Sámi University College (Brage)
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International News Coverage of Extractive Industries in Indigenous Environments: Factors in News Gatekeeping of Mining Coverage in Scandinavia and Greenland
Get PDFExtractive resources derived by the global mining industry are critical to modern existence. Without iron ore, bridges, tunnels, skyscrapers, mass agricultural equipment, telecommunications infrastructure, and transportation – from the shipping and aerospace industries to motor vehicles – would not be possible. Uranium is essential for nuclear energy and nuclear weapons, the most powerful tool of war known to man. Copper, iron ore, nickel, and rare earth minerals are vital to modern society, technology, and communications. Frequently, extractive resources exist in Indigenous lands. Extraction disproportionately affects Indigenous people, due to their connection to the natural environment and traditional livelihoods that rely on the natural world. Yet despite these substantial environmental and cultural implications, the issue of mining and Indigenous people inconsistently makes it on the global news agenda. This thesis explores and deconstructs the possible reasons for this phenomena through specific examination of news gatekeeping, based on qualitative interviews with former and current news editors of the BBC and Washington Post, and as seen in the context of international coverage of mining activity in Sweden and Norway, two central areas of the Indigenous Sámi people, and Greenland, home of the Inuk Inuit. This thesis reveals how multiple News Values, newsroom economics, source crediblilty, and access to Indigneous perspectives and journalists influence coverage decisions.publishedVersio
Negotiating Culture on the Visual Front: An analysis on the cover photographs of Sámi youth magazines
Get PDFThis thesis examines how the cover photographs of Sámi youth magazines depict contemporary
Sámi culture. The empirical data consists of the sixty-nine covers of Š magazine, from 2000 to
2015, and twenty-nine covers of Nuorat magazine, from 2009 to 2015.
The discussion is framed around the fluid tension between local and global influence, that
participates in transforming the current indigenous Sámi society. Visual culture is examined as
socially constructed to build an argument on the significance of photographs as mediators and
negotiators of culture and identity.
The main argument is that the Sámi youth magazines expand and negotiate notions of Sámi
culture and identity in their cover photographs. This research serves as a discussion opener on
the use of photographs in Sámi media.Dát dutkamuš geahččá mán lahkai sámi nuoraid magasiinnaid ovdasiidogovat čalmmustahtte
sámekultuvrra. Dutkanmateriálas lea čohkkejuvvon 69 Š magasiinna ovdasiiddu jaginn 2000 -
2015 ja 22 Nuorat bláđi ovdasiiddu jagiin 2009-2015.
Báikáláš ja globála gaskasaš ealli gealdagas bidjá rámmaid dutkamuša teorehtalaš
ságastallamii, mán váikkuhus oidnojuvvo mearkkašahttin dálááigge sámi servvodaga
hápmašuvvamis. Visuálalaš kultuvrra geahčaduvvo sosiálalaš struktuvrran, masa vuođđuduvvo
argumeanta čuovgagova mearkašumis kultuvrra ja identitehta huksejeaddjin.
Dutkamuša váldoárgumeanta lea, ahte sámi nuoraid magasiinnaid ovdasiidogovat viiddiidit
áddejumi sámi kultuvrras ja identitehtas. Dutkamuš doaibmá ságastallama álggaheaddjin
čuovgagova mearkkašumis sámi medias.publishedVersio
Leavdnjavuona identitehta duddjon: mearrasámi gávtti ealáskahttima guorahallan
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The Role of the Mass Media in Conflicts : Sámi reindeer herders balancing between traditional law and state law in a predator dispute against officials in Finland
No full textThis thesis is about reindeer herders’ untold stories and about the challenges facing journalists to do these stories. Focusing on the realized situation in the Giehtaruohtas area in Northwest Finland, the last years have seen the biggest reindeer damage by predators. The Sámi reindeer herders’ situation in Finland differs from that in other Scandinavian countries; the effect also is seen by the European Union. The rising number of predators have been seen as an issue because of the protection, but officials have not been able to take neccessary actions based on legislations and many other reasons. The role of the Sámi and Finnish media in the north has been crucial because southern media have not given much attention to this matter. That is why this study is important, to see if reindeer herding is receiving its rightful coverage in news at least in Northern Finland, where reindeer herding is still one of the core livelihoods. My aim is to find out why reindeer herders feel they do not get their voices heard and what role the media are taking in predator matters. These issues are reflected through Sámi history and their rights in history then and compared with the laws in Finland today. Media articles and their perspectives on these matters are reflected through indigenous philosophies.
