Still Scholarworks (A.T. Still University)
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Masculinity, optimism bias, and perceived pressure from stakeholders influence on student-athlete concussion reporting intentions and behavior
No full textObjective: Determine how a) masculinity, b) optimism bias, and c) perceived pressure from stakeholders predict concussion reporting intentions and behavior. Participants: Collegiate student-athletes (n = 369). Methods: Student-athletes completed surveys of Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory-46 (nine sections), optimism bias (optimist, neutral, pessimist), perceived pressure from stakeholders (six stakeholder sections), reporting intentions (symptom and concussion), and behavior (symptom and concussion). Four separate stepwise multivariate regression analyses were conducted. Results: A one-point increase in playboy, heterosexual self-preservation, being neutral or optimist compared to a pessimist symptom reporting intention decreased. A one-point increase in sport primacy, perceived pressure from athletic administration, being neutral or optimist compared to pessimist concussion reporting intentions increased 0.05, and decreased 0.23, 0.35, and 0.32, respectively. A one-point increase in violence and playboy increased the odds of being a “non-reporter” by 30% and 40%. Conclusions: Pessimistic views regarding concussion risks may result in greater concussion reporting intentions, however these findings did not influence behavior
A Systematic Dry-Needling Treatment to Support Recovery Posttraining for Division i Ice Hockey Athletes: An Exploration Case Series
No full textContext: For this case series, 4 student-athletes (age range = 20-22 years) participating in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I ice hockey served as cases. They were free of injury and participated in all team activities without restrictions. Treatment: A dry needling (DN) lower extremity recovery protocol was completed for all athletes during a single session. To administer the DN recovery treatment, we placed static needles in specific bilateral locations that consisted of 5 points on both the anterior and posterior aspects of the lower extremity and lumbopelvic complex. The Acute Recovery Stress Scale was used to evaluate the effect of the DN recovery treatment on each athlete\u27s perception of recovery at 24 and 48 hours postDN treatment. Results: Overall, total and average scores of Acute Recovery Stress Scale for all cases were closer to baseline at 48 hours post-DN than at the other time points. Conclusions: Recovery techniques historically have been used postactivity because even normal training loads, which are considered positive, produce stress and fatigue in athletes and can lead to injury. Results from this case series suggest that ice hockey athletes who are experiencing postexercise stress, such as soreness and fatigue, may benefit from a lower extremity DN recovery treatment protocol
Non-Time-Loss and Time-Loss Injuries in Secondary School Girls’ Volleyball Athletes: A Report From the National Athletic Treatment, Injury, and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program
No full textContext: Volleyball is a popular sport with a risk of injury to the entire body. Insight into non-time-loss (NTL) and time-loss (TL) injuries is needed to inform seasonal injury trends that may lead to appropriate prevention and management strategies. This study provides a descriptive analysis of volleyball injuries among secondary school athletes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Data were collected from 72 secondary schools, representing 135 team seasons of data from the National Athletic Treatment, Injury, and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program (2014–2015 to 2018–2019 academic years). Injury counts, injury rates (IR) per 1000 athlete exposures (AEs), and incidence rate ratios (IRR) were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: In total, 529 injuries over 193,858 AEs for girls’ volleyball were captured, producing an IR of 2.73/1000AEs (95% CI = 2.50–2.96). The overall IR was highest during the preseason compared with regular season (IRR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.09–1.59). Overall IRs were higher in competition (IR: 3.56, 95% CI = 3.07–4.05) compared with practice (IR: 2.38, 95% CI = 2.12–2.64; IRR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.25–1.79). Common body locations injured were ankle (n = 141, 26.7%; NTL: n = 56, 21.7%; TL: n = 85, 31.7%), knee (n = 61, 11.5%; NTL: n = 33, 12.8%, TL: n = 28, 10.5%), hand/wrist (n = 59, 11.2%; NTL: n = 32, 12.4%, TL: n = 27, 10.1%), and head/face (n = 62, 11.7%; NTL: n = 14, 5.4%; TL: n = 47, 17.5%). Conclusions: Volleyball IRs were highest in preseason and during competition. Most injuries affected the lower-extremity which is notable considering the high upper-extremity load in volleyball. Consideration of strategies to reduce injuries prior to the start of the formal sports season may be needed to help reduce the incidence of preseason injuries
The Role of Athlete Competitiveness in High School Sport Specialization in the United States
