Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Seroprevalence of Brucellosis and Coxiellosis in a Linked Study Population in Egypt
No full textAim: To estimate the prevalence of brucellosis and coxiellosis in different household livestock where the current epidemiological data are still limited.
Study Design: A cross sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Hygiene and Zoonosis laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, during 2018.
Methodology: The study included 1400 female animals, consisting of buffaloes (n=500), cattle (n=500), sheep (n= 250), camels (n = 100), goats (n= 50) as well as their contact owners (n= 25). A blood sample was drawn from each animal as well as their contact owners and was tested for Brucella (using Rose Bengal Brucella antigen and i-ELISA) and for Coxiella burnetii antibodies (using i-ELISA).
Results: The results demonstrated different rates of seropositivity among the examined animals. In total, 308 (22%) out of 1400 serum samples were tested positive for Brucella antibody in both RBT and i-ELISA. Of those, 99/500 (19.8%) came from buffaloes, 110/500 (22%) from cows, 70/250 (28%) from sheep, 19/100 (19%) from camels and 10/50 (20%) from goats. C. burnetii antibodies were detected in 104/ 500 (20.8%) buffalo samples, 80/500 (16%) of cattle, 50/250 (20%) of sheep, 20/100 (20%) of camels and 5/50 (10%) of goats. One hundred thirty nine cases out of 1400 (9.9%) harboured antibodies against Brucella spp. and C. burnetii. Only five cases (20%) among contact owners were tested positive for Brucella infection by using RBT and IgG ELISA; however, all tested human sera were negative for C. burnetii antibodies.
Conclusion: The study indicated a wide distribution of both infections in the study area and demonstrated an intense transmission within the studied livestock population
Vaccination and Treatment of Local Poultry Kept under Different Management Systems
No full textAims: In Africa, local poultry production is main source of meat and eggs though disease is a major constraint. This study appraised the influence of management on local poultry exposure to infection and their response to vaccination and medication through feed.
Study Design: Local poultry were sampled, before intervention with vaccines and medication. After intervention the local poultry were monitored every fortnight.
Place and Duration of Study: The local poultry were sampled in Zaria, Nigeria and the samples were analyzed at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Laboratories at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
Methodology: Flock information was obtained through a structured questionnaire and poultry blood, feacal samples and ectoparasites were collected after physical examination. Pack cell volume, Salmonella, Newcastle and Gumboro disease antibodies were analyzed by microhaematocrit method, rapid plate agglutination, haemagglutination inhibition and quantitative agar gel precipitin tests respectively. Haemoparasites, ectoparasites and endoparasites infecting the local poultry were assessed.
Results: The total number of all farmers kept chickens but some also kept ducks, turkeys, guinea fowls and pigeons. The mean flock size for local poultry, chickens and ducks managed extensively, semi-intensively or intensively were 37.6 ± 6.3, 26 ± 7 and 2.4 ± 1.7 respectively. Menacanthus stramineus infested chickens were controlled with Coumaphors. Emeria species, Raillietina species, Plasmodium gallinaceum and Aegyptianella pullorum parasites were identified and treated. Local poultry had antibodies to Salmonella, Newcastle and Gumboro disease and their antibody response to vaccination varies with age, species, management and time of vaccination. Prior to vaccination, the mean Newcastle disease antibody titre of adult chickens was ≥ 4 log2 though that for growers was < 4 log2.