Dát čálus gieđahallá boazodoalliid jávohisvuođa ja dan mii lea sivva dasa ahte sámi boazodoallit eai leat oidnosis Davvi-Suomas Sámi ja Suoma mediain. Giehtaruohtasa guovllus leat Suoma boazodoalu stuorimus spirevahágat, gos stuorimus vahát eallit leat geatki ja goaskin, mát guktot leat ráfáidahtton. Lágaid rievdan manjimuš 30 jagis lea váikkuhan ollu boazodillái, danne geahččadange Sámi vuoigatvuođaid historjjá ja veardidan dálá dillái Suomás jagis 2017 ja movt media buktá dan ovdan. Gažádan mediaid rolla jearahallamiid bokte, dego maiddái eiseváldiid oainnuid dán áššái. Seammás go ozan vástádusa vuoigatvuođaid sajádahkii álgoálbmot perspektiivvas, čielggadan mán dásis ja mán viidát mediat nágodit gokčat fáttáid ja gii oažžu jienaset gullot.
Keywords: Reindeer herders, traditional knowledge, wolverine, eagle, media, illegal, Sápmi, Indigenous, minority media, legacy media, journalism, Sámi rights, hunting rights.publishedVersio
Behind the Scenes: Encounters between Sámi interviewees and Finnish Journalists
Get PDFThis thesis is about interviewing Sámi people from the Finnish side of Sámiland about their experiences with Finnish journalists. Empirical material consists of semi-structured interviews, and the main theory and method lean on the hermeneutic tradition.
The researcher’s attention is focused especially in the problems of the interaction between Finnish journalists and Sámi interviewees. Interactions are analyzed within theories of hegemony and Indigenous methodologies in order to reveal power relations, and potential differences in worldviews and ontological backgrounds. The aim is to reveal the kind of journalistic practices that may cause misunderstanding and resentment in the communication, and to give voice to the Sámi and Indigenous perspective.
The main argument is that in order to have a deeper understanding of the Sámi people, Finnish mainstream journalists need to improve their level of knowledge of Indigenous issues and particularities of communication. Ontological and epistemological differences remain, at some level, incommensurable, but by knowing one’s own (mainstream) culture it is possible to see norms and values that may differ from one’s interviewees’ values. In order to improve journalism about Indigenous people, Western journalists need to pay attention to their journalistic practices, especially in listening without prejudices.Dán masterčállosis de jearan mo suomabeale sápmelaččat vásihit go suopmelaš (látte dahje rivgu) journalistta leat sin sáhkkehallan. Empiriija vuođđun leat Kemi-struktuvrralaš jearahallamat. Sihke váldoteoriijas ja metoda oasis de dorvvastan hermeneuhtalaš vieruide.
Dutkin, válljen fuomášuhttit makkár čuolmmat dahje gulahallan váttisvuođat gártet ságastaladettiin gaskkal suoma journalisttaid ja sápmelaččaid geat jearahallojit. Dáid gulahallamiid analyseren hegemoniija teoriijaid ja álgoálbmogiid metodologiija vuođul, namalassii áddet fápmu oktavuođaid ja vejolaš erohusaid, numo máilmmioainnus ja duohtavuođaid áddejumis. Mihttun lea sihke duođaštit ja čilget makkár oasit journalisttalaš barggus dagahit boasttu áddejumiid ja duhtameahttunvuođa gulahallamis, ja addit čilgehusa sihke sámi ja álgoálbmogiid perspektiivvas.
