Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Balancing Amino Acids Supply and Requirements in the Diets of Broiler Finishers Fed Diets Containing Different Protein Sources
No full textPerformance of broiler chickens fed diets containing different protein sources was evaluated. One hundred and fifty (150) Ross 308 day-old chicks were divided into three experimental treatment groups, and each treatment group was replicated five times, with 10 chicks per replicate. Three treatment diets were prepared as follows: T1 contained GNC as the major protein source, T2 contained SBM as the major protein source, while T3 contained a combination of GNC and SBM as the two major protein sources as follows – GNC and SBM. The results showed that body weight gain as well as feed and water intake were better for T2 and T3 compared to T1 (P<0.05); even though FCR did not differ significantly between the treatments (P>0.05). It is concluded that feeding broiler diets containing either SBM or a combination of GNC & SBM enhanced performance compared to feeding GNC as the major source of protein
Growth Performance and Digestibility in Growing Rabbits Fed Diet Supplemented with Powdered Ginger
No full textSixteen (16) California white weaned rabbits of both sexes with average age of 6 weeks old weighing an average of 451.16 g were placed on four dietary treatment (4 rabbits per treatment) for ten (10) weeks. The experiment was designed to investigate the growth performance and digestibility in growing rabbit fed diet supplemented with ginger. The diet T1, T2, T3 and T4 contain of 0 kg of ginger, 0.25 kg of ginger, 0.5 kg of ginger, 0.75 kg of ginger respectively. Result obtained showed that rabbits growth performance increases with the increase in the inclusion of ginger with the highest weight gain in dietary T4(0.75 kg) with weight gain of 976.96 g, The feed intake was highest in T4(0.75 kg) with the feed intake of 45.39 g and the lowest feed efficiency ratio was recorded in T4 (0.75 kg) with feed efficient ratio of 3.17. The varying level of inclusion of ginger did not significantly affect the digestibility of dry matter, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract and ether extract. The crude protein was significant with T4 (0.75 kg) with the highest apparent digestibility of 78.62% to obtain maximum performance. Higher levels of incorporation of ginger resulted in increase in growth performance and digestibility therefore should be encouraged at T4 (0.75 kg)
Economic Implication of Foetal Wastages through Slaughter of Pregnant Pigs: A Case Study of the Makurdi Municipal Abattoir in Benue State, Nigeria
No full textAim: This study was designed to determine the economic implication of foetal wastages through the slaughter of pregnant pigs (sows/gilts).
Study Design: Longitudinal study.
Place and Duration of Study: The municipal abattoir in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria served as the main source of empirical data. The abattoir was visited daily for 120 days over a period of 4 months (September to December, 2012).
Methodology: At each visit, the number and sex of pigs slaughtered, number of pregnant sows/gilts slaughtered, number of foetuses wasted and ages of the foetuses (which also indicated the stage of pregnancy of the dam) were recorded. A deterministic economic model was used to estimate the foregone revenues resulting from slaughter of pregnant sows.
Results: A total of 2095 pigs were slaughtered of which 39.46% were male and 60.54% were female. The total number of foetuses wasted was 969, revealing a monthly average of 242. The prevalence of pregnant female slaughtering was 9.0% whereas prevalence of foetal wastage was 76.55%. Frequency of foetal wastage decreased with increase in stage of pregnancy and the average male to female sex ratio of wasted foetuses was 45.76:56.24.
Foregone revenue for a single wasted foetus was estimated at ₦11,400-₦17,400.00 (48.88), while the average daily, monthly and annual foregone revenues of the abattoir were ₦75,292.25-₦114,919.75 (322.81), ₦2,258,767.50-₦3,447,592.50 (9,684.25) and ₦27,105,210.00-₦41,371,110.00 (116,210.98) respectively.