Conclusion: Disease control in local poultry is feasible when vaccination is concurrently conducted with medication but further studies are needed to establish the most appropriate intervention time to ensure minimal number of intervention for optimal result
Blood Serum Biochemical Changes and Milk Fatty Acids Profile Due to Using Garlic Plant as Feed Additives for Sheep
No full textThis study was carried out to investigate the effect of using garlic (Allium sativum) as feed additives on immune status and milk fatty acids components for ewes. The study consists of two parts: the first part included metabolism trial using 16 adult barki rams divided into four equal groups. The first group (T1) fed control ration (concentrate mixture and alfalfa hay), the 2nd (T2) and 3rd (T3) groups fed control ration with 2% and 3% (on dry matter basic) garlic powder while the 4th group (T4) fed control ration plus 2 ml/head/days of garlic oil, respectively. Results revealed that dry matter, organic matter and crude protein digestibility for T2 and T3 were significantly higher than their values for control group. The second part included feeding trial using 18 pregnant Barki ewes aged 2-3 years and weighed 40.9kg body weight at late gestation. Ewes were selected and randomly distributed into three similar groups (6 in each) which fed the same rations that were used in the metabolic trial except T3. Results showed improvement of total proteins, albumin and Immunoglobulin (IgG) in blood serum of ewes by garlic additives. Also, feeding ewes on ration contents 2% of garlic powder or 2 ml of garlic oil were insignificantly increased IgG and protein of colostrum and the content of milk from C18:1ω9, C18:2ω6 and C18:2ω3 and C20:0 fatty acids compared with control group. It could be illustrate that ration which supplemented by 2% garlic powder and 2 ml /h/d of garlic powder has positive results on dry matter, organic matter and crude protein digestibility, immune globulin in ewes blood and colostrum, the proportions of conjugated linoleic acid, omega 3 and unsaturated fatty acids in ewes milk which consider a good indicator for animal immune status and healthy milk for consumers
Cage Fish Culture as Sustainable Fish Farms on Salma Dam
No full textAquaculture, specifically raising aquatic animals for food, is an ancient practice. Meat from aquatic animals is very often an excellent source for protein, essential fats, and vitamins. Aquaculture can also provide sustainable income to farmers in areas where feasible. Traditionally, aquaculture in Afghanistan has played only a small role in the production of animal proteins for human diets. This is despite the overwhelming acceptance by Afghans of fish, shellfish, and other seafood. The inauguration of the Salma Dam in Herat Province introduced new potential for increased aquaculture in the areas surrounding facility. The dam resulted in new large bodies of water and significantly increased irrigation for potentially 75,000 hectares. This article provides basic information on Cage Culture fish farming facilities. The aim of the research is a special focus on the Salma Dam and fish farming system that could take advantage of the facility and its increased water output and accessibility. The research did in a library method on January to April 2017. The result shows that Cage system is feasible and recommended as sustainable fish farms in the Salma dam
A Study on Production Performance of Local Ducks and Identifying the Constraints of Duck Rearing at Farmer’s Level
No full textPoultry play a significant role in the subsistence economy of Bangladesh. Ducks are one of the most important poultry species in Bangladesh. Duck rearing is most suitable, popular and profitable in riverine country like Bangladesh. The study was conducted at Babugonj upazila of Barishal district, Bangladesh to evaluate the production performance and constraints of duck rearing under semi-scavenging system at farmer’s level. Farmers were selected randomly and were divided into control followed by minimum (30%) and maximum (60%) level of supplemental feeding regimes. It was observed that natural feeds were not available ad-libitum all the year round as per the requirement for rearing ducks. It was revealed that the average duck mortality (%) was higher in control group than that of treatment groups. It was observed that the mortality rate of ducks was higher in minimum supplemental group than that of maximum supplemental group of the whole experimental period. It was also observed that the supplemental feeding lowered the rate of duck mortality irrespective of age groups. The study showed that the average live weight gain (g/d) was significantly higher in treatment groups as compared to control group. The average live weight gain of ducks was higher in maximum supplemental group (8.24±0.65) than that of minimum supplemental group (7.86±0.74). It was observed that the average DM intake (g/d) was significantly higher in maximum supplemental group (58.32±1.20) followed by minimum supplemental (52.02±2.69) and control group (38.26±2.77). It was also observed that the average egg production (eggs/duck/year) was significantly higher in treatment groups than that of control group of ducks. It was found that the average egg production was higher in maximum supplemental group (181.80±4.55) than that of minimum supplemental group (175.60±6.39). The average egg weight (g) was higher in supplemented groups as compared to control group of ducks throughout the experimental period. The results revealed that natural feeding alone was unable to satisfy the nutritional requirement of ducks under semi-scavenging system at farmer’s level. It was concluded that supplemental feeding had a significant effect on production performance of ducks under farmer’s condition
Impact of Ectoparasites on Length-Weight Ratio and Condition Factor of Cultured Fish Species in the West Region of Cameroon
No full textAims: This study aims to analyse the effect of ectoparasite infections on length-weight relationships and condition factor of cultured fishes in the West region of Cameroon.