Váldo ággán lea ahte jos galggaš buorebut áddet sámi álbmoga, de Suoma váldomediaid journalisttat fertejit alcceseaset háhkat buoret gelbbolašvuođa álgoálbmot áššin, erenoamážit gulahallamis. Ontologiija (duohtavuođa) ja epistemologiija (máhttosystema) erohusat leat muhtin dásiin veadjemeahttumat, muhto go journalista dovdá dušše iežas (váldoálbmoga) kultuvrra, de berrešii áddet norpmaid ja árvvuid mat leat sus gii jearahallo. Go lea sáhka journalistihka ovdánahttimis, mii guoská álgoálbmogiidda, de oarjemáilmmi journalisttat dárbbašit fuomášuhttot mo sin journalisttalaš vuogit báidnet, mo ovdagáttut stivrejit gulahallama.Tämä pro gradu -työ käsittelee saamelaisten haastateltavien kokemuksia heitä haastatelleista suomalaisista toimittajista. Empiirinen materiaali koostuu puolistrukturoiduista haastatteluista, ja teoreettinen viitekehys nojaa hermeneuttiseen traditioon niin itse teorian kuin metodinkin osalta.
Tutkijan huomio on erityisesti suomalaistoimittajien ja saamelaishaastateltavien kommunikaation ongelmissa. Vuorovaikutusta analysoidaan hegemoniateorioiden ja alkuperäiskansametodologian valossa, jotta voimasuhteet sekä mahdolliset maailmankatsomukselliset ja ontologiset erot tulisivat näkyviksi. Tavoitteena on paljastaa journalistisia käytäntöjä, jotka saattavat aiheuttaa väärinymmärryksiä ja tyytymättömyyttä kommunikaatiossa. Lisäksi tavoitteena on antaa puheenvuoro ja ääni saamelaiselle ja alkuperäiskansojen näkökulmalle.
Pääargumentti on, että syvemmän ymmärryksen ja paremman journalismin saavuttamiseksi suomalaisten medioiden journalistien on syytä lisätä tietämystään saamelaisista, heihin liittyvistä asioista ja kommunikaation erikoisuuksista. Ontologiset ja epistemologiset erot säilyvät aina jossain määrin saavuttamattomissa, mutta ymmärtämällä oman (suomalaisen enemmistön) kulttuurinsa journalistien on mahdollista nähdä ne yhteiskunnan normit ja arvot, jotka eroavat saamelaisten haastateltavien arvoista ja normeista ja tavasta hahmottaa ympäristöä. Kehittääkseen saamelaisia ja muita alkuperäiskansoja ja vähemmistöjä käsittelevää journalismia toimittajien on kiinnitettävä aiempaa enemmän huomiota journalistisiin rutiineihinsa, erityisesti kuuntelemiseen ilman ennakkoluuloja.publishedVersio
Vulnerability of Frisian Media Services in Times of Change: Analysis of non-regulation and self-sustainability of public media for a People in the Netherlands
No full textThis thesis presents the regulation of public media services in the Frisian language and for individuals that identify themselves as a Frisian. It offers an analysis of how this regulation may be viewed in relation to undertakings for media in two instruments of the Council of Europe that are signed and ratified by the State of the Netherlands. Frisians are included as a national minority in the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and Frisian is included as a territorial minority language in Part III of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The thesis addresses the influence of media on language vitality and the need of minority language media for public support and public policy to have this influence. The regional media service for Fryslân (Omrop Fryslân) is the only outlet programming daily in Frisian. Central government efforts to reorganize regional services and decrease its financing uncovered the dependence of media services in Frisian on actors from Fryslân which are not supported by regulations, budgets and support from national actors and the central government.Dát dutkkus ovdanbuktá almmolaš