Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Effect of Supplementing Wheat Bran, Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Hay, and Their Combinations to Begait Lambs Fed Natural Grass Hay as a Base Diet on Their Nutrient Digestibility and Dry Matter
No full textAim/Objective:
To evaluate the effect of supplementing wheat bran (WB), cowpea hay (CPH), and mixes of the two on dry matter and nutrient digestibility of Begait lambs fed natural grass hay as a basal diet.
To determine the ideal ratio for supplementing wheat bran and cowpea hay on the dry matter and nutritional digestibility of Begait lambs given natural grass hay as their baseline diet.
Study Design: The study employed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments and blocks.
Location and Length of Study: Northern Ethiopia, Humera Agricultural Research Center farm, starting December 2016 until November 2017.
Methodology: 25 intact male Begait lambs were bought from the local market, weighing an average of 28.02 ± 1.49 kg (mean ± SD) at 5 to 6 months of age. Based on their starting body weight, they were split into five groups and assigned randomly to each of the five treatments. The standard diet for T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 consisted of giving natural grass hay ad libitum plus supplements of 300 g CPH, 225 g CPH + 75 g WB, 150 g CPH + 150 g WB, 75 g CPH + 225 g WB, and 300 g WB.
DM day-1. All lambs in each treatment were equipped with a fecal-collection bag for three days, after which they were required to collect all of their excrement for seven days to measure nutrient use.
Results: Among the treatment groups, differences in DM, CP (P<.001), OM, and ADF (P<.01) digestibility were noted. T5 and T3 showed higher (P<.001) DM and CP digestibility, respectively, in comparison to the other treatment groups. There was no difference in the digestibility of ADF between T5 and T3, but it was higher for T5 than for the lambs in T1, T2, and T4. Conversely, T1 showed low digestion of OM and CP.
Conclusion: Thus, the study concluded that supplementing Begait lambs with an equal amount of cowpea to wheat bran (150 g CPH + 150 g WB) outweighs the dry matter and nutritional digestibility of the lambs and that it is crucial to address the feed scarcity in the study area at a reasonable cost
Treatment of Chronic and Severe Diabetes Mellitus with Ketoacidosis in a Four-Year-Old Intact Female American Pit Bull Terrier
No full textA four-year-old intact female American Pit Bull Terrier was brought to the hospital for unresolved weight loss, complete loss of fur, and persistent skin ulcers. Upon presentation, the patient showed severe dehydration, emaciation, and bilateral cataracts despite having reportedly good appetite and responsive behavior. Further examination and work-up diagnosed the patient with diabetic ketoacidosis – a complicated form of diabetes mellitus where insulin deficiency causes increased lipolysis and ketosis, resulting in ketonemia and metabolic acidosis. Multiple glucose curves and adjustments to insulin therapy led to the treatment of DKA and the successful management of diabetes. In the initial 5 months of treatment, the patient showed gradual but consistent improvement in clinical signs and quality of life. This case report shows the consequences and risks of having a severely diabetic canine patient remain undiagnosed and without appropriate insulin therapy. Highlighted through discussion and photos are the reversibility of clinical signs caused by the harmful effects of hyperglycemia, and the successful management of DKA and DM without hospital confinement
Effect of Adding Different Levels of Undecorticated Rosehip (Rosa canina L.) Fruit in the Diets on Productive Performance of Broiler Chickens
No full textThis study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of rosehip (Rosa canina L.) fruit as a natural dietary supplement on the growth response of broiler chickens. Two hundred and four unsexed day-old Cobb 500 broiler chickens were used in a 42-day trial to investigate the efficacy of undecorticated rosehip (Rosa canina L.) fruit as a natural dietary supplement on growth of chickens. Birds were grouped into four of equal number and similar live weight with three sub-groups each. One group each was randomly assigned to one dietary treatment. Experimental diets consisted of a uniform commercial basal diet in which air dried and milled rosehip fruit was added as a supplement at the rate of 0, 100, 200 and 300 g/100 kg to give diets T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Data collected were on growth performance, carcass yield and GIT morphometry and were subjected to the one-way analysis of variance. Rosehip fruit supplement significantly (P<0.05) affected feed consumption, protein intake, mortality, dressed weight, percent dressed weight of wing and drumstick of chickens. Percent live weight of heart, kidney, pancreas, proventriculus and spleen varied significantly (P<0.05). Rosehip fruit supplement reduced (P<0.05) percent GIT length of large intestine and caeca at higher supplement value. Undecorticated rosehip fruit is high in crude protein, crude fibre and low in energy. Undecorticated rosehip fruit at 100 to 300 g/100 kg dietary supplementation did not enhance the growth of broiler chickens but, gave high dressing percentages of 80.03% to 80.83% comparable to 80.68% in the control group, and decreased percentage large and small intestines of the tract significantly. Undecorticated rosehip fruit can be fed as dietary supplement at the rate of 100 to 300 g/100 kg to produce broilers of high dressing percentage
