Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Epidemiology of Small Ruminant External Parasites: In the Case of Chemical Control Campaign in Welkait District, Tigray Region, Ethiopia
No full textA cross-sectional study and simple random sampling technique was conducted to determine the epidemiology of major external parasites and associated risk factors in small ruminants in Welkait, Western part of Tigray from November 2015 to may 2016. The collected data was analyzed using STATA 11.1stastical soft ware and descriptive statistics, percentages and 95% confidence intervals were used to summarize the proportion of infested and non-infested animals. Out of the 102 sheep and 324 goats clinically examined, 75(73.53%) sheep and 246 (75.93%) goats were found to be infested with one or more external parasites. The rate of different external parasite infestations revealed that a prevalence of 71(69.61%) hard ticks and 7(6.86%) fleas were observed in sheep, whereas 211(65.12%) hard ticks, 84(25.93%) lice, 60(18.52%) fleas and 4(1.23%) mange species was recorded in goats. Statistically significant variation (P< 0.05) was found in the cases of lice and flea between the two species. Even though there were differences in prevalence of lice and flea between different risk factors, the difference in prevalence was not statistically significant (P>0.05) in goats except in the case of lice by body condition score and flea by agro-ecology and age, respectively. Tick infestation in goats, statistically associated with agro-ecology, body condition, age, and flock type of the animal studied, whereas most risk factor considered were not significantly significant (P>0.05) in sheep except in the case of ticks, by agro-ecology and flea by the age of sheep. The prevalence of lice was 2.936 and 2.159 times higher in poor and medium body conditions (P<0.05) than in good body conditions of goats respectively, where as in the case of flea, goats in high land were 2.600 more likely (P<0.05) to be infected by flea than goats in low land, respectively. Young age goats are 3.73 times more likely to be infested by fleas than adults. Similarly, tick’s in goats in highland and midland agro-ecology were 6.498 and 5.200 times more infested by tick than lowland, respectively and 0.335, 2.187, 4.828 and 3.101 times adults than young, mixed than single rearing and goats being poor and medium body conditions than in good body conditions, respectively. Sheep living in highland were 4 times higher in harboring ticks than lowland. The species level logistic analysis result indicated that goats were 3.084 times more infested by fleas than sheep
Prevalence of Clinical Diseases Reported at Central Veterinary Hospital (CVH), Dhaka
No full textA retrospective study was conducted at Central Veterinary Hospital (CVH), Dhaka to estimate the prevalence of clinical conditions in pet animals and birds from 15 March to 21 August 2021. A total of 450 clinical cases, 90 (20%) dogs, 204 (45.33%) cats, goats 78 (17.33%), rabbits 13 (2.89%), calf 5 (1.11%), sheep 2 (0.44%), horse 2 (0.44%) and birds 56 (12.45%) were examined with different clinical conditions. Prevalence of clinical conditions was analyzed on the basis of age, sex and breed. It was revealed that highest number of dogs 66 (73.33%), cats 126 (61.76%) and goats 56 (71.8%) occupied in medicinal cases followed by surgical cases 13 (14.44%) in dogs, 41 (20.11%) in cats and 6 (7.69%) goats. Vaccination, deworming and health checkup was observed 11 (12.22%) in dogs, 37 (18.14%) in cats and 12 (15.38%) goats. Among of the medicinal cases parasitic diseases occupied highest prevalence 18 (20%) in dogs and 25 (12.25%) in cats. Viral disease (PPR) prevalence was highest in goats 15 (19.23%).Male dogs, cats and goats was higher in number than female. People prefer to rear male animals. Disease prevalence was higher in local breeds in both dogs and cats. In dogs, adult animals of 7-24 months were more diseased. But in cats, young aged 0-6 months were more susceptible to different clinical diseases and conditions
Effect of Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors on Productive and Reproductive Performances of Dairy Cattle at TALIRI–Tanga