mediabálvalusaid ásahallama friisagielas ja sidjiide geat gehččet iežaset Friisa álbmogin. Dát buktá analysa movt ásahallan sáhttá gehččot media relevántta geatnegasvuođaid ektui guovtti Eurohpáráđi dokumeanttain, dehe instrumeanttain, mat leat vuolláičállon ja ratifiserejuvvon Nederlándda stádas. Friisa álbmot leat našuvnnalaš unnitlogu álbmot mii fátmmastuvvo Našuvnnalaš Unnitlogu Suodjaleami Rámmasoahpamušas ja Friisagiella fátmmastuvvo báikkálaš unnitlogugiellan Eurohpá Vuođđogirjji Guovlo- dahje unnitlogu gielaid váras goalmmát oasis. Dát dutkkus gieđahallá media váikkuhanfámu giellaealáskahttimii ja unnitlogugiela mediaid dárbbu oažžundihte almmolaš doarjaga ja almmolaš doaibmavugiid. Regionála mediabálvalus Fryslânas (Omrop Fryslân) lea dat áidna bálvalus mas almmuhuvvo beaivválaččat friisagillii. Guovddášhálddahus rahččá ođđasis organiseret regionálabálvalusaid ja unnidit daid goluid, go seammás čájeha njuolga váikkuhusaid Friisa mediabálvalusaide mat heaŋgájit Fryslâna váikkuheaddjiid duohken, geat eai oažžo doarjja láhkaásahusaide, bušehtii, eaige našuvnnalaš váikkuheaddjiin ja guovddášhálddahusas.Dizze skripsje beskôget de beregeling fan publike media yn it Frysk en foar minsken dy’t har identifisearje as Fries. It analysearret hoe’t dy beregeling sjoen wurde kin yn relaasje ta bepalings foar media yn twa ynstruminten fan de Rie fan Europa dy’t tekene en ratifisearre binne troch de Nederlânske steat. Friezen binne opnommen as in nasjonale minderheid yn it Ramtferdrach foar de Beskerming fan Nasjonale Minderheden en it Frysk is opnommen as in territoriale minderheidstaal yn Diel III fan it Europeesk Hânfest foar Regionale of Minderheidstalen. De skripsje giet yn op de ynfloed fan media op taalfitaliteit en it ferlet dat minderheidstalige media ha fan oerheidsstipe en -belied om dy ynfloed hawwe te kinnen. De regionale omrop foar Fryslân (Omrop Fryslân) is de iennichste stjoerder mei in deistige programmearring yn it Frysk. Ynspannings fan de sintrale oerheid om regionale omroppen te reorganisearjen en har finansjearring te ferminderjen, hawwe sjen litten hoe’t Frysktalige media ôfhinklik binne fan aktoaren yn Fryslân dy’t net stipe wurde troch regels en budzjetten fan nasjonale spilers en de sintrale oerheid.publishedVersio
Silenced Realities : Exclusion of Guarani and Kaiowa perspectives in majority press discourse in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
No full textIndigenous peoples in Brazil have fought for the devolution and demarcation of parts of their traditional territories over the last decades. Indigenous rights are recognized in the Federal Constitution of 1988. In practice, many indigenous groups are still prevented from accessing their rights to land and such basic rights as health and education. The south of the Brazilian state Mato Grosso do Sul, on the border with Paraguay, was historically established by the confinement of native people and occupation of the land by the new settlers. Nowadays, indigenous people struggle for the demarcation of their lands. The areas are currently significantly transformed by the farms of the agribusiness and many of the lands are in judicial dispute. Confrontations between landowners and indigenous people are frequent. This paper proposes a critical discourse analysis of the texts published in the largest newspaper in Mato Grosso do Sul concerning a specific confrontation that happened in August 2015. The analysis employs a post-colonial perspective, and is aware of continuing marks of coloniality and dehumanization.Brasilia