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Automatisert mengdehøsting i et infrastrukturprosjekt
No full textBygg-, anlegg- og eiendomsbransjen har slitt med å holde følge med andre sektorer når det kommer til effektivitet og bærekraft. Bransjen har vært treg til å utvikle nye metoder som benytter nye teknologiske hjelpemidler. Bransjen selv forklarer at dens prosjektspesifikke natur og midlertidige sammensetninger av samarbeidspartnere begrenser standardiseringen, som igjen begrenser automatiseringen.
For å forbedre dette har det derfor vært et økende fokus på både standardisering og digitalisering i BAE-næringen. En av arbeidsoppgavene som er under utvikling er mengdehøsting. Denne oppgaven danner grunnlaget for flere viktige oppgaver som teknisk beskrivelse, kostnadsestimat og klimagassregnskap. Tradisjonelt har mengdehøsting vært en tidkrevende prosess, der mennesker estimerer mengder basert på 2D tegninger. I nyere tid har 2D tegninger blitt erstattet av digitale modeller. Dette tilrettelegger for automatisering av mengdehøsting. På grunn av det brede bruksområdet vil automatisering av mengdehøsting medføre store gevinster. Til tross for potensielt store fordeler, er det få studier som dokumenterer praktiske utfordringer med automatisert modellbasert mengdehøsting. Derfor undersøker denne studien automatisert modellbasert mengdehøsting i et infrastrukturprosjekt i Norge.
Studien tar utgangspunkt i COWI sitt arbeid i Hamar stasjon- prosjektet, og fokuserer på mengdehøsting til teknisk beskrivelse, fra et rådgiverperspektiv. Problemstillingen og forskningsspørsmålene i studien er:
Problemstilling: Hvordan burde automatisert mengdehøsting til teknisk beskrivelse gjøres?
1.Hvordan praktiseres mengdehøsting til teknisk beskrivelse?
2.Hva er erfaringene med mengdehøsting til teknisk beskrivelse?
Studien bestod av litteraturstudie, dokumentstudie og 14 intervjuer. Litteraturstudien dannet grunnlaget for teorikapittelet. Dokumentstudien ga bakgrunnsinformasjon om prosjektet og om rammeverket som følges i utformingen av tekniske beskrivelser for infrastrukturprosjekter i Norge, kalt ``prosesskoden''. Intervjuene dannet grunnlaget for resultatene.
I Hamar stasjon- prosjektet ble mengdehøstingen til teknisk beskrivelse gjort på to ulike måter, enten manuell modellbasert mengdehøsting eller automatisert modellbasert mengdehøsting. 21\% av kostnadspostene i den tekniske beskrivelsen ble skapt med automatisert modellbasert mengdehøsting, resterende kostnadsposter ble skapt med manuell modellbasert mengdehøsting.
Studien fant at automatisert modellbasert mengdehøsting er tidsbesparende, øker standardiseringen, forbedrer etterprøvbarheten og påliteligheten sammenlignet med manuell modellbasert mengdehøsting. Likevel, ble flest kostnadsposter høstet med den manuelle metoden. Studien identifiserte to hovedutfordringer som begrenset bruken av den automatiserte metoden: (1) ulik interesse for automatisert modellbasert mengdehøsting blant brukerne, (2) objekter som ikke ble modellert kunne naturligvis ikke høstes automatisk. Studien foreslår ulike tiltak for hver av hovedutfordringene: (1) kombinèr ovenfra-ned og nedenfra-opp tilnærming for å skape engasjement og tilpasse metoden for brukerne, (2) benytt mengdehøstingen til flere oppgaver enn kun teknisk beskrivelse, for å gjøre det verdt å modellere flere objekter.The AEC-industry has faced challenges in keeping pace with other industries in terms of sustainability and productivity. Its adoption of innovative methods taking use of technology has been slow. The industry attributes this to its projectspecific nature and temporary team structures, which hinder standardization and, consequently, limit automation.
To address these challenges, there has been an increasing focus towards standardization and digitalization within the AEC-industry. A task under development is the quantity take off. Quantity take off serves as the basis for several important tasks including specification of work, cost estimation and calculation of greenhouse gases. Traditionally, this process has been timeconsuming and error prone, because its based on manual estimations from 2D drawings. Recently, 2D drawings have been replaced by digital models, allowing for automated quantity take off. Because of its wide range of use, automated quantity take off can result in significant improvements. Despite its huge potential upside, there has been few studies documenting practical challenges with automated quantity take off. For this reason, this study examines automated quantity take off in a infrastructureproject in Norway.
