PIA - Politihøgskolens institusjonelle arkiv
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Avhør i praksisstudiet: En kvalitativ studie om praksisveilederes opplevelse av avhørskompetansen til politistudentene
Get PDFErfaringsbasert master i etterforskningFormålet med masteroppgaven er å utforske hvordan praksisveiledere i politiet opplever politistudentenes kompetanse til å gjennomføre avhør i den ettårige perioden studentene er i praksisstudiet på bachelorutdanningen ved Politihøgskolen. Undersøkelsen er kvalitativ og utforsker tre forskningsspørsmål; «hvordan opplever praksisveiledere at studentene er forberedt til å ta avhør?», «hvordan opplever praksisveiledere politistudentenes evne til å gjennomføre avhør?» og «hva fokuserer praksisveiledere på ved evaluering av avhøret til politistudenter?» Undersøkelsen anvender semistrukturerte intervju med seks praksisveiledere fra et politidistrikt for å utforske forskningstemaet.
Funnene viser at informantene i hovedtrekk beskrev studentenes teoretiske kunnskaper om avhør som gode. Veiledningen som ble gitt til studentene gjennom praksisstudiet ble utført på ulike måter og stadier i avhørsprosessen. Å skape refleksjon hos studentene var en vesentlig del av veiledningen og var viktig for at studentene skulle bli selvstendige i avhørssituasjonen. Det var forskjellige måter å evaluere studentenes avhør; observasjon av avhøret, gjennomgang av lyd- eller lyd- og bildeopptak eller gjennomgang av den skriftlige avhørsrapporten. I veilederens evaluering av studentenes avhør ble det fokusert både på relasjonelle og formelle faktorer, med en vektlegging av sistnevnte.
Et tydelig hovedfunn var at alle informantene uttrykte at det var en fordel med erfaring fra treningsavhør før studentene gjennomførte reelle avhør. Innledningsvis i praksisstudiet opplevde flere informanter at studentene hadde lite kapasitet til å gjennomføre avhør. Det vil si at studentene brukte oppmerksomheten sin på avhørtes rettigheter og avhørsdisposisjonene heller enn å lytte til det avhørte fortalte. Praksisstudiet ble beskrevet som en utviklingsprosess i avhør for studentene. I løpet av praksisstudiet fikk studentene mer erfaring og trygghet i rollen som avhører, og dette bidro ifølge informantenes beskrivelser til å øke studentenes kapasitet til å gjennomføre avhør. Erfaring er viktig for å gi et grunnlag for utvikling, mens veiledning og evaluering blir essensielt videre på veien. Funnene blir diskutert med hensyn til relevant forskning.acceptedVersio
A Scoping review of stress measurements and psychometry in police research
Get PDFDespite a growing body of research, there is no systematic body of evidence that establishes the rigour of existing measures of stress among police. The aim of this scoping review was to investigate (1) the diversity of stress measures used in police research and (2) the psychometric properties of such measures and the ways in which they are utilised. The systematic literature search discovered 16,216 records, which were reduced to 442 records of relevance. A total of 20 qualitative and 422 quantitative studies were found to be relevant, including a total of 129 unique measures, of which the majority showed satisfactory reliability (Cronbach’s alpha≥0.80). The identifed measures pertain to four main categories: police-specifc, perceived stress, psychological and physiological outcomes (including mood and afect changes), and assessment batteries. The measures have a general tendency to emphasise illness, and police-specifc stressors pertain mostly to traditional police work. Measures should be chosen based on the aspect of the stress phenomenon that is to be investigated. This study provides detailed recommendations concerning how to use these measures to advance research concerning stress among police.publishedVersio
«utformet ved samarbeide av talløse slegter og folkefærd, baade de mindre og de mere civiliserede»: Tradering og sjangre på den digitale allmenningen