álgoálbmogat leat rahčan sirdit válddi ja ráddjet osiin sin árbevirolaš eatnamiin dáid maŋemuš moaddelogi jagi. Álgoálbmogiid vuoigatvuođat ja rievttit leat dohkkehuvvon 1988 federála vuođđolágas. Duohtavuođas de váilot ain máŋgga álgoálbmot čearddas iežaset eananvuoigatvuođat ja rievttit, eai ge sis leat vuođđovuoigatvuođat numo dearvvašvuhtii ja ohppui. Brasilia stáhta Mato Grosso do Sul lulábealde, Paraguaya rájis, lea historjjálaččat ceggejuvvon caggan dihte álgoálbmogiid ja eatnanvuolasteapmi dain ođđa sisafárrejeddjiin. Dálá áiggis, álgoálbmogat ain rahčet suddjet eatnamiiddiset. Sin duovdagat leat rievdame eanandoallo-guovlun, ja ollu eananáššit leat riektedikkiin. Riiddut gaskkal eanandolliid ja álgoálbmogiid leat ollu. Dát dutkkus evttoha kritihkalaš diskursaanalysa teavsttain almmuhuvvon Mato Grosso do Sul stuorámus aviissas ovtta spesifihkka guoskevaš deaivideapmái mii dáhpáhuvai borgemánu 2015. Dát analysa atná maŋŋekolonisttálaš perspektiivvaid, ja dieđus maiddái geahčastagain movt koloniija válddis jotket loavkašuhttimin ja fámohuhttimin olmmoščearddaid.Nas últimas décadas, povos indígenas lutam pela devolução e demarcação de partes de seus territórios tradicionais no Brasil. Os direitos indígenas são reconhecidos pela Constituição Federal de 1988, porém, na prática, muitas comunidades indígenas ainda são impedidas de acessar seus direitos territoriais têm negados direitos básicos como saúde e educação. O sul de Mato Grosso do Sul, na fronteira com o Paraguai foi historicamente estabelecido pelo confinamento dos povos indígenas. Atualmente, indígenas resistem pela demarcação de seus territórios. As áreas estão significantemente transformadas por fazendas do agronegócio e muitas delas estão em disputa judicial. Confrontos entre fazendeiros e indígenas são frequentes. O presente trabalho propõe uma análise crítica do discurso dos textos publicados pelo maior jornal de Mato Grosso do Sul sobre um confronto específico que ocorreu em agosto de 2015. A análise emprega uma perspectiva pós-colonial e atenta a marcas contínuas de colonialidade e desumanização.Ko’aga rupi, tetãnguéra Ava/Te'ýi añeha'ã ojevy jey ha oñeme'êtee haĝua hekohakuéra añete brasilpe. Pe tekokatu oñemoañete pe Constituiçao Federalpe ary 1988pe, upeichavérõ, pe oñemoañete haĝua, heta tekoha ava ha Te'ýi mba'e ojejoko oiketee pe tekokatu ha'éva tesãi ha ñemoarandúre. Ko kuarahy reikeha gotyo Mato Grosso do Sulpe, paraguai rembe'ýre ymaiteguive oñemomichĩmba Ava/Te'ýi rekohakuéra. Agaite, Ava/Te'yikuéra oñemohatã oñedemarca haĝua hekohakueratee. Ko'ã yvy pehẽ oikopa chugui tuicháva agronegócio ha heta umi yvy oĩme ñorairõme judicialpe. Ñorairõ karai ijyvy hetáva ha Ava/Te'ýi kuérandi py'ỹi oiko. Ko tembiapo ohechukáta jesarekotee umi ñe'ẽ ojehaiva'ekue ha oñemosambi va'ekue tuichavéva kuatiahai Mato Grosso do Sulgua pe ñorairõ oikova'ekue jasypoapype mokõisu papo jave. Ko jesareko ohechauka peteĩ mba'e ñemoaranuduha hérava pos colonial ha ohechakuaa opa ivaíva ha ojapo'íva umi Ava/Te’yikuérare.publishedVersio
Mus lea ollu muitalit, muhto dus nu unnán áigi : Life-stories told by elder Sámi women - A critical social analysis