This study is based on the work of COWI in the project, Hamar station. The emphasis is on automated quantity take off to specification of work, from a consulting perspective. The following research questions have been addressed:
Research problem: How should automated quantity take off for the specification of work be done?
1. How is quantity take off for the specification of work done?
2. What are the experiences with quantity take off for the specification of work?
This study comprised a literature review, a documentstudy and 14 interviews. The literature review formed the basis of the chapter on theory. The documentstudy provided background information on the project and the framework for specification of work in Norwegian infrastructure projects, called ``prosesskoden''. The interviews were the basis for the results.
In this project, quantity take off for specification of work was done in two ways, either manual model-based quantity take off or automated model-based quantity take off. Automated model-based quantity take off was used for 21\% of the cost items, while manual model-based quantity take off were used for the remaining cost items.
This study found that automated model-based quantity take off is time-saving, increases standardization, improves traceability and reliability compared to manual model-based quantity take off. However, the majority of cost items were extracted using manual model-based quantity take off. This study identifies two main challenges that hinder the use of automated quantity take off: (1) varying interest for automated model-based quantity take off, (2) objects that were not included in the model could, naturally, not be automatically extracted. This study suggests different measures to improve each of the main challenges: (1) combine top-down and bottom-up approach to foster engagement and tailor the method to the users, (2) use automated quantity take off to other tasks than just specification of work, to make it worthwhile to model additional objects
Barndomstraumer og deres langsiktige konsekvenser: En epidemiologisk studie av PTSD og tilpasningsforstyrrelser hos tidlig traumatiserte voksne
No full textBakgrunn:
Det er flere studier som ser på sammenhengen mellom negative barndomshendelser (ACE) og posttraumatisk stresslidelse (PTSD). Denne studien skiller seg fra andre studier, som oftest er retrospektive, ved at det har blitt benyttet prospektiv data om negative hendelser i barn/ungdomstiden. I tillegg til PTSD, fokuserer denne studien også på tilpasningsforstyrrelser, som er mindre studerte. Denne bredere tilnærmingen gir innsikt i hvordan ulike type traumer kan påvirke forskjellige former for stressreaksjoner, inkludert mildere reaksjoner som er mer utbredt enn PTSD, men som i stor grad er oversett i forskning.
Hensikt:
Hensikten med denne studien er å se på om ACE øker risikoen for å utvikle PTSD og tilpasningsforstyrrelser. Vi ønsket å se på hvilke spesifikke ACE som er sterkest assosiert med disse diagnosene og om akkumuleringen av ACE øker risikoen ytterligere.
Metode:
Data ble hentet fra Ungdomsundersøkelsen i Nord-Trøndelag (Ung-HUNT 3), en populasjonsbasert studie av ungdommer. Negative barndomshendelser ble delt inn i tre hovedkategorier (mishandling, forsømmelse og familiemessig dysfunksjon) og videre inndelt i 10 undergrupper. Diagnostiske data er basert på ICD 10- diagnosekriteriene og hentet fra registerdata i NPR. Logistisk regresjonsanalyse ble brukt for å vurdere sammenhenger mellom undertyper av ACE, individuelle ACE-typer, og akkumulerte ACE-skårer og utvikling av PTSD og tilpasningsforstyrrelser.
Resultater:
Åtti-en prosent av de med PTSD diagnosen og sytti-seks prosent med tilpasningsforstyrrelses diagnoser hadde opplevd en eller flere ACE. Høyere ACE skårer økte risikoen for å utvikle PTSD og tilpasningsforstyrrelser betydelig. Det var flere som hadde tilpasningsforstyrrelser enn PTSD, men det var en sterkere assosiasjon mellom ACE og PTSD enn ACE og tilpasningsforstyrrelser. Emosjonell mishandling og seksuell mishandling økte risikoen mest for å utvikle PTSD mens for tilpasningsforstyrrelser var det fysisk og seksuell mishandling som hadde sterkest assosiasjon med utviklingen av diagnosen. Akkumulering av ACE økte risikoen for både PTSD og tilpasningsforstyrrelser.