Get PDFAs an unintended consequence of the business model of social mediacompanies, a newactor has entered the process where tradition creates new genres: the algorithm.Platform algorithms live dynamic lives in intimate connection with their human users.They sort and filter, rank, amplify and conceal, and they affect what, how and when weshare. They are non-humans who enter into the domain of human creativity. As such,they can be used analytically to understand the processual aspect of genre: Algorithmsare alteringmechanisms that create continuity. This article will highlight the role of algo-rithms as actors in the process of tradition and discuss how this can elucidate genre asprocess. As example, we use the digitally born genre «Internet memes». We suggest aBakhtinian framework to elucidate what role algorithms play in making the meme oneof the most characteristic genres of connective cultures.publishedVersio
Come lie with me: On deception by groups and the concept of statement consistency
Get PDFFilen inneholder sammendrag på svensk og avhandlingens kappe.Research on the topic of group deception has primarily focused on cooffenders. The aim of this thesis was to further our understanding of group deception by examining the context of honest and deceptive alibis corroborated by witnesses. Specifically, the deceptive pairs contained one partly innocent member, and this setup provides a different group dynamic as compared to cooffending groups with only guilty members. Furthermore, this thesis aimed to increase our knowledge of the consistency of such corroborated statements. Study I examined whether the consistency of corroborated honest and deceptive alibi-witness statements was moderated by the salience of event details. In line with the expectations and previous research, all pairs obtained lower betweenperson consistency scores for less salient details—however, truth-tellers’ consistency scores dropped considerably more than liars. Study II applied strategic interviewing through memory-enhancing tactics and examined whether this would increase the differences between honest and deceptive pairs on a within-subject measure. Contrary to the predictions, both honest and deceptive participants responded similarly to the memory-enhancing tactics. Study III approached the topic of counter-interrogation strategies in a new way and observed honest and deceptive pairs’ conversations while preparing for their interview in addition to collecting self-reported measures. The results partly supported the hypotheses. In line with the expectations, liars were concerned with establishing a story, keeping it simple and being consistent—and truth-tellers were concerned with being honest and detailed. However, contrary to the expectations truth-tellers were also concerned with establishing a story. Study IV manipulated between-person consistency in vignettes, and operationalised inconsistency both in terms of low degree of overlap as well as the presence of contradictions. The study examined whether these different operationalisations of statement consistency affected veracity judgements. Results showed that in line with the expectations and previous research, believability was rated lower, and guilt was rated higher for contradicting versus consistent statements. However, statements with a low degree of overlap were not rated less believable or more guilty than the consistent statements, which might imply that people are inattentive to overlap as a representation of inconsistency. In sum, this thesis illustrates that whether honest and deceptive pairs differ in between-person consistency seems to depend on the salience of the details, but also on how consistency is operationalised. Previous group deception literature on beliefs about statement consistency and counter-interrogation strategies is dominated by self-reports, and empirical studies testing between-person consistency primarily examine the degree of overlap. In order to move the field forward, we must empirically approach these topics with a wider range of designs (such as dialogue observations and vignettes) and be aware of—and systematically examine—different operationalisations.