Exterior Body Characteristics of Indigenous Sheep Populations in Western Zone of Tigray Region, Ethiopia
No full textThe field data collection was conducted before the ignition of the war (before October 2020) in Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia. Characterization of farm animal genetic resources (FAGRs) and their production systems are essential prerequisites for the sustainable utilization, conservation and improvement of FAGRs. The objective of the characterization work was to describe the exterior body characteristics and body indices of the indigenous sheep populations. A total of 488 (Begait-173, Rutanna-151 and Arado-164) sample animals with one permanent pair of incisor (1PPI) up to four permanent pair of incisors (4PPI) were randomly involved in the field data collection. Measurement of the quantitative traits and observation of qualitative traits were the techniques of data collection. Statistical Package for Social Sciences software was used to analyze the data. The indigenous sheep were kept at extensive production system. The indigenous sheep have marked sexual dimorphisms in almost all the linear body traits. The index of conformation (86.7±0.86) and index of body weight (61.8±0.98) of Rutanna sheep indicated that Rutanna sheep is more preferred for mutton production than the Begait and Arado sheep. Begait (93.1% plain, 99.4% white), Rutanna (90.6% plain, 69.8% brown red) and Arado sheep (86.6% plain, 51.8% brown red), respectively were the dominant coat color patterns and coat color types. Arado sheep can be used for wool production. Arado sheep were short-fat-tailed whilst Begait and Rutanna sheep were long-thin-tailed. Begait (100%) and Rutanna (99.3%) sheep were polled whereas 30.5% of Arado sheep were horned. Pendulous ear orientation was in Begait (98.3%) and Rutanna sheep whilst Arado sheep were with small ear. Concave face profile was in Begait (98.8%) and Rutanna sheep. Wattle and ruff were absent in Begait (98.3%, 91.9%), Rutanna (80.8%, 100%) and Arado (76.2%, 98.8%) sheep, respectively. Roofy rump profile was exhibited in Begait (86.7%), Rutanna (63.1%) and Arado (87.8%) sheep. Overall, Rutanna sheep is large framed whilst Begait sheep is medium framed and Arado sheep is small framed breed. Conservation and improvement of the valuable indigenous sheep of the study area should be the first task of breeders and stakeholders. Genetic characterizations of the indigenous sheep populations should be conducted to identify the most economical candidate genes and diversity within breed
Efficiency of Bark Extract of Azadirachta indica on Improving Ruminal Ammonia – Nitrogen Utilization in Ruminants: An In vitro Study
No full textAims: An in vitro gas protocol was performed to assess the potential of Commercial bark extract of Azadirachta indica (BEA) on improving ruminal ammonia (NH3) utilization in ruminants.
Study Design: The experiment consisted with three (3) treatments, each made up with 16 incubation bottles i.e. four (4) replicates for control (no addition of BEA, contained mixed contents of basal diet, rumen fluid and buffer solution), four (4) replicates (mixture of basal diet, rumen fluid, buffer solution and 100 mg/l of BEA), four (4) replicates (mixture of basal diet, rumen fluid, buffer solution and 200 mg/l of BEA) and four (4) replicates (mixture of basal diet, rumen fluid, buffer solution and 400 mg/l of BEA).
Methodology: All three (3) treatments were incubated at a temperature of 39oC. Treatment 1 was incubated for 12 hours, treatment 2, (24 hours) and treatment 3 (48 hours). During in vitro incubation, gas production was measured using pressure transducer after 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 36 hours and also pH by using pH meter after 12, 24 and 48 hours in order to assess fermentation process. After pH measurement, incubation was stopped and samples were collected from each replicate across each treatment and stored in the refrigerator for some days before were analysed for NH3 determination using microtiter plate reader. GenStat 15th edition (version 15.1) software was used to analyze the data and statistical method of analysis of variance (ANOVA) i.e. one – way ANOVA was preferred to compare means between treatments.
