Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Socioeconomic Characteristics and Biosecurity Measures of Fish Farms in the West Region of Cameroon
No full textAims: The study aims to evaluate socio-economic and zootechnical characteristics, and biosecurity practices in cultured fish farms in the West Region of Cameroon.
Study Design: A stratified cross-sectional study using random-number generation method of fish farms and their locations to select fish farms without replacing the number.
Place and Duration of Study: Fish farms in West Region, Cameroon between December 2018 and April 2019.
Methodology: Questionnaire survey and on-farm observations to obtain information on socioeconomic characteristics of farmers, production characteristics of fish farms, biosecurity and preventive measures. Fifty-one fish farms were surveyed.
Results: Most respondents were married (96.1%) Muslims (51%) men (84.3%) with primary school level education (51%) and at least 40 years old (92.2%). Mix fish species farming was widespread with Oreochromis niloticus (100%) being predominant followed by Clarias gariepinus and Cyprinus carpio (47.1%), Heterotis niloticus (9.8%) and Clarias jaensis (5.9%). The fishes were fed once daily (35.3%) with farm-made feeds (66.7%) and showed 7 to 12 months breeding cycle (76.5%). Predation, theft, lack of financial and technical support were the main constraints for fish farmers. Extensive (94%) fish farming was predominant and isolation (66.66%), sanitation practices (94.12%) and traffic control (62.75%) were the biosecurity components adopted in farms. Lack of finance was the major cause of abandonment and poor biosecurity compliance rate (<25%) in the study. Husbandry system, culture duration, pond water source, capture method and religion of farmers influenced (p<0.05) biosecurity scores.
Conclusion: The study presents the first report on socioeconomic and technical characteristics, and biosecurity measures of fish farming activities in Cameroon. It revealed no socio-cultural and religious taboos in fish farming. Farm biosecurity practices can be improved through education and training of farmers on farm practices and biosecurity measures in collaboration with academic and fishery industry partners for improved productivity of fish farms in Cameroon
Anticoccidial Activity of Allium sativum and Punica granatum against Experimentally Induced Eimeria tenella Infection in Broiler Chickens
No full textThis study was conducted to evaluate effect of Allium sativum and Punica granatum against experimentally induced E. tenella infection in broiler chickens. A total of 80 one day old, broiler chickens were purchased and brooded in a deep litter pen. After acclimatization, the birds were allocated into 8 groups (1st to 8th group) separately housed; each group had two replicates having 5 birds. On 35th day of birds age (day 0 pre infection), birds were weighted individually; dropping samples were collected and after then all birds were infected orally with 36000 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella, oocyst/bird. On day 7 post infection, 1st & 2nd groups, 3rd & 4th groups, 5th & 6th groups received aqueous extracts of Punica granatum, Allium sativum, and Punica granatum & Allium sativum in combination at doses of (0.7 g/kg, 1.4 g/kg), (0.5 g/kg, 1 g/kg), (0.5 + 0.7 g/kg) and (1.4+ 1 g/kg) respectively for three successive days; while, 7th group given Amprolium at the dose of 1 gm/liter in drinking water and 8th group acts as negative control group and kept untreated. Anticoccidial effect of plant extracts was evaluated on the basis of clinical signs, body weight gain and oocysts counts in faeces. The clinical signs showed by experimental birds were weakness, reduced appetite, ruffled feathers and bloody diarrhea. However, these clinical signs were reduced or disappeared in treated groups. In general, the body weight gain was significantly (p < .05) increased in treated groups compared to control grou p. The higher body weight gain (BWG) value was recorded in 6th group (2624 ±251); whereas; the lower in 3rd group (2264 ±254) on day 21 post infection. Oocysts counts were significant (P ≤ 0.05) drop in treated groups from day 15 and researched the minimum level on day 21 post infection. The findings of the present study revealed that aqueous extracts of Allium sativum and Punica granatum exhibited anticoccidial activities against E. tenella infection in broiler chickens and this may be useful for controlling of E. tenella in poultry
In vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoencapsulated Bromelain against Bacteria Isolated from Milk of Dairy Goats with Sub-clinical Mastitis in Thika East Sub-county, Kenya
No full textgoats is managed by a variety of antibiotics. Due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, there is need for development of new antimicrobial agents. In the current study, the in vitro activity of nanoencapsulated bromelain, using bromelain extracted from the pineapple fruit, Annanus comosus was investigated against bacteria isolated from milk of dairy goats with sub-clinical mastitis. Nanoencapsulation of bromelain was done using the ionic gelation method of chitosan nanoparticles with sodium trypolyphosphate as the cross linking agent. In this study, the agar well diffusion method was used to test for antimicrobial activity while the broth microdilution method was used to test for the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The isolates used were Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase Negative Staphylococci, Serratia spp., Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from milk of dairy goats with sub-clinical mastitis in Thika East Sub-county, Kenya. The agar well diffusion method showed that bromelain and nanoencapsulated bromelain had antimicrobial activity. All of the tested bacteria were sensitive to extracted bromelain at 5 mg/ml and less. The tested bacteria were less sensitive to commercial bromelain (57.1%) at 5 mg/ml and less. The MIC of nanoencapsulated bromelain against Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp. and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci was 25 µg/ml, while that of Escherichia coli was 50 µg/ml. The MIC of nanoencapsulated bromelain against Klebsiella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus was 200 µg/ml. The low MICs recorded in this study shows that nanoencapsulated bromelain has high antimicrobial potential which warrants further in vivo studies in dairy goats to determine its efficacy against sub-clinical mastitis
Ascorbic Acid Effect on Glyphosate-induced Haematological and Serological Pathology in Juveniles of the Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Pisces: Clariidae) Burchell, 1822
No full textAims: The study was to determine the effects of sub-lethal concentrations of glyphosate-based herbicide (Delsate®) on blood parameters, serum enzymes and urea of Clarias gariepinus juveniles as well as therapeutic effect of Vitamin C(Kepro®)on the glyphosate-induced pathology.