No full textIn Tanzania, milk production demands the use of crossbreeding systems that include breeds adapted to harsh conditions with moderate productivity compared to pure exotic dairy breeds. In the present study, the data from 1013 cross-bred cows raised at TALIRI – Tanga, Tanzania grouped in three genotypes, pure Boran (BB), Boran x Friesian (BF), and Boran x Jersey (BJ) were used to determine the effect of genotype, season of calving and parity on age at first calving (AFC), calving interval (CI), 305 days milk yield (MY) and lactation length (LL). The General Linear Models (GLM) procedure of SAS software 2020 was used to estimate the least square means of the traits while the MANOVA procedure in SAS 2020 was used to establish partial correlation coefficients between traits. The VARCOMP of RStudio-2023 was used to estimate variance components to calculate the heritability of the traits. The results revealed that at (P<0.05), BJ heifers had significantly shorter AFC, BF had higher MY, and BB with longer CI compared to other genotypes. The dry season calving resulted in significantly shorter LL while the fourth parity had higher MY compared to the early lactations. Cows in the fourth parity had significantly shorter CI for about 41 fewer days than those in the first parity. Heritability estimated for AFC, LL, and CI were 0.19,0.28,0.32 respectively. While phenotypic correlations (Rp) between AFC and MY were negative and weak and that between LL versus MY was moderately positive. From these findings, it is concluded that crossing of Boran cattle with Jersey or Friesian cattle can significantly improve AFC and milk yield. However, the low to moderate heritability, for reproductive and productive traits under this study, improvement of crossbred cows in hot and humid areas like Tanga should be accompanied by the improvement of the animal husbandry practices to achieve the desired output
Selected Intervention Strategies to Improve Health and Welfare of Working Donkeys in Kenya: A Narrative Review
No full textAim: To comprehensively review the interventions made to address health and welfare challenges faced by working donkeys; to systematically analyze the reasons for failure; and triangulate them with donkey health and welfare.
Study Design: A comprehensive desktop narrative review.
Methodology: A systematic review of selected intervention strategies which included: (i) Knowledge change; through training donkey owners on donkey welfare, handling, feeding, working conditions, routine health checks and basic first aid skills for their donkeys. (ii) Refresher trainings to animal health service providers to enhance their capacity in handling equine diseases and conditions; (iii) Donkey health services provision (iv) Improvement of husbandry practices (v) advocacy and (vi) legislation.
Results and Discussion: Some positive changes were recorded in health and welfare of donkeys. However, low adoption of knowledge and skills to change practice, unsustainable approaches which led to delayed treatment due late disease reporting and unwillingness to pay for health services, emerging challenges which complicated ongoing intervention efforts; were identified as the reasons for the persistent health and welfare challenges.
Study Significance: The findings would provide policy makers and implementers at county and national level with information they can use to ensure interventions are done in a manner that promotes sustainability of donkey welfare projects; ultimately improving the livelihoods of the donkey owners and users. Lessons of this study will also help project implementers to prioritize areas of intervention in light of the ever changing challenges affecting working donkeys
Utilization of Solid State Fermented Cassava Peel Leaf Mix Meal as a Substitute for Maize in Broiler Chickens’ Diets: Impact on Growth Performance, Carcass Indices and Lipid Peroxidation
No full textAims: This research explored the potential of fermented cassava peel and leaf meal (FCPLM) as a maize substitute in broiler chickens’ diets.
Study Design: Completely Dandomized Design.
Place and Duration of Study: The study took place at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm of Landmark University in Omu-Aran, Irepodun Local Government, Kwara State, Nigeria, located at coordinates 8°08′00″N 5°06′00″E for 7 weeks.
Methodology: The cassava peel and leaf were combined in a 19:1 ratio, milled, and then inoculated with Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404) for solid-state fermentation (SSF), lasting 96 hours at room temperature with a substrate to water ratio of 1.0:1.0. Subsequently, FCPLM was integrated into diets for 480 seven-day-old Anak broiler chickens, divided into four groups of 60 chicks each, with each group further divided into 3 replicates. The diets included: Diet 1 (control, no FCPLM), Diet 2 (20% FCPLM), Diet 3 (40% FCPLM), and Diet 4 (60% FCPLM).