Study I: Sakrisvold, M. L., Granhag P. A., & Mac Giolla, E. (2017). Partners under pressure: Examining the consistency of true and false alibi statements. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 35(1), 75-90. http://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2275
Study II: Sakrisvold, M. L., Luke, T. J., Mac Giolla, E., & Granhag, P. A. (2022). Can memory-enhancing interview tactics help distinguish honest and deceptive alibis corroborated by witnesses? Manuscript
Study III: Sakrisvold, M. L., Mac Giolla, E., Luke, T. J., & Granhag, P. A. (2022). What they say and what they do: A novel approach in the investigation of counter-interrogation strategies of honest and deceptive alibi-witness pairs. Manuscript
Study IV: Sakrisvold, M. L., Mac Giolla, E., Luke, T. J., & Granhag, P. A. (2022). Putting the consistency heuristic to the test: Are inconsistent statements judged more deceptive than consistent statements? ManuscriptpublishedVersio
Experiencing trust in multiagency collaboration to prevent violent extremism: A Nordic qualitative study
Get PDFIn previous studies, multiagency collaboration was identified as a key strategy for early intervention in violent extremism. However, there has been little focus on professionals’ shared communication to support collaboration. The aim of this study was to describe trust in multiagency collaboration teams in the Nordic countries tasked with preventing violent extremism. The data have been collected through simulatedcase discussions for groups (N=13) and individual interviews (N=78) with multiagency professionals in Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden and analyzed using the thematic analysis method. Based on our results, trust emerged on 1) structural, 2)professional and 3) perceived personal levels. In addition, we identified facilitators and barriers for building trust at these levels. To fully understand the potential of trust, we argue that there is a need to take into account all these three levels of trust. Finally, we find that particularized trust can function as a foundation for building generalized trust. In future, more knowledge is needed about how to enable and manage trust with multiagency collaboration at organizational, but also national and international, level.publishedVersio
Annerledespolitiet: idealer og dilemmaer i politiets forebyggende dialogarbeid
Get PDFTema for avhandlingen er Annerledespolitiet - idealer og dilemmaer i politiets forebyggende dialogarbeid. Studien handler om det forebyggende dialogarbeid som utføres av Dialogpolitiet, radikaliseringskontaktene og PST.
Dialogpolitiet har kontakt med arrangører av demonstrasjoner og arrangementer. Både radikaliseringskontaktene og PST gjennomfører forebyggende samtaler med personer man er bekymret for med henblikk på voldelig ekstremisme.
Studien utforsker de politiansattes blikk på deres forebyggende dialogarbeid, og analyserer idealer og dilemmaer man finner i informantenes fortellinger. Studien viser hvordan politiets rolleforståelse og yrkesidentitet påvirkes av ideen om den dialogiske politirollen.
Informantene ser seg som dialogeksperter og deler en felles kulturell identitet som «annerledespoliti» i kontrast til det «vanlige» politiet. De arbeider med forebygging, der andre arbeider med bekjemping. De arbeider med dialog der andre arbeider med kontroll. De arbeider med å tilrettelegge for ytringer der andre arbeider med å avdekke lovbrudd.
Samtidig som informantene presenterer seg som et annerledes politi uttrykker de at de er «skikkelig politi». De er annerledes, men aldri noe annet enn politi. Noe som gjør at de konstruerer det som ser ut til å være en ny type dialogrolle i politiet, der de både representerer en fortsettelse, men også en fornying av politikulturen(e).
Informantene ser seg som en viktig del av politiets demokratiske funksjon. De ser seg som ytringsfrihetens beskyttere for ekstreme, men lovlige ytringer. Studien tegner opp et ideal der politiet er en samarbeidspartner for grupper i samfunnet som ellers blir sett på som uønsket.acceptedVersio
Etterforskning – ikke kun for politiet!?: En dokumentstudie om argumenter for og imot å gi kontrolletatene lovmessig etterforskningskompetanse
No full textErfaringsbasert master i etterforskningStraffeprosessuell etterforskning utføres av politiet. Må det være slik? Politiets saksportefølje er omfattende og krever spesiell kompetanse. Ressurser er ofte vanskelig å mobilisere fra sak til sak, ikke minst innenfor etterforskning av økonomisk kriminalitet, for eksempel skatte- og avgiftskriminalitet.
Denne masteroppgaven tar for seg problemstillingen: Hva er argumentene for og imot å gi kontrolletatene lovmessig kompetanse til å etterforske lovbrudd?
Ved å gi kontrolletatene lovmessig etterforskningskompetanse vil man utfordre det tradisjonelle synet på at politiet er den etaten som kan utføre «politioppgaver», det vil si prinsippet om enhetspolitiet i Norge. Samtidig består samfunnet av statlige, kommunale og private aktører som allerede utfører «polisiære» oppgaver. Dette utfordrer politiets maktmonopol.
Flere kontrolletater, som skatteetaten, bistår allerede politiet i etterforskning av lovbrudd, andre aktører har begrenset politimyndighet og utfører arbeidsoppgaver med fullmakter som inkluderer bruk av tvangsmidler.