Konklusjon:
Resultatene viser en sterk korrelasjon mellom negative barndomshendelser og en økt risiko for å utvikle både PTSD og tilpasningsforstyrrelser. Dette kan dermed representere en viktig del av utredningen og behandlingen til disse diagnosene. Det ble også avdekket kjønnsforskjeller i hvilke ACE-typer som var knyttet til de to lidelsene, samt forskjeller i forekomsten av diagnosene hos kvinner og menn. Akkumulering av ACE var også assosiert med en økt risiko for både PTSD og tilpasningsforstyrrelser. Det foreligger et betydelig behov for videre forskning på tilpasningsforstyrrelser og PTSD, med særlig vekt på kjønnsforskjeller og ACE-orienterte behandlingsmetoder. I tillegg er det nødvendig med økt kunnskap om hvordan negative barndomshendelser kan påvirke utrednings- og diagnostiseringsprosessene for disse lidelsene.Background:
Several studies explore the correlation between Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE). Using prospective data, this study distinguishes itself from other studies that often favor a retrospective approach. In addition to PTSD, it also focuses on adjustment disorders, which are less studied. This broad approach provides insight into how different types of traumas can influence different forms of stress reactions, including milder ones that are more common than PTSD, but which are widely overlooked in research.
Objective:
The objective of this thesis is to find out if experiencing adverse childhood experiences increases the risk of developing PTSD and adjustment disorders. We want to explore which specific adverse childhood experiences that are strongest associated with these diagnoses and if the accumulation of ACE further increases the risk.
Method:
The data is obtained from the Norwegian Teenager survey in North Trøndelag (Young-HUNT 3), a population-based study on teenagers. Adverse childhood experiences were divided into three main categories (abuse, neglect and family dysfunction) and further divided into ten subcategories. Diagnostic data is based on the ICD-10-diagnoses criteria and retrieved from the Norwegian Patient Register (NPR). Logistic regression analysis was used to examine correlation between the different subcategories of ACE, individual ACE types, and accumulated ACE-scores and the development of PTSD and adjustment disorders.
Results:
Eighty-one percent of those diagnosed with PTSD and seventy-six percent of those diagnosed with adjustment disorders had experienced one or several ACE. A higher ACE score significantly increased the risk of developing PTSD and adjustment disorders. There were more people diagnosed with adjustment disorders than PTSD, but the correlation between PTSD and ACE was stronger. For PTSD, emotional and sexual abuse had the strongest association with the diagnosis. For adjustment disorders physical and sexual abuse had the strongest association with the diagnosis. More women got PTSD and adjustment disorders than men. The accumulation of ACE increased the risk of both PTSD and adjustment disorders.
Conclusion:
The results demonstrate a strong correlation between adverse childhood experiences and the increased risk of developing both PTSD and adjustment disorders. These findings suggest that ACE may play an important role in the assessment and treatment of these disorders. We also observed significant differences between the two genders, in the types of ACE associated with the two disorders, as well as in the prevalence of diagnoses among men and women. Furthermore, the accumulation of ACE was associated with an increased risk of both PTSD and adjustment disorders. There is a need for further research on adjustment disorders and PTSD, with particular emphasis on gender differences and ACE-oriented treatment. Additionally, increased knowledge is required on how adverse childhood experiences may influence the processes of assessment for these diagnoses
Long-Term Partial Discharge Behavior of Protrusion and Free Metallic Particle Defects in Air-Insulated HVDC Gas-Insulated Substations
No full textHigh-voltage direct current (HVDC) has established itself as the leading technology for long-distance transmission, particularly for interconnections between countries and offshore wind farms. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) has traditionally been the preferred insulating medium in gas-insulated substations (GIS) due to its excellent dielectric properties; however, its high global warming potential (GWP) remains a significant drawback. Partial discharge (PD) detection serves as a critical diagnostic tool for ensuring the operational reliability of GIS systems. This study investigates the long-term PD behavior of protrusion and free metallic particle defects in HVDC GIS filled with technical air. The PD apparent charge magnitude and repetition rate evolution are analyzed using pulse sequence analysis (PSA) plots. Results indicate that PSA plots evolve and vary depending on the defect type, posing challenges for human experts and machine learning models in defect classification. Furthermore, most existing PSA plots are derived from test conditions using SF6, highlighting the need for research in alternative insulation gases such as technical air. Both conventional and unconventional PD detection methods were employed within a full-scale GIS test cell. The two defect types were subjected to voltage application for one