Study Design: Latin square.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Management, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka. Nigeria, between December 2018 and April 2019.
Methodology: A 48 hours-acute toxicity tests were initially done to determine the respective LC50 of Delsate® and Kepro® using 8 C. gariepinus juveniles of mean weight 41.50±1.35 g and mean length 20.75±0.43 cm. Thereafter one group of C. gariepinus juveniles (n=144) was exposed to 0, 5, 10 and 15mgL⁻¹ sub-lethal concentrations of Delsate® for 91 days followed by different treatments with 50mgL⁻¹ and 100mg L⁻¹ of the vitamin C after 7 days post exposure to glyphosate. Another group of C. gariepinus juveniles (n=144) were exposed concurrently to glyphosate and vitamin C for 91 days.
Results: The LC50 of Delsate® was 75 mgL⁻¹ and Kepro® 175 mgL⁻¹. There was significant decrease (P<.05) in PCV, Hb, RBC and AST of glyphosate-exposed groups when compared with Control. No significant difference occurred between TWBC, DWBC and ALP of exposed and control groups, except in neutrophils where significant increase occurred in ALT and urea. Treatment with 50 and 100mgL⁻¹ vitamin C in glyphosate-exposed groups showed significant increase in PCV, Hb, RBC and ALP with a decrease in mean AST, ALT and Urea The 100 mgL⁻¹ produced better therapeutic benefit than 50 mgL⁻¹ vitamin C. However, concurrent exposure to glyphosate and vitamin C indicated no significant therapeutic effect on the tested blood and serum parameters.
Conclusion: The LC50 of Delsate® and Kepro® for catfish have been determined. Delsate® toxicity induced perturbations in some haematological and biochemical parameters in fish. The level of ascorbic acid (100 mgL⁻¹ Kepro®) used in this study enhances catfish tolerance to environmental stress and could reduce Delsate® toxicity
Corn Based-diets Containing Corn Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles on Performance, Ruminal Fermentation, In vitro Methane Emissions, Carcass and Meat Quality of Lambs
No full textAims: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) in diets of finishing lambs on ruminal fermentation, digestibility, in vitro gas emissions, growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality.
Background: Replacing cereal grains and oilseed meals with dried distillers grains can reduce feeding cost and utilise an abundant waste byproduct of the ethanol industry.
Methodology: Thirty native Mexican male lambs of four months old and 24 ± 2. 41 kg BW, were used in the experiment which lasted for 56-days using a complete randomized design (n = 10). Treatments were: 1) Control (0% DDGS); 2) (20% DDGS/DM basis) and 3) (40% DDGS/DM basis).
Results: DMI, ADG, final body weight (BW) and carcass characteristics were not different (P > 0.05) among the treatments. However, apparent digestibility (AD) of DM (ADDM), ADNDF, ADADF and in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM) after 9, 12 and 24 h of incubation showed a quadratic effect while increasing level of DDGS. Rumen fluid pH was greater and ruminal VFA concentration was lower for 20% DDGS treatment (quadratic effect P = 0.05). The proportion of acetate: propionate and concentration of ammonia nitrogen, were not different (P > 0.05) between treatments. Biogas production was maximal at 40% DDGS (linear effect, P = 0.03) while a quadratic effect on CO2 (P = 0.016) and CH4 (P = 0.023) were observed. No differences (P > 0.05) on the physicochemical composition and characteristics of the meat of lambs fed different levels of DDGS were found.