Results: No statistical differences (p >.05) in ammonia production after 12, 24 and 48 hours of in vitro fermentation. Additionally, there was no pH variation after 12 hours of in vitro incubation, however pH at level of 200 mg/l was higher (p < .05) compared to other treatment levels. After 48 hours, pH at level of 400 mg/l was lower (p < .05) than the rest levels. Nonetheless, after 6, 9, 12, 24 and 36 hours of fermentation, BEA reduced gas production in all levels except at the level of 400 mg/l in which gas production were statistically similar with control after 24 and 36 hours of in vitro fermentation.
Conclusion: Concentrations of 100, 200 and 400ml/g of BEA, cannot enhance ruminal ammonia utilization but can affects fermentation in vitro. This might be caused by the presence of bioactive ingredients in Azadirachta indica which cannot affects hyper ammonia-producing bacteria but can limits growth of other ruminal microbes which digest fiber
Prevalence of Parasite and Occurrence of Co-Infection in Pigs Reared in Extensive Farms in Gombe State, Nigeria
No full textAims: The study aimed to determine the prevalence and occurrence of parasites of pigs reared in extensive farms in Billiri and Kaltungo Local Government Areas of Gombe State, Nigeria.
Study Design: Quantitative Study Design.
Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected in Billiri and Kaltungo Local Government Areas of Gombe State, Nigeria.
Methodology: The laboratory analyzed six hundred fresh faecal samples collected from the rectum of pigs within two Local Government areas through floatation and sedimentation techniques. The data obtained was analyzed using chi-square goodness of fit to determine if there was a significant association between infection in the pigs and the various parameters studied at a 5% level of significance.
Results: This study identified sixteen parasites: protozoan, Platyhelminthes and nematodes, and coccidia. The prevalence of parasites in the study area is 83.0%, Billiri had 252 (84.0%) infected pigs out of 300 samples collected and Kaltungo had 246 (82.0%) infected pigs out of the 300 samples collected. The difference in the prevalence between the two study locations is not statistically significant (p˃ 0.05). In relation to the age and sex of pigs sampled from Billiri Local Government Area, adult males had a higher infection rate (94.7%) compared to the females (84.6%), also, the young males had a higher infection rate (84.4%) compared to young females (76.7%). On the other hand, the results obtained from Kaltungo showed that adult females had a higher infection rate (78.3%) compared to adult males (75.0%) while young males had a higher prevalence (84.3%) compared to young females (83.3%). However, the variations are not statistically significant (p˃ 0.05). Also, there is a significant difference between single and mixed infections across the study areas.
Conclusion: There was no significant difference in the prevalence of parasites based on the location, age, and sex of pigs. However, there is significant difference in the occurrence of single and co-infection across the two study locations; single infection was significantly higher in Kaltungo while co-infection infections were significantly higher in Billiri. This indicates the need for effective parasite control measures, including prophylactic and therapeutic anthelmintic programmes. This will enhance the productivity of pigs in the study locations and ensure the availability of safe pork for public consumption
Zootechnical Performance and Bromatological Composition of the Flesh of Oreochromis sp (Red Tilapia) Fed with Local Feed Supplemented with Afrostyrax lepidophyllus Seed Powder
No full textObjective: this study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementing Afrostyrax lepidophyllus seed powder on some zootechnical performances of Oreochromis sp. fry and the bromatological composition of the chair obtained.
Study Area: the study was carried out from March to June 2023 at Moungo Fish Farm in the locality of Yundi, located in the southwest region of Cameroon, Fako department, Tiko district.
Methodology: A total of 375 monosex fry of Oreochromis sp. with an average weight of 5.5 ± 0.34g were distributed in 15 tanks of 0.8m3. Five (05) feed rations. T0- feed without supplement, T (0.3%) feed containing 0.3% powder of A. lepidophyllus, T (0.4%) feed containing 0.4% powder of A. lepidophyllus, T (0, 5%) (feed containing 0.5% A. lepidophyllus powder) and an imported Skreting brand feed rated T0+ were allocated in a completely randomized design in triplicate with 75 subjects per treatment. were recorded daily before feeding.
Results: The highest survival rate was recorded with treatment T0.3 (82.67±12.22%); the highest values significantly (p<0.05) for final biomass (66.53±5.82g), daily weight gain (0.68±0.64g/d), weight gain (61.05±5.82g), the specific growth rate (2.77±0.02%J) was recorded with the T0.5 treatment. However, the lowest consumption index (p<0.05) (1.55±0.05) was recorded with the T0.3 treatment.