week. The free metallic particle defect exhibited a 20% change in PD apparent charge magnitude over the test duration but showed minimal alterations in weight and physical structure. In contrast, the protrusion defect experienced a 30% increase in PD apparent charge magnitude, accompanied by significant physical changes, as revealed through microscope imaging. The observed changes in PD behavior after just one day of voltage application suggest that long-term testing in technical air is unnecessary. Similarly, PSA patterns from SF6 were successfully used to classify defects in technical air, demonstrating that knowledge transfer is possible. Finally, the similarities between certain patterns of free metallic particles and protrusion defects in technical air highlight the need for further investigation in different test environments to refine defect classification in future studies
Research Fondations for Blood Glucose Prediction
Full text linkBlood glucose prediction plays an important role in artificial pancreas systems and automated insulin delivery by addressing the challenges posed by delays in insulin absorption. Accurate predictions have the potential to improve glycemic control and optimize diabetes management. While numerous datadriven models that utilize sensor data have been proposed, their evaluation is often confined to controlled environments or repetitive datasets, which may not adequately capture the variability encountered in real-world situations. This thesis aims to reinforce the methodological foundations of blood glucose prediction through insights gained from real-world model evaluation.
In the initial segment of the thesis, a smartphone real-time Software Development Kit (SDK) was developed to facilitate the deployment of various prediction models, as outlined in PaperA. This achievementwas realized despite facing considerable challenges associated with real-time data access, including issues related to API usage and regulatory constraints, which are discussed in Paper C. A pilot study was conducted to evaluate existing algorithms using the SDK, revealing that literature-based models struggled to predict rare yet critical scenarios in diabetes management, as noted in Paper B. Furthermore, a discrepancy between theoretical evaluations and in-situ analyses was identified, as detailed in Paper D. This finding led to a shift in research focus from model deployment to enhancing the alignment of blood glucose prediction evaluations with real-world priorities.
Subsequently, an open-source blood glucose prediction benchmarking tool, GluPredKit, was developed to enable experiments on well-defined datasets, models, and metrics. The introduction of this software is provided in Paper E, while its development and user evaluation are presented in Paper F. Utilizing this tool, limitations in the most commonly used evaluation metric were identified, which resulted in the formulation of a compound metric presented in Paper G. Challenges in data access and sharing practices were also addressed, leading to the perspective paper suggesting guidelines for data harmonization in Paper H.
Overall, this thesis highlights the gaps between theoretical model evaluations and real-world applications, offering open-source tools and recommendations for enhanced evaluation practices
Techno-economic assessment of the multi-absorber approach at an industrial site with multiple CO2 sources
Full text linkTo meet the goals of the Paris Agreement, decarbonization across all sectors, including industrial facilities with multiple CO2 emission sources, is essential. Post-combustion capture, despite its high energy demands, is a promising technology for reducing carbon emissions. This study explores the feasibility of CO2 capture using a multi-absorber/combined-stripper system at an industrial refinery. CO2 capture was modeled using 30 wt.% MEA for four stacks, optimizing each to minimize energy use while achieving 95 % capture. The study also examines CO2 capture costs, operational expenses, and unit size requirements.
Results indicate that the multi-absorber/combined-stripper configuration required less solvent and had lower reboiler duties compared to individual absorber setups, though it required higher initial investment for larger equipment. Compared to flue gas mixing, the multi-absorber/combined-stripper system had higher equipment costs but lower operating expenses. While flue gas mixing had lower equipment costs, it incurred significantly higher transportation costs depending on the distance between sources and the capture site.
A sensitivity analysis on packing and steam costs showed that a 50 % reduction in packing costs could lower capital expenses by 10–30 %, while reduced steam costs could cut operating expenses by 25 %. This analysis highlights areas where cost reductions could make CO2 capture more economically viable.publishedVersio
Strengthening the integration of Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) in the SET Plan: Policy recommendations for SET Plan Implementation Plans
Full text linkGoal: Inform and influence future EU research and innovation (R&I) priorities to accommodate a wide spectrum of socio-economic challenges faced in transitions, with a particular focus on climate, energy, and mobility. Specifically, give recommendations on the review carried out over 12 SET Plan Implementation Plans.
