Still Scholarworks (A.T. Still University)
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Axonal delivery of neuroplasmic components to muscle cells
No full textSubstances labeled with phosphate-32 and carbon-14 and applied to hypoglossal nuclei in rabbits traveled down the hypoglossal nerves and after several days began entering only the muscle cells of the tongue. Prevention of axonal delivery on one side caused unilateral labeling of the tongue. Labeled substances delivered by extracellular fluids labeled all cells indiscriminately. The axonal conveyance of neuroplasmic components to peripheral cells may provide a basis for trophic influences of neurons on other cells
Cutaneous patterns of sympathetic activity in clinical abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system
No full text1. These studies on 130 patients have been concerned with topographical patterns of sudomotor activity associated with known musculoskeletal disturbances, myofascial stresses and pain syndromes. 2. The method employed for measuring sudomotor activity, as an indicator of regional variations in sympathetic activity, was that of recording the electrical resistance of the skin (ESR). Radiographic, electromyographic and palpatory examinations, as well as other conventional clinical methods, were used in the evaluation of the musculoskeletal disturbances. 3. The observations frequently showed the presence of regional and segmental patterns of low electrical skin resistance (LRA) in areas of referred pain and dermatomes segmentally related to the musculoskeletal disturbances or myofascial stresses. 4. These patterns of altered electrical skin resistance appear to reflect enduring changes in the patterns of sympathetic activity associated with musculoskeletal disturbances of clinical origin. 5. These studies suggest that the patterns of aberrant areas of sudomotor and vasomotor activity, which we have previously described in apparently normal subjects, may reflect subclinical and asymptomatic sources of afferent bombardment, over selected dorsal roots, or of direct irritation of nerve fibers or ganglion cells. That is, the altered patterns of sympathetic activity appear to be either reflex manifestations of changes in sensory input arising in nerve endings and receptors in the musculoskeletal tessues or the effects of direct insults to nerve fibers (or ganglion cells) or a combination of both. © 1964 Springer-Verlag
Effects of experimental myofascial insults on cutaneous patterns of sympathetic activity in man
No full text1. The purpose of these studies was to examine the changes in sudomotor patterns in the skin of the human trunk produced by experimentally induced irritation and stresses, in the musculoskeletal tissues, as a step toward understanding the origins of the patterns found in apparently normal individuals. 2. Irritation of the musculoskeletal tissues was produced by the injection of hypertonic saline into paravertebral tissues. Postural stresses were produced by the insertion and removal of heel lifts and by the lateral inclination of the pelvis by the use of tilt-chairs. 3. Sudomotor patterns were revealed by recording electrical skin resistance on the dorsal skin of the thoracic and lumbar regions in relation to segmental level. 4. New areas of low electrical resistance appeared when the saline injection produced referred pain; the areas were distributed in the reference zone, in dermatomes related to the injection site. 5. Postural changes produced changes in patterns which included a) exaggeration of existing patterns and b) the appearance of new areas of low resistance (increased sweat gland secretion), according to the applied stress, the individual\u27s vertebral adaption to the stress and the areas of discomfort. 6. We believe the findings support the following hypotheses: a) That the manifestations of altered sympathetic activity observed in these studies represent distortions of normally existing patterns of efferent activity. b) That the distortions begin, as responses to exaggerations of segmental or local afferent influences which ordinarily have only local adjustive influences on the patterns, and that these impulses may be visceral or somatic in origin. c) That although the aberrant areas of low resistance described in normal subjects, may reflect chronically altered or intensified patterns of afferent bombardment from foci in visceral or somatic tissues, other factors, such as adaptive or pathological changes in those tissues and altered central excitability, may eventually become involved. 7. Since, however, the affected areas may be limited in extent to single dermatomes, it appears that individual ganglia, gray rami communicantes ventral roots, spinal nerves or their branches may in some cases be directly, rather than reflexly, irritated. 8. Some of the functional implications of chronically altered activity in localized portions of the sympathetic outflow are identified. 9. The relation of these findings to mechanisms involved in such clinical phenomena as reflex sympathetic dystrophy, myofascial triggers, referred pain, etc., is briefly examined. © 1962 Springer-Verlag
A mobile instrument for recording electrical skin resistance patterns of the human trunk
No full text1. A mobile instrument for exploring and recording the topographic distribution of ESR on the human trunk has been described. Explorations are rapid and the record is immediately available. 2. Topographic relations between the exploring electrode and a movable direct recording galvanometer are established by a pantograph linkage. 3. Variations in current flow at a fixed voltage ( resistance ) along a strip of skin are recorded on stationary chart paper by variations in the oscillation amplitude of the moving, recording galvanometer. The ESR patterns of large areas are recorded by exploring a series of parallel strips of skin. 4. The apparatus is adaptable for recording the topographic distribution of cutaneous features other than ESR. 5. Sources of error are identified and their minimization or corrections are described. © 1958 Springer-Verlag
The automatic recording of electrical skin resistance patterns on the human trunk
No full text1. 1. A new procedure has been described for the photographic recording of electrical skin resistance patterns on the human trunk, or other areas of the body. The explorations are accurate, almost automatic and rapid as compared with exploration by hand-held electrode. 2. 2. The basic principle of the method is the conversion of variations in skin resistance into variations in the brightness of a light source. By placing the light source directly over the exploring electrode, and propelling the electrode (by synchronous motor) over the skin at constant speed, a camera, properly positioned with respect to the explored field, photographs strips of light which vary in brightness according to the resistance differences along a corresponding strip of skin. To explore a large area, a series of consecutive, parallel strips is recorded. 3. 3. The adaptation of the procedure to measure the topographical variations of features other than skin resistance (e.g. skin temperature, hyperesthesia) are described or suggested. 4. 4. The major sources of error are described and shown to be unimportant in our current application of the instrument. Refinements which eliminate or greatly reduce these errors are suggested. © 1951