I 1998 fikk Skattebrottsenheten i Sverige lovmessig etterforskningskompetanse innenfor skatte- og avgiftskriminalitet og overtredelser av bokføringsloven. Dette ble etablert som følge av en utredning som fant det eksisterende systemet som ineffektivt. I 2017 ønsket en utredning å gi Försäkringskassan i Sverige tilsvarende etterforskningskompetanse innenfor «kvalificerad välfärdsbrottslighet». Forslaget møtte stor motstand og ble aldri gjennomført.
Forfatteren har gjennomført en dokumentstudie basert på utredningenes innhold, inkludert høringssvar for å klarlegge argumentene for og imot. Det er i hovedsak 3 argumenter som nevnes, rettssikkerhet, effektivitet og kompetanse. Innføring av administrative sanksjoner føres frem som et alternativ. Mine funn er drøftet mot relevant teori, praksis og egne erfaringer.acceptedVersio
"As before, but safer": The police’s evaluation of 14 months’ temporary arming of the police
Get PDFThe current report is a shorter version of the Norwegian report: Som før,
men tryggere (Barland, Høivik, Myhrer, & Thomassen, 2017) - PHS Forskning 2017: 3.Norway is one of the few countries in which the police are ordinarily unarmed. 2 Between 25th November 2014 and 3rd February 2016 this was not the case. Based on the Norwegian Police Security Service’s (PST’s) risk assessment, in which it appeared that the police could be imminently the target of terror attacks, POD, in a letter dated 18thNovember 2014, requested the consent of the Ministry of Justice and Emergency Preparedness for the introduction of a temporary, general arming of the Norwegian police pursuant to the Weapons Instructions for the Police, Section 10, first paragraph, letter ‘d’. The department granted this consent on 21stNovember 2014 and arming of the police was introduced with effect from 8am on 25th November 2014 (cf. POD’s letter to the police districts and special agencies of 23rdNovember 2014). (Norway is one of the few countries in which the police are ordinarily unarmed. 2 Between 25th November 2014 and 3rd February 2016 this was not the case. Based on the Norwegian Police Security Service’s (PST’s) risk assessment, in which it appeared that the police could be imminently the target of terror attacks, POD, in a letter dated 18thNovember 2014, requested the consent of the Ministry of Justice and Emergency Preparedness for the introduction of a temporary, general arming of the Norwegian police pursuant to the Weapons Instructions for the Police, Section 10, first paragraph, letter ‘d’. The department granted this consent on 21stNovember 2014 and arming of the police was introduced with effect from 8am on 25th November 2014 (cf. POD’s letter to the police districts and special agencies of 23rdNovember 2014). (For further reading see page 9-11).publishedVersio
Personality and hardiness among police students: An evaluative pilot study
Get PDFThe purpose of the current pilot study was to evaluate the suitability and usefulness of short-form measures of personality (BFI-20) and hardiness (DRS-15-R) for an upcoming research project. We used a sample of police students (N = 129) to investigate: (1) the rudimentary psychometric properties of the instruments, and (2) the covariation between the obtained scores on these measures. The results showed that hardiness and Emotional stability had a large covariation and that Emotional stability was a strong predictor of the total hardiness score. We discuss the results in relation to previous research and conclude that useful knowledge of individual differences among police students can be obtained with these measures.publishedVersio
The significance of embodied learning in police education
Get PDFThis article examines the role of the Norwegian field training officers (FTOs) as they see it and what they regard as important to teach police students attending in-field training. In Norway, FTOs are lower rank police officers, many of whom have newly graduated from the Norwegian Police University College (NPUC). The FTOs interviewed in this study described police work as a bodily practice and the subsequent teaching and learning as body oriented. The analysis shows that reflection on policing in-field is “inward looking”. The article situates this focus as an example of the FTOs’ “identity work” as resistance to the institutional requirements related to higher education.
The article discusses how the purpose of in-field training and the purpose of higher police education entail an “identity tension” that may result in a salient problem regarding a common and holistic understanding of the purpose of police (higher) education.publishedVersio