Study Design: A stratified cross-sectional study was used to select fish farms and individual fish per farm.
Place and Duration of Study: Fish farms in the West region of Cameroon between December 2018 and December 2019.
Methodology: Sampled fishes were identified and examined from ectoparasites and pathologies according to standard procedures. Their lengths and weights were measured to determine their length-weight relationships and condition factors. A total of 2254 fishes (692 Clarias gariepinus, 969 Oreochromis nilotichus, 593 Cyprinus carpio) were sampled.
Results: Overall, 34.87% of the sampled fishes were infected with ectoparasites (O. niloticus (34.37%), C. carpio (37.10%) and C. gariepinus (33.67%)). The prevalence rates were significantly influenced by size (P=0.001, X2=10.59) and weight (P<0.0001, X2=32.24) and negative allometric growth patterns (b < 2) were observed irrespective of the parasitic status of the fishes. Though the mean condition factor ranged from 1.07 to 3.01 throughout in the study according to species, sex and season and ectoparasite status of the fish, significantly higher (P<0.05) condition factors were observed for male fishes, fishes harvested during the dry season and uninfected fishes compared to female fishes, fishes harvested during the rainy season and infected fishes. Among the infected fished, the highest (p<0.05) condition was recorded in O. niloticus followed by C. carpio and C. gariepinus.
Conclusion: The study revealed that ectoparasite infection significantly influence length-weight relationships and condition factor of cultured fishes in the west region of Cameroon. Irrespective of parasitic status, there was relationship between body weight and length of fish. The control of ectoparasite infection of cultured fishes is vital for improved conditions, health and production yields in fishery sectors in Cameroon
The Performance and Haematological Indices of Broiler Chickens Fed Chromium Picolinate, and Vitamin C Supplemented Diets
No full textAims: This study investigates the out-turn of ChromiumPicolinate (CrPic) and vitamin C dietary supplementation on the performance characteristics and haematological indices of broiler chickens.
Study Design: The completely randomised design was used for this study.
Methodology: Six hundred and forty day-old Cobb 500 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments (10 birds/replicate). A basal diet was fractionated into eight equal parts and labelled diets 1 to 8. Diets 1 to 4 were supplemented with 0, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 mg/kg CrPic, respectively. The diets 5 to 8 were supplemented with 200 mg/kg vitamin C; 0.4 mg CrPic+200 mg vitamin C; 0.8 mg CrPic+200 mg vitamin C and 1.2 mg CrPic+200 mg Vitamin C, respectively.
Results: The final body weight (FBW) and relative growth rate (RGR) of the birds fed diets 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were significantly (P<0.05) higher to those fed the control diet and diet 4. The CrPic supplementation at 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg levels improved (P<0.05) the FBW and RGR of the birds, compared to the control. The vitamin c supplementation (200mg/kg) improved (P<0.05) the FBW and RGR of the birds. The haematological indices were stable (P>0.05) across the diets. However, the granulocytes count increased by the CrPic supplementations, compared to the control while lymphocytes count increased (P<0.05) by vitamin C supplementation.
Conclusion: The growth of the broiler chicken are enhanced by 0.4 to 0.8 mg/kg CrPic, 200 mg/kg vitamin C and combination of CrPic and vitamin C dietary supplementations without affecting main haematological indices of the birds
Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Leptospirosis among Slaughtered Cattle and Abattoir Workers in Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
No full textAims: This study aims to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of leptospirosis in slaughtered cattle and abattoir workers at the Ngaoundéré Municipal Abattoir, Adamawa region, Cameroon.
Study Design: 10% of the average number of cattle slaughtered in the abattoir within the one month visitation period was randomly chosen and evaluated. And 96 of 108 human sera were randomly selected and screened for the presence of anti-Leptospira spp antibodies.