Results: Substituting maize with FCPLM significantly (P < 0.05) impacted broiler performance, carcass quality, lipid peroxidation, and production costs. Diet 3 exhibited the highest weight gain, optimal feed conversion ratio, and dressing percentage with respective values of 2286.80g, 1.95 and 75.95%, compare to 2252.60g, 2.00 and 75.81%.for the same parameters in Diet 1. Furthermore, as FCPLM inclusion levels increased, meat peroxidation decreased from 1.26 mmol/ml (Diet 1) to 0.16 mmol/ml (Diet 4). The feed cost and cost per kilogramme of meat decreased with higher FCPLM levels, with highest percentages of 26.35% and 13.50% for feed cost reduction per kilogram of feed, and 13.50% for feed cost per kilogram of chicken meat respectively in Diet 4.
Conclusion: The SSF with Aspergillus niger (ATCC 16404) enhances FCPLM, presenting a viable approach to enhance feed resources. This strategy improves feed efficiency, carcass yield, oxidative stability, and production costs
Effects of Finishing Strategies on the Performance and Profitability of Boran Crossbred Cattle
No full textA study was conducted to determine the effects of finishing strategies on the performance and economic viability of finishing Boran crossbred cattle. Fifty-four (54) bulls were allocated randomly in three feeding practices and three slaughter periods in a 3*3 factorial experiment. The feeding practices included feedlot finishing (P3), grazing with concentrate supplementation (P2), and grazing alone (P1) which served as a control. Three bulls from each practice were slaughtered at 45 days (S1), 60 days (S2), and 75 days (S3) of the finishing period. Data on feed intake, growth performance, slaughter, and carcass characteristics were recorded and economic analysis performed. The average energy and protein intake (ME, MJ/d, CP, g/d) by bulls on P3 (97, 1056) and P2 (95, 1090) were higher (P<0.05) than those on P1 (42, 499). The bulls finished on P3 and P2 had the highest average daily gain (1.08 and 0.93 Kg/d), final live weight (272.83 and 262.06 Kg), and hot carcass weight (149.62 and 140.35 Kg) compared to those on P1 (0.43 Kg/d, 231.50 Kg and 121.01Kg, respectively). A significant interaction between finishing practice and the slaughter period was detected for dry matter intake, weight gain, final weight, and variable costs, implying that bulls on P3 tended to have greater concentrate DMI at advanced finishing period (S3), resulting in higher weights, and total variable costs than those on P2. The latter group (P2) had higher profit per carcass at the same period than the former (P3). In conclusion, Boran crossbred bulls improved growth performance and carcass yield when finished for 75 days under feedlot or grazing coupled with concentrate supplementation practices. Finishing bulls on grazing and concentrate supplementation for 75 days is, however, more profitable than full-feedlot practice. Stakeholders are advised to opt for finishing bulls for 75 days on grazing with a concentrate supplementation practice for enhanced beef productivity. Further studies are proposed to assess the quality of beef produced and evaluate finishing strategies for other improved beef breeds in the country
A Case Study of Clinical Mastitis in 2- Year-Old Sahel Goat in Nigeria and Its Implication on Public Health
No full textMastitis, a common inflammation of the udder in goats, is a significant economic concern. Primiparous goats, especially, are susceptible to this disease. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Escherichia coli are primary culprits. In this article, we report a case of mastitis in a two-year-old Sahel goat. Symptoms observed include swollen, painful udders, abnormal milk, and fever. Diagnosis involves physical examination and laboratory tests. Milk sample from the affected udder was cultured on mannitol salt agar and incubated at 37°C for 24hours. The case was confirmed as staphylococci mastitis following biochemical test and Gram’s staining. Treatment often includes antibiotics and analgesics. Prevention is crucial. Proper hygiene, timely milking, and vaccination can significantly reduce the risk of mastitis. Early detection and treatment are essential to prevent further complications and ensure the health of both the goat and its offspring
Cheetah Reintroduction in India: Review of Eco-restoration Policy Gaps