No full textThis thesis is about women’s untold lifestories. Told by elder Sámi women who lived in two different countries, the Norwegian- and Finnish side of Sápmi. For more than twenty years ago I conducted twenty-seven elder women about their lives, including both good and bad days, and good and bad experiences. These women, they were old already then, so now, in year 2016, only three of twenty-seven informants are still alive. I conducted them to understand and learn more about our oral traditions, about the past that mobilizes the present time and gives us the reflection about the future generations in Sápmi. Usually the oral tradition is rich among the Sámi people, there are many good storytellers. So with this master thesis’ I would like to find out more about; how come that elder women are so invisible with their stories and what are the stories we are loosing, because we do not conduct them? I am following three historical periods, that will show the changes in local socities and how these changes are described and told by women born in the period of year 1895-1930.Dá lea masterčálus mas eallilan nissonolbmuid muitalusat leat vuođđun. 20 jagi dassái de bivden 27 nissonolbmo muitalit munnje sin eallimis ja vurkejin dáid muitalusaid dássážii. Jos eat beroš, eatge luoikka beljjiid vuorraset olbmuide, de báhcet muitalusat muitalkeahttá dahje čihkosii ja áiggi mielde de vajálduvvojit. Jearahaladettin 20 jagi dassái, de ledje dát nissonat agis 67 gitta 100 jagi rádjai. Golmmas leat ain eallimin. Mis lea rikkis muitalanárbi. Čeahpes máinnasteaddjit ja buorit muitalusat, nu ahte dáinna masterčállosiin čalmmustahttán nissonolbmuid muitalusaid ja vásáhusaid golmma áigodagas, dološ, dalá ja ođđa áiggis. Mihttun lea máhcahit muitalusaid fas midjiide, čájehit árvvu ja beroštumi, numo eamiálbmot filosofiijas ja metodas vurdo. Munnje lea olbmuid muitalusaid čohkken sihke dehálaš ja mávssolaš.publishedVersio
Towards a More Equally Representative Visual Field : Research into the Social and Ethical Nature of Ethnographic Documentary Photography
Get PDFThis paper addresses the nature of ethnographic documentary photographic
practice concerned with goals of equal representation among the observed and the
observer. Using examples from indigenous communities to reflect the relationship
between a historically marginalized party and the photographer, I attempt to find a
place beyond good intentions where a commitment to ethnographic documentary
photographic work on, about, and with indigenous and minority communities can be
done progressively and fairly. This paper confronts the dis-ease with which a nonindigenous
photographer approaches work in communities in which she is not a
member. I describe how collaborative engagement can become a tool for social
advocacy and recognition through photography. Using photographs that I have taken, I
critically analyze the effectiveness of my past photographic techniques, and how they
can be improved for future projects.Dát dutkkus váldá bajás etnográfalaš govvadokumenterema mas ulbmil lea
ovttadássásaš ovddasteapmi sihke sis geat gehččojuvvot ja sis geat gehččet.
Ovdamearkkaiguin álgoálbmot servvodagain reflekteret oktavuođa gaskkal
historjjálaččat marginaliserejuvvon oasseváldi ja govvejeaddjis, mun geahččalan
gávdnat saji meattá buriid áigumušaid gos lea beroštupmi álgoálbmogiid ja unnitlogu
servvodagaid etnográfalaš govvadokumenterenbargui sin birra, sin mielde ja movt
govvadokumenterenbargu sáhttá dáhkkot progressiiva vugiin ja vuoiggalaččat. Dát
dutkkus deaivida movt okta olggobealde álgoálbmogiid govvejeaddji lahkonaddá bargui
birrasiin maidda son ii gula. Mun govvidan movt ovttasráđálaš beroštupmi sáhttá leat
gaskaoapmin sosiála mearrádusváikkuheapmái ja dovddastussii govvema bokte. Govain
maid lean govven, mun analyseren kritihkalaččat man beaktilat mu ovddeš
govventeknihkat leat leamaš, ja movt daid sáhttá buoridit boahttevaš prošeavttaide.publishedVersio