Place and Duration of Study: Municipal abattoir Ngaoundéré and Veterinary Research Laboratory of the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Wakwa Regional Center, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon, between March and June 2018.
Methodology: A total of 172 bovine and 96 human serum samples were screened for the detection of Leptospira spp antibodies by Lepto ELISA kit. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on socio-demographics and risk-factors.
Results: The results showed that 18.02% (95% CI (4.7 – 33.34)) of the animals slaughtered were seropositive to Leptospira spp hardjo antibody. Though sex did seem to influence (P>0.05) leptospira seropositivity, age and body condition score were major (P<0.05) risk factors. A seroprevalence of 10.42% CI (4.30-16.52) was observed among the abattoir personnel with the use of personal protective equipment such as gloves significantly (P<0.05) influencing seropositivity.
Conclusion: Antibodies against Leptospira are prevalent among slaughtered cattle and workers in the Ngaoundéré municipal abattoir. This study reports the first evidence of human leptospirosis in Cameroon revealing real public health concern in the country. Public awareness campaigns and health education especially in agropastoral communities based on the One Health approach is essential to disseminate knowledge, associated risk factors and control measures of this occupational disease in Cameroon
Enumeration of E. coli, Coliform and Aerobic Bacteria in Marine Fish in Port Sudan, Red Sea State, Sudan
No full textThis study was carried out to detect the total bacterial count, coliform count and E. coli count through the production chain of marine fish (fish market, scaling, restaurant before cooking, restaurant after cooking and cooking and cooling for 24 h) in Port Sudan, Red Sea State, during the period from September to December 2018. A total of 50 fish samples were randomly selected from marine fish chain. Samples were subjected for bacteriological examination. The study showed that the mean count of E. coli in the five stages of the fish chain was 2.57×102 +0 .6 cfu, the mean coliform count was 2.01 ×103+ 0 .7 cfu/ g and the mean Aerobic Plate Count (APC) was found to be 3.6×106+ 0.09 cfu/ g. E. coli showed higher mean count (7.58×102) cfu/ g in the scaling stage. The highest aerobic plate count (117×106) cfu/ g was detected also in the scaling stage, this may be due to the high number of workers involved in this process without using proper hygienic measurements. The highest coliform count 53.9×102 cfu/ g was detected in the stage of precooking, during this period fish were put on the surface of tables without being cooled. Since high coliform contamination takes place after evisceration, the count was in its highest limit after evisceration in the restaurants. By using ANOVA with confidence interval 95% there was a significant difference between the mean of coliform, APC and E. coli count among the five stages in fish production chain. In conclusion the results showed that the marine fish in Port Sudan city were grossly contaminated by E. coli and other coliform, but adequate cooking can kill all the E. coli and coliform
Effect of Egg Size on Reproductive Traits Keet Mortality and Growth Performance of the Pearl Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris)
No full textThis study was conducted to investigate the influence of egg size on fertility, hatchability, keets mortalities and growth performance of indigenous Guinea fowl in Ghana. The study was carried out for a period of two (2) months. One hundred and thirty five day-old keets hatched from three different egg size groups: Small (23-39 g); medium (40-42 g) and large (43-49 g) were used in a completely randomize design. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance with the aid of GenStat version 11.1 (2008). The results from the present study showed that fertility and hatchability were significantly (P= .05) higher in medium size eggs and lower in small size eggs. The cumulative mortality and percentage mortality rates during the experimental period were significantly (P= .05) higher in small size eggs and lower in medium size eggs. Number of survival and percentage survivability significantly (P= .05) increased with an increase in the size of the eggs. Egg size had significant (P= .05) effect on all growth parameters measured. Initial body weight, final body weight, body weight gain, daily weight gain, total feed intake and daily feed intake significantly (P= .05) increased with increasing egg size. Feed efficiency significantly increased (P= .05) with decreasing egg size. It was concluded that medium size eggs had higher fertility and hatchability. Number of survival and percentage survivability increased with increasing egg size. Initial body weight, final body weight, body weight gain, daily weight gain, total feed intake and daily feed intake increased with increasing egg size. Feed conversion ratio decreased with increasing egg size