Conclusion: This study showed that dietary supplementation of A. lepidophyllus seed powder improves growth performance, utilization of dietary nutrients and bromatological composition of the stool in Oreochromis sp
A Comprehensive Analysis and Evaluation of Various Porcine Byproducts in Canine Diet Formulation
No full textThe pet food industry, has experienced significant growth, with a notable reliance on meat processed by-products, particularly those from pig slaughter. This review assesses the nutritional value and utilization of pork by-products in pet food formulations, emphasizing their importance for economic, environmental, and nutritional sustainability. Various studies highlight the superior protein content and essential nutrient composition of pork by-products, underscoring their potential in meeting the dietary needs of companion animals. Additionally, advancements in processing techniques have led to the development of high-quality pet foods derived from pork, offering a rich source of protein, essential fatty acids, and micronutrients. Despite challenges related to microbial control and shelf-life preservation, innovative approaches in formulation, handling, and storage enhance the safety and quality of pork-derived pet foods. Overall, the utilization of pork by-products in pet food offers a promising avenue for sustainable resource utilization while providing nutritious and flavorful options for pet owners to support the health and well-being of their beloved companions
Phytochemical Screening and Wound Healing Ability of Ethanol Extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves on Excisional Wound in Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
No full textAims: To evaluate the qualitative and quantitative screening of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves and to investigate the healing potential of its ethanol extract on full-thickness excisional wound in a guinea pig model.
Place and Duration of Study: The plant sample was collected from Naraha Rural Municipality- 05, Siraha district, Nepal, and all laboratory works were carried out in Natural Products Research Laboratory, Thapathali, Kathmandu from 3 March 2023 to 1 December 2023.
Methodology: The leaves extract was prepared by cold extraction process at 80% ethanol. Then, the preliminary phytochemical test of the extract was performed. The total phenolic contents using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, the total flavonoid content using aluminium chloride colorimetric assay, and the antioxidant potential of the extract were also determined using diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reagent. Sixteen guinea pigs were used to create four full-thickness wounds on each with 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm dimensions on the lumbodorsal area. The wounds were randomly divided into four groups: A: control with no treatment, B: treated with 5% extract ointment, C: treated with 10% extract ointment and D: treated with standard (5% povidone iodine). The wound healing rate and gross evaluation of ten animals were calculated on various days of treatments whereas excisional biopsies of six animals were evaluated histopathologically.
Results: The extract exhibited total phenolic, total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant values of 229.14±3.61 mg GAE/g, 22.97±0.45 mg QE/g, and 606.55 μg/mL respectively. Wound healing rates of four wounds were significant on day 8, 11 and 14 (p < .05) but non-significant on days 1, 3, and 5. Similarly, 10 % extract was found to be more effective than 5% extract, 5% povidone iodine for improvement on border and crust formation scores on wound due to faster maturation of granulation tissue, early angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and epidermis formation, and lesser acute inflammatory cells.
Conclusion: M. oleifera can be another cheap and effective alternative for wound treatment
Cattle Breeding Practices in the Savannah Region of Togo
No full textDue to its geographical position, the Savannah region of Togo is more affected by the effects of desertification. Climate change and human actions are degrading the natural resources on which cattle breeding depends; which pushes breeders to adapt the practices of their activities. Our study aims to analyze the different practices in the management of cattle breeding in this region of the Savannah. A representative sample of 150 breeders is constituted on the basis of their spatial distribution and the number of animals kept. A two-part questionnaire is submitted to him. The first part of the questionnaire allows us to have data on the breeder\u27s operation while the second part provides us with information on the cattle herd. The analysis of the exploitation is carried out on the basis of the social status of the breeder and that of the herd concerns the number, breeds raised and management. The result is that the average age of farm managers is 52 ± 6 years. These breeders combine agriculture with livestock breeding and they have no fallow plots or land reserves. What emerges is the coexistence of three breeding practices largely dominated by the fulani ethnic group: “Cultivating Breeders”, “Breeding Farmers” and “Agro-breeders”. Cattle farms also include other species including sheep (48% of farms), goats (17%) and the sheep-goat association (26%). The herds are formed from purchase (49%), inheritance (31%), donations (10%) and borrowing (10%). Faced with the degradation of natural resources, the former cattle breeding areas (prefectures of Tône, Tandjouare and Cinkassé) are intensifying agricultural activities; while new ones (Kpendjal, Oti and Oti-sud) are emerging in livestock areas. Cattle breeding practices are changing; and presure on natural resources combine with the effect of climate change to lead breeders to change