Conclusion: The 40% DM inclusion of corn DDGS in diets for growing Mexican native lambs maintains its productive performance without significantly affecting the ruminal fermentation, diet digestibility, carcass characteristics and meat quality. DDGS can partially replace grains, oilseed meals and forage due to its high protein content and energy level. If DDGS is low in cost compared to oilseed meals, it may be included in finishing lamb diets
Effect of Geographical Differences on Production Performance of Goat in Bangladesh
No full textBangladesh has a subtropical monsoon climate characterized by wide seasonal variations in rainfall, temperature and humidity which is suitable for goat rearing. The study was conducted to know the goat farm management and rearing system, feeding practices and productive performance in different geographical area of Bangladesh for the period of six months. The experiment was carried out during January to June in 2019. In this study data were collected from a total of 210 goat farmers in 28 different villages of north-western, north Bengal, south-western, and southern region of Bangladesh. It was observed that the feeding and management has great impact on goat production. Most of the farmers (80.5%) reared goats in semi-intensive system while, 12.2% farmers used free range system (extensive). The production rate and breeding performance was higher in semi-intensive system than that of extensive system. The main feeds for goats were green grass, tree leaves and main water source was pond though some farmers supplied concentrate feeds to their goats. The majority of goat farmers (83%) used village buck to bred their does and most of the farmers (89%) paid service charge to the buck keeper’s while, most of them did not keep own buck for natural service. The kidding rate was higher in northern region than that of southern region. In contrast kid mortality was higher in southern region (21%) than that of other region. The northern region was free from salinity, which was favorable for goat rearing. In this region the average number of goat (4.13 ± 0.45), doe (1.17 ± 0.26), buck (0.76 ± 0.01) and kids (2.21 ± 0.22) was higher than that of any other region. The southern region was showed low kidding rate and high kid mortality. The average number of goat (2.57 ± 0.28), doe (0.75 ± 0.11), buck (0.52 ± 0.11) and kids (1.38 ± 0.16) was lower in southern region than that of any other region. It was observed that the variation on production performance of goat in different geographical area of Bangladesh due to topography and salinity. Moreover, it was indicated that the northern region of Bangladesh has the highest performance of goat production both in intensive and semi-intensive farming
Synergistic Effect of Probiotic and Enzyme on Physical Evaluation and Consumers Preference of Broiler Chickens
No full textThe objective of the study was to determine physicochemical activities and consumer’s preference of broiler chickens fed probiotic and enzyme-based diet. A total of Twenty (20) refrigerated (4 ± 1°C) whole carcass broiler chickens were used for this study. 5 broiler chickens from 4 dietary treatments were used to perform the comparison of physicochemical and sensory analyses in a Completely Randomized Design. T1- Control treatment (without Enzyme nor Probiotics); T2- Probiotic based diet; T3- Enzyme based diet and T4- Probiotic + Enzyme based diet. The broiler chickens were obtained from an experimental site at the Poultry Division of the National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom. Chicken samples were acquired then slaughtered and taken to the laboratory properly packed in cool boxes with ice. Breast samples were used for physical and sensory analyses. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α=0.05. There were no significant differences in both the pH of raw and cooked meat. The cooking loss of breast meat showed no difference in all the dietary treatment. The same trend was observed for the cooking loss for drumstick meat. Cooking loss in thigh meat had a significant difference with T1 having the highest cooking loss. The product yield was significantly higher in meat from T3 and had the least in T1. It was also observed that meat from T2 had higher thermal shortening with less shortening obtained in T3. For boiled chicken meat, no difference was observed in colour, flavor, and juiciness while no difference was also observed in colour, aroma, flavor, juiciness and overall acceptability of grilled chicken meat. For boiled chicken, tenderness was higher in meat from broiler chicken fed T1 and T4 with less tenderness obtained in T3 while the grilled chicken meat tenderness was significantly higher in meat from broiler chicken fed T3. In conclusion, since there was no significant difference in most of the parameters measured, it shows adding probiotic and enzyme in the diet of broiler chickens does not have significant effect on the meat quality measures but shows significant effect on consumers’ preference when compared with meat from broiler chickens fed a control diet without probiotic and enzyme with chickens fed probiotics and enzyme. There is no need adding probiotic and enzyme in the diet of broiler chickens except in breaking high fibre diet and promoting wellness of the chickens
Effect of Vitamin C Supplementation on Egg Quality, Carcass Characteristics and Sensory Properties of Meat of the Pearl Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) in Ghana