No full textRecent Introduction of the African Cheetah in India is more emotion than ecology. These are still kept in the enclosure, and served meat than let them hunt. We find following gap in this inter-continental animal transfer- 1) Cheetah mainly dwell or hunt in the plains savanna habitat and not hill forests of the Kuno National Park (KNP), 2) Cheetah mainly hunt on antelopes (weight< 50 kg) that are rare at Kuno and not on Chital (Spotted deer, weight > 60 kg) prevailing at Kuno, 3) Hares, Pigs and small livestock such as sheep, goat make 30% the Cheetah diet in Africa but ignored/ excluded at Kuno, making it unviable. The imported Cheetah yet await release into the wild due to the risk of prey deficit, pathogens and depredation by Tiger, Leopard, Hyena etc. About 8 i.e. 40% of the 20 Cheetah imported have died, similar to the translocations success rate within Africa. We suggest (1) exploring grassland prevalent sanctuaries in Gujarat-Rajasthan states (2) release Chinkara (Indian Gazelle), pigs, barking deer, wild boars and hares as prey in the wildlife reserve, not just Chital, (3) permit low human disturbance and grasslands in KP & surroundings, including livestock, (4) develop Savanna corridors and network management of wildlife reserves adjoining Kuno (Madhav, Gandhisagar, Ranthambor, Kailadevi) or farther (Tal Chhaper WLS, Churu district & Jaroda closed area, Nagaur district) as the later report multiple times antelope density than KNP
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasite in Four Goat Breeds Slaughtered in Two Major Abattoirs in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
No full textGoats harboured number of gastrointestinal parasites and high infestation of intestinal parasite in livestock such as goat could result to inefficient feed utilization leading to reduced growth rate in young animals, reduced weaning weights, low milk production, enhanced susceptibility to other diseases and poor meat production; thus, there is need to constantly study and carry out routine check on intestinal parasites of livestock time to time for proper management. This study was carried out within the period of three month, 240 faecal samples of ready to be slaughter goats were randomly examined comprising of 69 West African Dwarf, 55 Kano brown, Borno red 52 and 64 Red Sokoto breeds from two abattoirs in the study area. Examination for intestinal helminth was carried out using sodium chloride floatation technique and direct microscopic examination method. Out of the 240 goat faecal samples examined, 56 which represent 23.33% were positive for gastrointestinal parasites. The highest prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites (34.38%) was recorded from Sokoto red breed followed by Kano brown (21.88%) and Borno red (19.23%); while West African dwarf breed had the lower prevalence of 17.38%. There is significant difference (p<0.05) in prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites among the goat breeds. Between the goat gender, female goat has the highest prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites (30.43%), this was not significantly higher (p>0.05) when compared with prevalence of gastrointestinal prevalence in male (17.07%). Among the parasites recovered, Strongyloides stercoralis was the most prevalence (36.51%), followed by Ancylostoma duodenale (19.05%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (17.40%). There is need for good and effective animal health management in the studied Abattoirs. Thus, the incidence of these parasites revealed in this study can be decreased by the use of effective management techniques, quick diagnosis and anthelmintic therapy, and education of animal owners on the importance of animal health
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) of Public Health Concern Bacteria Isolated from Cows’ Raw Milk
No full textMilk is harboring both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) foodborne pathogens in raw milk. The 100 milk samples of cow were aseptically collected from 10 randomly selected dairy farms of Dhaka City of Bangladesh during the period from August, 2022 to July, 2023. The collected milk samples were then processed and cultured on to selective media. The isolated microorganisms were identified based on staining, motility, cultural and biochemical properties according to standard laboratory methods. The isolated bacteria were also subjected to characterize their antibiotic sensitivity by disc diffusion method. Among 100 milk samples, 56% milk samples were reported as positive for Staphylococcus species, followed by Escherichia coli (23%), Klebsiella spp. (19%), and Salmonella spp. (9%) (P <0.001). On the other hand, 143 pathogenic bacteria were isolated and identified from the milk samples inspected of which 49.65% were Staphylococcus species, 25.17% were Escherichia coli, 18.88% were Klebsiella spp., and 6.29% were Salmonella spp. Multidrug resistant (MDR) property was observed in around 90% of the isolates (P <0.001). Among them, 100% of the Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. showed MDR properties followed by Staphylococcus spp. (81.69%), and Salmonella spp. (77.78%). Most of the isolates showed their resistance against ampicillin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline. Therefore, these findings will help the authority develop awareness among farmers regarding the judicious use of antibiotics in livestock production to reduce the transmission of AMR pathogens to humans through the food chain