Conclusion: Curbing this huge economic waste through purposefully developed strategies (by both government and non-governmental organizations) as well as strictly supervised interventions is highly advocated
Clinical Outbreak of Dermatophilosis in Cattle in Kebbi State Nigeria and Review of Literature
No full textThis case report described a clinical outbreak of dermatophilosis among cattle in a farm in Yauri Local Government Area of Kebbi State, Nigeria. Thirteen (22.4%) out of fifty-eight animals were symptomatic for dermatophilosis. The diagnosis of dermatophytosis was made by clinical signs present, characteristic appearance and locations of skin lesions and the macro and micro morphology of the Dermatophilus bacterium. Infection could be related to exposure to ticks which were observed in the farm and associated climatic and demographic predisposing factors. Infected animals were treated using two administrations of long-acting oxytetracycline at 20 mg/kg BW intramuscularly three days apart and ivermectin at 200 µg/kg subcutaneously. After three weeks, there was the resolution of the papules and crusts lesions leaving only soft pink-greyish scars on which hair regrowth was clearly visible
Therapeutic Evaluation of Terminalia macroptera (Guill. & Perr.) Stembark Extract in Experimental Avian Coccidiosis
No full textSeventy per cent (70% ) of Terminalia macroptera stem bark, methanol extract was administered to four groups A,B,C and D of a day old broiler chickens with each group consisting of five(5) chicks. Different doses of 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kgbw corresponding to 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ml of the dissolved extract were administered to the respective groups. Groups E, F and G were the other groups that were infected but not treated (Negative control), infected and treated with the Standard drug (TolacoxR) and Treated but not infected respectively. There was a significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) in the Oocyst count (x103) between the infected and treated with the extract compared to the negative control. While the negative control was observed to manifest watery and bloody stool, high lesion score and high faecal count, the trend seemed to be reversed by the administration of the various doses of the extract on daily basis for 28 consecutive days. The faecal count in the treated groups was found to fall down to 2.1, 4.0, 1.7 and 0.7 x 103/g in the 50, 100,150 and 200mg/kgbw doses administered respectively, when compared to the 36.9 x 10 3/g obtained in the negative control. Also, the efficacy of the extract was observed to be dose dependent, as the dose of 200mg/kgbw was found to reduce the faecal count in the infected group to 0.7 as compared to the 0.8 x 10 3/g in the standard drug
Evaluation of Disease Conditions Encountered at Slaughter in Ogbomoso Central Abattoir, Oyo State
No full textDiseases in animals not only constitute health challenges in man but are also a major source of economic losses. Hence, the proper identification, understanding, management and documentation of diseases prevalent in animal husbandry would go a long way in controlling the dissemination of zoonotic diseases and reduce the financial implication on the economy as aimed by this survey. An abattoir survey to determine the prevalence of zoonotic diseases encountered amongst animals slaughtered was conducted between January, 2014 and December, 2016 at the Oja-tuntun slaughter slab in Ogbomoso town. Data retrieved was analyzed and results presented as tables and figures were appropriate. A total of thirteen thousand, one hundred and seventy-two (13,172) animals were examined and slaughtered from which 11,903 (90.4%) were bovine and 1,269 (9.6%) were caprine. The multi-year study indicated the following incident of abattoir identified diseases and conditions: pneumonia (22.8%), tuberculosis (25.3%) and fascioliasis (34.0%); pimply-gut (14.2%), pneumonia (29.7%) and fascioliasis (43.2%); pimply-gut (18.1%), tuberculosis (27.7%) and fascioliasis (28.4%) as the most prevalent diseases in the years 2014, 2015 and 2016 respectively. The survey also revealed a significant (p<0.05) higher rate of occurrence of fascioliasis than the other diseases amongst animals slaughtered. In line with these findings, there is a need for the veterinary and public health officers in slaughterhouses to be more vigilant in the identification of diseased animals; prevention and control of zoonotic diseases as well as the need for the government to establish a well-defined compensation plan for the affected farmers
Cytomorphology and Seasonal Hematological Parameters in Tegu Lizards (Salvator merianae) Raised in Captivity
No full textAims: In this study, we describe cytomorphology and haematological values in Salvator merianae lizards bred in captivity, in order to establish reference values for health monitoring by veterinarians in animal production.
Study Design: Blood samples obtained from the tail vein of adult specimens at different times of the seasonal cycle were analysed. Cell morphology was characterised by light and electron microscopy and the corresponding blood counts were performed. Seasonal changes and annual averages of hematocrit, haemoglobin, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets and percentage leukocyte formula were determined. In addition the blood was analysed by flow cytometry.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in El Manantial, Tucumán, Argentina with Salvatormerianae lizards, raised at the experimental farm of the Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia of the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán between 2014 and 2017.
Methodology: Routine methods of haematology adapted to nucleated erythrocytes were used for this study. Five males and five females individually identified were sampled throughout the annual cycle.
Results: Light microscopy showed 7 cell types: erythrocytes, neutrophils, azurophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes. Flow cytometry was used because it allows an accurate count of the number of white blood cells; an average of 7.2 x103/µl was obtained. Changes related to seasonality were observed in the hematocrit and haemoglobin. Significant differences in the annual average hematocrit and haemoglobin between the sexes were found with 42.5 ± 0.61% for males and 40.1 ± 0.60% for females. No seasonal changes in the values of leukocytes or the leukocyte differential count were found.
Conclusion: This study provides haematological reference values necessary for an adequate sanitary evaluation of farm-raised S. merianae
Histopathological Finding in Urea Toxicity in Cattle
No full textAim: the aim of this paper was to investigate the histopathological changes in the liver, kidney and lung during urea toxicity in cattle.
Place and Duration of Study: In September 2015, Alslait South Dairy Farm, Khartoum, Sudan reported sudden death of some cattle occurred after fed wet concentrated feed prepared from molasses and urea.
Methodology: Clinical history and clinical signs were recorded. Among 12 cattle of affected shed, 9 (male=2, female =7) cattle showed clinical sign and within 2-3 hours of onset of clinical sign 7cattle were dead. Postmortem examination was done and liver, kidney, lung and feed samples were collected and sent for laboratory analysis.
Result: Results revealed that the male were less prone to be affected (16.7%) with no case fatality (0%) in comparison to highly affected female (50.7%) with very high case fatality (77.7%). On postmortem examination, congested liver and kidney, gastroenteritis with hemorrhagic intestine, edema of lung were observed. Histopathological results revealed necrosis of hepatic cells and renal proximal tubules with dissociation of hepatic cord and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the kidney, congestion of the pulmonary alveolar capillaries, bronchial haemorrhage and emphysema and interstitial pneumonia.