Context: The Implementation Plans represent the sectoral reference document for each SET Plan IWG. These IWGs report to the European Commission on the SET Plan targets and R&I activities carried out at national and European levels. Each Implementation Plan identifies priorities for R&I of the technology and/or sector, to ensure that its research targets remain aligned with the key industrial developments. The Plans are directly drafted by each IWG and are updated on a 3–5-year basis1.
Methodology: SSH CENTRE partners carried out a thematic review of the current version of 12 Implementation Plans. The focus was on the extent to which Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) considerations had been accounted for thus far, and therefore what opportunities still existed to advance the integration of SSH further. The analysis concluded in August 2024, hence Implementation Plan revisions since then could not be included in this report.
Results: Overall, only four out of the 12 current Implementation Plans demonstrated a ‘good or sufficient’ inclusion of SSH components: Sustainable and Efficient Energy Use in Industry, Wind Energy, Positive Energy Districts (PEDs), and Photovoltaics (PV).
In contrast, the other Implementation Plans have limited (CCUS, geothermal, energy systems, ocean energy) or practically absent (concentrated solar, bioenergy, Energy Efficiency in Buildings, nuclear safety) integration of SSH components within their guiding R&I priorities, making urgent the need to improve this gap for the great majority of them (71%).
Throughout the review, a pattern detected was that SSH topics were often mentioned in a wide and generic way (e.g. user integration, environmental sustainability of the value chain, user acceptance) in the overall framing of the document, but were poorly integrated or were absent from the R&I targets, which make up for the core section of the Implementation Plan. Additionally, several documents briefly
mention societal aspects (e.g. acceptance, key non-technical barrier/enabler) in the first pages, but without discussing the challenges and opportunities that each specific technology will encounter when being implementing into societies.
Furthermore, when SSH topics are addressed in the Plans, they are often discussed in a simplified way (e.g. proposing social campaigns to increase acceptance, or technical devices to enhance end-user integration), without recognising the variety and complexity of SSH-related issues that could have been addressed (e.g. such as citizen engagement, justice, energy poverty, vulnerability, fair business models,
accessibility).
The core of this report thus presents five headline recommendations aimed at strengthening SSH considerations in the current SET Plan Implementation Plans:
1. Embed societal aspects in technological development and implementation (Section 2)
2. Integrate SSH targets and indicators within the Implementation Plans, and monitor their performance and implementation (Section 3)
3. Consider people as citizens, not only as users or consumers (Section 4)
4. Establish clear links with the existing policy framework, and describe how R&I implementation pathways target these policies (Section 5)
5. Adopt a multi-scalar approach for implementing the SET Plan, with greater consideration given to sub-national levels (Section 6)publishedVersio
Native-speakerism in the Norwegian subject teacher training program
Full text linkIn this article, we examine the language policy that underlies the training of Norwegian teachers in Norwegian primary and lower secondary schools. Based on a critically oriented document analysis of current policy documents, we consider (1) the language competence required to work as a Norwegian teacher, and (2) what can be inferred from the required language competence about the principles for the recruitment and training of Norwegian teachers. We interpret our findings as an expression of an underlying ideology of native-speakerism in Norwegian teacher training: both in principle and in practice, multilingual students with a different language proficiency profile than representatives of the majority population are in effect sidelined. We argue that a lack of diversity in teacher education due to this language policy has negative implications for the individual minority language student, for the Norwegian subject both in teacher education and in Norwegian schools, and—ultimately—for the society that teacher education is meant to serve. The model described privileges the majority’s language competencies, thereby contributing to linguistic hierarchization and—not least—the reproduction of a native-speakerist language ideology that contradicts key principles and directions in the current school curriculum.publishedVersio
COFACTOR Drammen dataset - 4 years of hourly energy use data from 45 public buildings in Drammen, Norway
Full text linkTo limit energy consumption and peak loads with increased electrification of our society, more information is needed about the energy use in buildings. This article presents a data set that contains 4 years (Jan. 2018- Dec. 2021/Mar. 2022) of hourly measurements of energy and weather data from 45 public buildings located in Drammen, Norway. The buildings are schools (16), kindergartens (20), nursing homes (7) and offices (2). For each building, the data set contains contextual data about the buildings including their floor area, construction year, energy label, information about their heating system and ventilation system in addition to time series data of energy use and weather data. For some of the buildings, the energy measurements only contain measurements of hourly imported electricity, while the time series data for other buildings have submeters for different energy services and technologies. Researchers, energy analysts, building owners and policy makers can benefit from the dataset for e.g. hourly load disaggregation, forecasting of energy loads and flexibility, grid planning and modelling activities.publishedVersio