No full textBackground: Sport specialization has been associated with increased injury and negative psychosocial effects on young athletes. With the continuing trend toward specialization, studies have begun to examine what motivates this decision (eg, building a skill, getting a scholarship). No study has directly assessed the personal characteristics underlying these stated reasons. Purpose/Hypothesis: This study examined the role of athlete competitiveness (enjoyment of competition and competitive contentiousness) as a characteristic associated with propensity to specialize in the United States. We hypothesized that, at the high school level, athletes would be more likely to engage in sport specialization owing to enjoyment of competition versus competitive contentiousness. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We conducted an online survey of 975 high school athletes in the United States who were recruited via the Dynata research panel. Measures included a previously published sport specialization categorization (low, medium, high) and the 2 dimensions of the Revised Competitiveness Index (enjoyment of competition and competitive contentiousness). Also collected were athlete characteristics, sports played by the athletes, level of competition, and whether they planned to play sports in college. Analytical methods employed included cross-tabulations, multinomial logit, and ordinary least squares regression. Results: Overall, 22.4% of the athletes reported a high, 34.8% reported a medium, and 42.9% reported a small level of specialization. No differences in the distribution of sport specialization by sex or age were observed; however, athletes who definitely planned to play in college were significantly more likely to have a high level of specialization (P \u3c.001). Enjoyment of competition was associated with greater specialization (beta =.196; P \u3c.001), whereas competitive contentiousness was associated with lower levels of specialization (beta = −.299; P \u3c.001). These findings were robust to all 3 different analytical methods we employed. Conclusion: Study findings indicated that, while athlete competitiveness is associated with sport specialization, the nature of that competitiveness determined the association. Being an argumentative contrarian may predispose athletes to lower levels of sport specialization, whereas enjoying competition may encourage higher levels of specialization
Bilateral Cochlear Implantations in Temporal Bone Fracture: A Viable Treatment Option
No full textObjectives/Hypothesis: Although it is surgically more challenging, patients with bilateral temporal bone fractures (TBFs) are potential candidates for successful bilateral cochlear implantation (CI). This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of bilateral implantation in patients with sustained bilateral TBFs. Study Design: Retrospective database study. Methods: Seven patients with bilateral cochlear implants who were diagnosed with TBFs were included in this study. Preoperative radiological and audiological evaluations were performed. The outcomes of the CI were also investigated. Results: Hearing levels were restored to the mild–moderate range (\u3c40 dB) for nearly all patients and they reported an improved quality of life. Conclusions: CI in patients with TBF is safe and offers a solution for the restoration of hearing in a population who may experience sudden bilateral deafness. However, preoperative confirmation of intact auditory nerves and patent cochlea is essential to maximize the success of CI in this population. Level of Evidence: 4 Laryngoscope, 132:2050–2055, 2022
Treadmill locomotion in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) produces dynamic changes in intracranial cerebrospinal fluid pressure
No full textTo examine the influence of movement on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics, intracranial subdural pressure recordings were taken from sub-adult alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) locomoting on a treadmill. Pressure recordings documenting the cardiac, ventilatory, and barostatic influences on the CSF were in good agreement with previous studies. During locomotion the CSF exhibits sinusoidal patterns of pressure change that spanned a mean amplitude of 56 mm Hg, some 16 × the amplitude of the cardiac-linked pulsations. These sinusoidal CSF pulsations were closely linked to the locomotor kinematics, particularly the lateral oscillations of the alligator’s head. Data recorded from the freely moving alligators suggest that fluid inertia, body cavity pressures, and likely other factors all influence the CSF pressure. The clear relationship between movement and CSF pressure described in this study suggests that the paucity of studies examining human CSF dynamics during movement should be addressed
Chronic SSRI Treatment, but Not Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Treatment, Increases Neurogenesis in Juvenile Rats
No full textThere has been growing recognition that major depressive disorder is a serious medical disorder that also affects children. This has been accompanied by an increased use of antidepressant drugs in adolescents; however, not all classes of antidepressants are effective in children and adolescents. There is an increasing need to understand the differences in antidepressant action in different developmental stages. There are some data indicating that the behavioral effect of chronic antidepressant treatment in adult rodents is dependent on hippocampal neurogenesis; however, it is not known which classes of antidepressant drugs induce hippocampal neurogenesis in adolescent rodents. Three classes of antidepressant drugs were tested in two age groups of Sprague Dawley rats, pre-adolescent (postnatal days 11–24) and adolescent (postnatal days 21–34): monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs); selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs); and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). To address which classes of antidepressant drugs might alter the rate of mitogenesis in neural progenitor cells in an adolescent rodent model, adolescent Sprague Dawley rats were treated with the thymidine analog 5-bromo-deoxy-2′-uridine (BrdU) on postnatal days 21 and 22 and antidepressant drugs or vehicle for 14 days (postnatal days 21–34). To address which classes of antidepressant drugs might alter the rate of neurogenesis, postnatal day-21 Sprague Dawley rats were treated with antidepressant drugs or vehicle for 14 days (postnatal days 21–34) and BrdU on postnatal days 33 and 34. In both experimental paradigms, BrdU-positive cells in the subgranular zone and the granule cell layer were