Toxicological testing was done on the supplied feed samples and non-protein nitrogen was calculated as 28.18%.
Conclusion: in Sudan, urea is used in urea molasses straw preparation as an effective and inexpensive source of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in feed supplements in the ruminant. Cautions might be taken as urea poisoning may occur in ruminants when incorrect dose or feeds are inappropriately mixed with urea. The onset of the clinical picture may start in a matter of minutes to hours after consumption of urea and in most cases it is acute and can cause heavy mortality
Haematological and Serum Biochemical Indices of Broiler Chickens fed Varying Dietary Levels of Sundried Cassava (Manihot esculenta) Peel Meal Supplemented with Enzyme (MAXIGRAIN®)
No full textAn eight week feeding trial was conducted at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm, Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma to evaluate the haematological and serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens fed varying levels of sundried cassava peel meal supplemented with enzyme (MAXIGRAIN). A total of one hundred and twenty day-old Anak 2000 broiler chicks was used for this experiment. Forty chicks were randomly selected based on their average initial weights to each of the four treatment diets. (T1 to T4) with T1 serving as a control and T2 to T4 having an inclusion level of Sundried cassava peel meal (SDCPM) at 20, 40, and 60% replacement levels for maize with Maxigrain® enzyme supplementation at the rate of 100mg/kg in a complete randomized design (CRD). The chicks were brooded and fed for four weeks with commercial starter diet. Thereafter they were fed formulated finisher diets for 4 weeks. The result on the haematological parameters revealed that haemoglobin was significantly (P<0.05) higher from birds fed 40% sundried cassava peel meal plus maxigrain supplement (SDCPM + Maxg) with the mean value of 41.68g/dl. Red blood cell was also significantly (P<0.05) highest (7.35x106/ml) from birds fed 40% (SDCPM + Maxg). MCV and Platelet values were also significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the treatment diets with highest values of 59.58fl and 3.21x103/mm3 respectively. Neutrophil and monocyte values were significantly (P<0.05) higher from birds fed 40% (SDCPM + Maxg) with an average values of (29.02% and 4.33%). Serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens fed the treatment diets showed that glucose and cholesterol were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the various dietary treatments with highest values of 113.68mmol/L and 116.20mmol/L recorded from birds placed on the control diet the values were within the normal range. The overall result in this study showed that sundried cassava peel meal supplemented with maxigrain can successfully be included in broiler ration up to 40% level without any adverse effect on the blood quality of broiler chickens
A Study on Changes in Gut Microflora, Blood Glucose Level and Lipid Profile of Broiler Chickens Fed with Murraya koenigii Supplemented Diet
No full textAims: The emergence of multiple drug resistance to human pathogenic organisms has necessitated the search for new antimicrobial substances from natural sources including plants. Also, the non communicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases represent an enormous, medical, social and economic burden to the public and high cost of synthetic drugs used for these diseases have become more exorbitant. As a remedial measure, attempts have been made to find alternatives with special attention to utilization of similar compounds of natural origin. This study was conducted to assess the effect of feeding curry leave on blood glucose level and lipid profile in broiler chicken and the antibacterial effect of curry leaves on gut microflora of broiler chicken.
Study Design: Sixty, 28 days old broiler birds were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments with three replicates of five birds per each replicate in a completely randomised design. Maize and soybean meal based control feed and three test diets prepared from the control feed by incorporating curry leaves at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% levels served as four dietary treatments. Feeding continued until slaughtering at 42 days of age.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Livestock unit of the University Farm and the sample analysis was done at the Laboratory of Livestock Production, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka.
Methodology: Blood samples were collected at slaughter on 42nd day and lipid profile analysis (total cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and Triglycerides) and blood glucose analysis was done. At sacrifice 25 g of gut content was collected aseptically from each bird for microbiological investigation and total bacterial enumeration was done. Data were analyzed using SPSS and ANOVA followed by a Tukey’s post-hoc test.
Results: Serum total cholesterol level was significantly (P<0.05) lowered by 6.0%,12.4% and 15% in birds fed with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% curry leave diets respectively compared to the control. There was no significant difference in triglycerides and HDL levels among treatments. LDL level was significantly (P< 0.05) lowered by 26.0, 30.7 and 34.6% respectively in birds fed with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% curry leave levels. Curry leave significantly reduced the serum glucose level by 10, 13 and 16% in birds with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% curry leave levels respectively. Microbiological study revealed a statistically significant reduction of gut microbes in broiler chicken. When compared to the microbial count in control (8.9x108 CFU/g), the count was reduced by 37.2% (5.6 x 108 CFU/g) in 1% group and by 49.1% (4.5 x 108 CFU/g) in 1.5% group. The reduction (8.5 x 108 CFU/g) was not significant with 0.5% curry leave level.
Conclusion: Curry leaves exerted hypoglycaemic and hypocholesterolemic effects in broiler chickens. There was ample evidence of antimicrobial effect as the inclusion levels of curry leaves increased across the diets