Weighing Risks against GHG Reduction Benefits in Emerging Green Technologies
Full text linkGreen technologies represent promising strategies for mitigating carbon emissions and combating global warming. However, their implementation in civil and industrial applications is not without risks, as intrinsic uncertainties and latent safety concerns can threaten their effective deployment. To quantitatively evaluate the trade-off between environmental benefits and safety issues, this work develops an innovative methodological approach. This approach aims to determine the risk-benefit profile of emerging green solutions through the definition and calculation of a new key performance indicator, the “Risk of CO2 Avoided Index (RCAI)”. By doing so, it provides a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of the green technology implementation and serves as a powerful tool for supporting stakeholder decision-making. In order to demonstrate the systematic nature and versatility of the methodological approach, it has been applied to a case study involving a carbon capture and storage (CCS) system retrofitted onto a power plant. The results underscore its flexibility and effectiveness, highlighting the importance of sustainable and safe technological advancements in the fight against global warming.publishedVersio
Digital Twin for Situational Awareness and Optimal Control of Autonomous Surface Vessels
No full textThe introduction of autonomy in the maritime environment encompasses immense potential to improve the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of open-sea operations. Achieving these benefits requires advanced tools that bridge the gap between physical systems and digital innovation. Digital twins are virtual models that replicate the characteristics and behavior of physical systems or processes. This innovative technology offers an impactful approach to advancing maritime autonomy by enabling real-time monitoring, predictive analysis, and optimized decision-making across various maritime applications. Since the maritime industry is moving towards increased automation, this thesis explores the synergy between digital twin technologies and autonomous surface vessels, presenting novel approaches to improve situational awareness, decision-making, and operational reliability.
This work comprises a collection of 11 articles that collectively address challenges and advancements in the field of autonomous surface vessels. The articles explore various aspects, including the development and integration of digital twin technologies, approaches to enhance situational awareness, and methods to achieve optimal control. Together, they provide a comprehensive framework that integrates theoretical insights and practical implementations in maritime autonomy.
The situational awareness of a vessel is divided into multiple domains, each addressed separately in the presented articles. Environmental forces, including wind, waves, and ocean currents, which influence the vessel’s behavior, are dynamically estimated using a disturbance observer framework. Internal conditions, such as the health of a vessel’s engine, are monitored through novel predictive anomaly detection methodologies based on statistical techniques and multivariate data analysis. Furthermore, a multi-target tracking approach is introduced to precisely estimate and predict the shapes and motions of surrounding vessels.
Safe and reliable control remains an underexplored area in maritime autonomy. This work aims to establish a foundation for reliable autonomous behavior by combining enhanced situational awareness from the aforementioned developments with advanced control strategies. These approaches are designed to ensure precise path following, collision and grounding avoidance, and effective compensation for environmental disturbances. Proactive control techniques offer the potential for significant performance improvements by incorporating recent advancements in multi-target tracking. The proposed strategies seek to merge the robustness of traditional control algorithms with the adaptability of modern machine learning-driven methods while mitigating their respective limitations.
Through the development of a digital twin environment utilizing the Unity game engine, this work demonstrates the concept and potential of maritime digital twin implementation. The developed framework integrates the advanced technologies and methodologies outlined in this thesis to create a comprehensive and interactive simulation platform. This integration validates the theoretical contributions of the research and provides a practical tool for exploring and refining the implementation of autonomous maritime operations in a controlled, scalable, and interactive environment.In reference to IEEE copyrighted material which is used with permission in this thesis, the IEEE does not endorse any of NTNU’s products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. If interested in reprinting/republishing IEEE copyrighted material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution, please go to http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/rights_link.html to learn how to obtain a License from RightsLink