No full textThe objective of the experiment was to investigate the effect of vitamin C supplementation on egg quality, carcass characteristics and meat sensory properties of the Pearl Guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) in Ghana. Three hundred and sixty day old keets of the Pearl breed of Guinea fowl were used under a completely randomized design divided into four groups (CTL (control), Vit C 10, Vit C 20 and Vit C 30) each with 3 replications of 30 keets. The experimental birds were supplemented with Vitamin C dissolved in drinking water at a dose of 0, 10, 20 and 30 mg/bird/day for groups CTL (control), Vit C 10, Vit C 20 and Vit C 30 respectively. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance with the aid of GenStat version 11.1. The result showed that egg weight, albumin weight and yolk height significantly (P=.05) increased with increasing levels of vitamin C. Haugh unit (egg quality) improved (P=.05) with increasing levels of vitamin C. Birds supplemented with 30 mg/bird/day of vitamin C had the highest (P=.05) live body weight, defeathered weight, thigh weight, wing weight and liver weight while the control treatment recorded the least in all traits. Empty gizzard weight was significantly (P=.05) higher among birds on the control treatment. Birds supplemented with 30 mg/bird/day of vitamin C significantly (P=.05) had the best aroma, colour and flavour. This study concludes that egg quality, carcass quality and sensory attributes of Guinea fowl meat improved with increasing levels of Vitamin C. This study recommends to farmers that Vitamin C supplements up to 30 mg/bird/day is an ideal level to improved egg and meat quality, meat sensory attributes of indigenous Guinea fowls
Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Heamatology Indices of Broiler Chicken Fed Graded Levels of (Mangifera indica) Mango Leaf Meal
No full textThe use of leaf meals as an alternative to feed ingredient is gaining popularity. This study seeks the effect of feeding diet containing graded levels of (Mangifera indica) mangoes leaf meal on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. A total of three hundred Arbor Acres breed day old broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery with an average (40±0.12g) body weight, weighed individually and randomly divided into five (5) Dietary Treatment groups (Treatment 1: control; Treatment 2: 2.5% Mango leaf meal MLM; Treatment 3: 5.0% MLM; Treatment 4: 7.5% MLM and Treatment 5: 10.0% MLM) with six replicates per treatment and ten birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. The experiment was conducted for the period of eight weeks. The daily feed consumption, weekly body weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were properly recorded. Carcass performance and hematology parameters were measured. Data were analysed using ANOVA at α0.05. There was no significant difference between the control and treatment groups in the initial, final, weight gain, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. Feed intake was significantly higher (P<0.05) in broiler chicken fed control and 2.5% MLM which least feed intake and daily feed intake in broiler chicken fed both 7.5 and 10% MLM. No significant difference was noticed in the live weight, bled, defeathered weight and dressing percentage. But broiler chicken fed 7.5% MLM had higher dressing percentage. Eviscerated weight was significantly higher in broiler chickens fed 5.0% mango leaf meal with least value in broiler chickens fed 10.0% MLM. Heamoglobin, packed cell volume and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) shows no significant differences. The red blood cell (RBC) was higher in broiler chickens fed control and 5.0% MLM with least RBC in broiler chickens fed 2.5 and 10.0% MLM. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was significantly higher in blood from chicken fed 2.5% MLM with lower MCV in chicken fed 5.0%. The same trend was observed for MCH Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin. There was no significant difference in all the white blood differential count including the white blood cell itself except for eosinophil which was higher in chickens fed 5.0% MLM with least value obtained in chicken fed 7.5% MLM. In conclusion 7.5% MLM can be added to broiler chicken feed because it shows a better growth performance with lowest feed conversion ratio and daily feed intake without any advert effect on the health status of the chicken
Organ Histopathology of Laying Chickens to Bio-Control Methods of Aflatoxin Contamination
No full textAflatoxin is toxic and carcinogenic to both crops and livestock. Use of different methods of aflatoxin mitigation has not been very effective. Information on the biological methods in aflatoxin mitigation is scanty. Therefore, effect of aflatoxin bio-control method on organ weight and histopathology of layers were investigated. 700 point-of-lay Bovan Nera layers (LC) were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments (Aflasafe maize-based diet AMBD, FF+ toxin binder, Aflatoxin-contaminated diet with toxin binder (ACDTB) and Aflatoxin-contaminated diet without toxin binder (ACDWTB). There were 5 replicates per treatment and experiment lasted for 14 weeks. Histopathology of liver, kidney, spleen, bursa of fabricius and ileum were assessed using standard procedures. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. Bursa histopathology of layers fed ACDTWB showed lymphoid depletion and hepatocellular necrosis, while those fed AMBD showed lymphoid proliferation and hepatocellular aggregates. Layers fed ACDTB and ACDWTB showed severe periportal hepatic degeneration and necrosis, with severe periportal cellular infiltration by mononuclear cells. This was classified as ranging from moderate to severe congestion of the parenchyma as observed in the lungs. The submucosal lymphoid population was expanded in the ileum of layers fed AMBD and those fed FF+toxin binder showed severe villi atrophy. Aflasafe maize-based diet enhanced integrity of the organ weights and histopathology of layers. The use of bio control method of aflatoxin mitigation (aflasafe) in poultry diet is recommended