals with alcohol use disorder with +/- elevated blood alcohol concentration
No full textIntroduction: As of 2021, 29.5 million U.S. people ages 12 and older have been diagnosed with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD), an increase from 15.7 million reported cases in 2015.1,2 As the prevalence of AUD continues to increase, healthcare providers must anticipate alcohol-associated admissions due to increased chronic disease and premature mortality.3The Emergency Department (ED) is the most used point of entry into the healthcare system for patients experiencing a traumatic injury and one of the most common admission sites for patients with AUD. AUD is consistently regarded as one of the most stigmatized disorders globally, which provides a major barrier for those seeking medical treatment.4,5 Given the increased likelihood of staff experiencing individuals in the ED with AUD or a positive blood alcohol content (BAC) test, identifying potential barriers of individuals with AUD seeking care in the ED may improve overall hospital care outcomes. Thus, the primary objective of our study was to evaluate the potential effects of having an AUD diagnosis on wait times during admission to the ED. Therefore hypothesized that those with AUD+/BAC+ will have longer wait times than those who are AUD-/BAC-.Methods/Materials: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the 2021 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) dataset that reports Emergency Departments (ED) admissions in the United States. Each ED is randomly assigned a 4-week reporting period in which there is a random collection of patient data and characteristics. Each hospital was trained in data collection, verified for eligibility and aided in creating a collection plan prior to participation in the survey. After calculating mean wait times for each sociodemographic of our sample, we assessed differences in these wait times using binary and multivariable linear regression models.Results: Results from our binary regression showed that compared to individuals with no history of alcohol misuse and were BAC negative, we found that individuals who were AUD-/BAC+ had a shorter wait time (min = -18.43, SE = 1.92, t = -9.59, P <.001). Additionally, those who were AUD+/BAC+ had shorter wait times compared to AUD-/BAC- as well (min = -11.11, SE = 4.05, t = -2.75, P = .006). In our adjusted model, only those with AUD-/BAC+ significantly differed from the reference group -having a 16.7 minute shorter wait time on average (SE = 2.97, t = -5.62, P <.001) compared to the AUD-/BAC- group.Discussion/Conclusions: Overall, our study showed no significant difference in emergency department wait times between individuals with and without a history of AUD, although those presenting under the influence of alcohol had shorter wait times. This shows that whether or not AUD-related stigma exists in EDs, it does not negatively affect the timeliness of when an individual with AUD is seen by a doctor. We still recommend training for ED physicians, healthcare workers, and staff to identify and mitigate implicit bias to continue to remove barriers to treatment and improve patient care amongst all populations
Response to nitrogen timing of varying winter wheat genotypes
No full textNitrogen management in winter wheat in the southern Great Plains, USA has traditionally relied on early application strategies. The use of these methods can be attributed equipment, labor, perceived cost, and knowledge constraints. Work completed globally has suggested the use of split application methodologies as a way to increase nitrogen use efficiency in agronomic systems. Research completed in this region has supported the use of single in-season nitrogen applications in lieu of other management strategies, and has been shown to optimize yield and grain nitrogen concentration. Current research however has not evaluated the response of various genotypes in a delayed nitrogen management system. These studies were conducted to evaluate varietal performance across varying nitrogen management strategies including single in-season application. Two experiments were conducted in north central Oklahoma, the first experiment consisting of fourteen winter wheat varieties and two nitrogen management strategies; an early management method and late. This study suggests that environmental conditions will influence performance of the late nitrogen management strategies. However, even under stressful conditions, in fifty-six of the eighty-four observations grain yield was optimized by the late single in-season application. Additionally, grain nitrogen concentration was optimized by the late in-season application seventy-seven of eighty-four observations. The second experiment evaluated two distinct winter wheat varieties (Gallagher and Green Hammer) across twelve nitrogen application strategies, including various two-way, three-way, and single applications. This study suggests that there is no significant improvement to grain yield or grain nitrogen concentration with the use of split applications compared to as timely single in-season nitrogen application. Additionally plant components measured were not influenced by application timing for either variety evaluated. When evaluated together both of these studies suggest that single in-season nitrogen applications are well supported for winter wheat rainfed systems of the southern Great Plains
Impact of the visual severity of dark-cutting on wet-aged beef longissumus lumborum steak palatability and sensory attributes
No full textDark-cutting (DC) beef present an unconventional, dark colored lean that strays from the consumer preferred color. The severity of DC and therefore its visual presentation can vary among carcasses, potentially impacting palatability. The objective was to evaluate the impact of visual severity of DC on the eating quality of wet-aged beef longissimus lumborum steaks. Beef strip loins (n = 8/treatment) were collected from commercial packing plants and selected based on ribeye (longissimus dorsi) visual DC presentation. Strip loins were allocated to treatments as follows: one-half, two-thirds, and full DC, and a normal bright cherry-red (BCR) colored control. Loins were fabricated 48-to-60h postmortem, bisected, and halves were randomly assigned to either a 21-or-39d wet-aging period. Upon completion of aging, loin halves were sliced into 2.54 cm thick steaks. Steaks were randomly assigned to the following analyses: Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), trained sensory panel, and consumer sensory panel. Trained and untrained consumer panelists evaluated steaks for palatability and sensory attributes on 8-point hedonic scales. Samples were cooked using a Rational® oven to a peak internal temperature of 71°C for all analyses. Normal BCR colored and one-half DC steaks aged for 21d were similar (P > 0.05) in WBSF value but differed (P 0.05) WBSF values. Trained and consumer panelists found significant differences in tenderness. Full DC steaks were more tender (P 0.05) in tenderness to full and one-half DC steaks, but more tender (P > 0.05) than normal steaks. Consumers noted full DC steaks had increased (P < 0.05) sustained juiciness compared to one-half and normal steaks. Full and two-thirds DC steaks were similar (P < 0.05) in juiciness, as were one-half DC, two-thirds DC, and normal colored steaks (P < 0.05). No off-flavors were detected for DC beef by any panelists. Steaks from DC beef carcasses hold promise for consumer sensory acceptance, therefore potential value recovery is possible for DC beef products channeled to optimal foodservice markets