counted. Newborn neurons were identified in the neurogenic paradigm by identifying cells expressing both the neuronal specific marker NeuN and BrdU using confocal microscopy. Only the SSRI fluoxetine significantly altered the basal mitogenic and neurogenic rates in adolescent rats. Treatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) tranylcypromine (TCP) and the TCA desipramine did not alter the rate of hippocampal neurogenesis in the adolescent rats. This is consistent with human clinical observations, where only SSRIs have efficacy for treatment of depression in patients under the age of 18. In pre-adolescent rats, postnatal days 11–24, none of the drugs tested significantly altered the basal mitogenic or neurogenic rates. All of the classes of antidepressant drugs are known to induce hippocampal neurogenesis in adult rats. The mechanisms of action underlying this developmental difference in antidepressant drug action between juveniles and adults are not known
Effect of Implementation of an Early Treatment of Sepsis Protocol on Surgical Outcomes
No full textSepsis outcomes remain high regarding mortality and morbidity, despite efforts to reduce them. We retrospectively evaluated a protocol in the first 6 months of implementation to measure outcomes. Retrospective data collection and analysis was performed of 200 consecutive patients seen in the ED during the first 4 months of 2020 after implementation of the sepsis protocol (group 1) and compared to another 200 consecutive patients during the same time frame in 2019 before the sepsis protocol (group 2). The collected parameters included age, gender, race, length of stay comorbid conditions, mortality, and therapy received. Statistical significance was determined at a p-value ≤.05. Mean age and gender of the groups were similar, 64 vs 66 years for group 1 and 2, respectively. Each group was 45% male. Mean length of stay were 8.9 and 8.6 days in group 1 and 2, respectively. Group 1 had a mortality rate of 13% vs 18% in group 2 (p =.21). Comorbid conditions including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, renal failure, and COPD were analyzed regarding mortality that influenced outcomes using Cox regression analysis. COPD and diabetic patient mortality were significantly lower in the protocol group. Surgical patients had a survival rate of 92.4%. Therefore, the current protocol for sepsis management did improve mortality. Further studies with a larger number of patients are in progress
Cultural Representations of Borderline Personality Disorder
No full textBackground/Objective: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is characterized by unstable interpersonal relationships, impulsivity, and self-harm. There are many distinct stressors that predispose individuals to develop BPD or engage in self-harm behaviors. The objective of this systematic review was to compare methods of self-harm and psychological stressors in BPD across different cultures. Methods: A PubMed database search was conducted with the goal of capturing all articles (n = 22) that discussed methods of self-harm in BPD in any culture. Data extracted from the articles included methods of self-harm, psychological stressors, sample size, rurality, geographical location, and proportion of males to females. Results: Key differences were noted in the methods of self-harm. Eastern nations (n = 5) reported higher rates of self-poisoning (60%) than Western nations (11%). Western nations (n = 9) reported higher rates of skin-mutilating behavior (100%) than Eastern nations (80%). Two of the articles included participants from rural settings, one in the Sundarban region of India and the other in Mississippi. Notably, the Sundarban region reported the highest rate of poisoning (93%) whereas the Mississippi region reported high rates of skin mutilation. Differences were also noted in psychological stressors as the rates of interpersonal problems were higher in Western than in Eastern nations. Conclusions: Additional research should be conducted into the presentation of BPD in different cultures. An improved understanding of the cultural presentations of BPD could improve diagnosis and treatment in various populations
Regulation of bFGF-induced effects on rat aortic smooth muscle cells by β3-adrenergic receptors
No full textBackground: Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration play an important role in vascular injury-induced neointima formation and subsequent vascular restenosis, a major event that hinders the long-term success of angioplasty. The function of β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-ARs) in vascular injury-induced neointima formation has not yet been defined. Objectives: Our current study explored the possible role of β3-ARs in vascular injury-induced neointima formation by testing its effects on bFGF-induced VSMC migration and proliferation. Methods: β3-AR expression in rat carotid arteries was examined at 14 days following a balloon catheter-induced injury. The effects of β3-AR activation on bFGF-induced rat aortic smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and signaling transduction (including extracellular-signal-regulated kinase/mitogen activated protein kinase, ERK/MAPK and Protein kinase B, AKT) were tested. Results: We found that vascular injury induced upregulation of β3-ARs in neointima. Pretreatment of VSMCs with a selective β3-AR agonist, CL316,243 significantly potentiated bFGF-induced cell migration and proliferation, and ERK and AKT phosphorylation. Our results also revealed that suppressing phosphorylation of ERK and AKT blocked bFGF-induced cell migration and that inhibiting AKT phosphorylation reduced bFGF-mediated cell proliferation. Conclusion: Our results suggest that activation of β3-ARs potentiates bFGF-mediated effects on VSMCs by enhancing bFGF-mediated ERK and AKT phosphorylation and that β3-ARs may play a role in vascular injury-induced neointima formation