Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Aetiologies of Chronic Emaciation: Trematodiasis and Secondary/Concurrent Organ Compromise in Off-Take Cattle in Ibadan Metropolis
No full textAims: The primary aim of the investigation was to determine the trend and most significant cause of chronic emaciation and cachexia in off take cattle in Ibadan metropolis; and evaluate clinico- pathologic findings.
Study Design: The study was a prospective one. In this particular study, causative factors of chronic emaciation were examined. The purposive sampling technique was used for this study. Samples were collected from 100 chronically emaciated off take cattle of different breeds, sexes and ages, not less than 2 years old.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, between September, 2019 and December, 2019.
Methodology: The diagnostic protocol of complete physical examination; and comprehensive laboratory investigations such as parasitology, haematology, serum chemistry and urinalysis, etc., were followed as a minimum.
Results: The study revealed a trend of aetiologies of emaciation with trematodiasis due to Fasciola hepatica and Dicrocoelium dendriticum as primary causes. Secondary and concurrent organ dysfunctions were important findings. The haematologic parameters of packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), neutrophil and platelet count were statistically significant (p<0.05) with differences between the mean values of emaciated cases and control subjects. The serum chemistry parameters of albumin, globulin, bilirubin, aspartate amino transferase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) were statistically significant (p<0.05) with differences between the mean values of emaciated cases and control subjects.
Conclusion: The study established trematodiasis with secondary or concurrent organ compromise as one of the important aetiologies of chronic emaciation and cachexia in cattle in Ibadan metropolis. The increasing prevalence of dicrocoeliasis as revealed in the study should be of epidemiological and clinical relevance to livestock health institutions and large animal practitioners in northern Nigeria where these animals are sourced
Goat Development: An Opportunity to Strengthen Rural Economy in Asia and Africa
No full textGoat has been economically important to people living in arid, semiarid, hilly and remote tribal areas, because of its tolerance to harsh weather conditions, ability to feed on inferior quality crop residues, high prolificacy, short gestation period and high rate of growth. The presence of 94.36 per cent of the world goat population in Asia and Africa reflected on its utility where most of the world’s poor have been living. Goat is a source of milk, meat and financial security, for families of lower most income groups. However, the production potentials of goat have not been optimally tapped due to un availability of services required for breeding, veterinary care, mobilisation of feed resources and market connectivity for milk and meat. Guiding and providing critical technical services to goat keepers through placement of field guides to improve yield and quality of the produce, instead of mere increase in population should be the focus of goat development programmes. Strengthening of infrastructure for supply of good quality inputs, processing of various goat products and marketing can enhance the income of goat keepers by several folds. Goat husbandry being an important tool for empowering women and poor and for ensuring nutritional security, it is an important livelihood support programme in the developing countries
In vitro Studies on the Effect of Parasitosis on Amino Acid Profile of Bulinus species
No full textFreshwater snails are intermediate hosts of some trematode diseases including Schistosomiasis. This study was designed to study the interactions between Bulinus species and the larval stages of Schistosoma haematobium specifically the amino acid levels of the infected freshwater snails. Bulinus species were collected from their natural habitats, reared in the laboratory, and exposed to the larval stage of Schistosoma haematobium. Using the method described in Association of Official Analytical Chemists in determining Amino acid profile the amino acid profile of both the infected and non-infected Bulinus species was determined. Histidine, valine, methionine, phenylalanine, lysine levels of the Bulinus species decreased amongst the infected starved snails than in the control. The amino acids profile decreased significantly across the different challenges that the snails Bulinus were exposed to. This study has opened research windows for the control of urinary schistosomiasis through the control of the intermediate hosts using some biochemical approach
Egg Quality Assessment within Day 0 to 10 as Affected by Storage Temperature
No full textThis experiment was conducted in the Animal Products and Processing laboratory, Department of Animal Production, University of Jos, Jos-North Local Government Area (LGA) of Plateau State. A total of 300 eggs from a battery cage and deep litter housing system were collected from the Poultry Division of National Veterinary Research Institute, Plateau State (NVRI) at once for this study. Eggs were obtained from Lohmann brown hens, at 44 weeks of age to evaluate egg quality characteristics. Out of the 300 eggs, (150 eggs from each housing system), 30 were picked at random after the following storage days (0, 5 and 10 days respectively) for determination of egg quality characteristics in a 2 x 2 Factorial arrangement in a Completely Randomized Design. The storage methods were room temperature (ambient) range from 26.6 - 29.40C and refrigeration at 5°C. External and internal quality characteristics of eggs were taken, which include egg length, egg width and weight. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at α0.05. Result showed that egg weight loss, yolk weight, diameter, ratio, yolk:albumen index, colour and albumen length were significantly higher at day 10 of storage with least values obtained at day 0. As the storage days increased, Yolk height, Index, pH, Albumen weight, Height, Ratio, Index and Haugh Units decreased with highest values obtained at day 0. There were no significant differences in the interaction effect of storage time and temperature on egg external quality obtained from battery cage and deep litter systems. Yolk height was greatly affected by storage days and temperature. As the storage days increased, there was a decrease in yolk height and index while an increase was obtained in yolk diameter. Refrigerator temperature had high impact on yolk height, index and diameter from egg in deep litter system while lower values were obtained in yolk height, index and diameter from egg in battery cage system. Albumen height, length, pH, index and Haugh unit was greatly affected by storage days and temperature. As the storage days increased, there was decrease in albumen height, pH, index and Haugh unit while an increase was obtained in albumen length. Refrigerator temperature had high impact on all the albumen quality parameters measured in this study. The results obtained in this study reveals that both the storage days and temperature had great influence on the egg quality. Eggs can be kept up to day 10 in both room and refrigerator temperature without any adverse effect on the egg quality
Effect of Feeding Fortified Composite Cassava Stump Meal-based Diets on Organ Weights, Haematology and Serum Biochemical Indices in Broiler Chickens
No full textThis study was designed to investigate the effects of using fortified composite cassava stump meal (FCCSM) as energy source in the diets of broiler chickens using organ, haematology and biochemical indices as response criteria. 5 diets were formulated in which FCCSM was added at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% inclusion levels to replace maize and designated diets I, II, III, IV and V, respectively. 150 chicks were assigned to 5 diets 3 replicates with 10 chicks per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design. At the end of the experiment, 2 birds per replicate were slaughtered and their blood collected for haematology and serum studies. Organ weights of the slaughtered birds were also measured. All data were subjected to analysis of variance. Results showed that among all the organ weights measured, only the liver, lung and proventriculus were significantly (P0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Among all the haematological parameters measured, the Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), Mean Cell Haemoglobin (MCH), lymphocytes and basophils were significantly (P0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. For the serum biochemical indices measured, the albumin (ALB) and albumin/globulin (ALB/GLO) ratio were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Generally, there was no deleterious effect of the dietary treatments on the organ weights, haematological and biochemical indices of the broiler chickens. Consequently, it was recommended that FCCSM could be included up to 20% in the diets for broiler-chickens without adverse effects
Product Quality and Consumer’s Acceptability of Cooked Breast Muscle of Nigerian Indigenous Ducks Raised in Different Zones in Ekiti State
No full textThe rate and extent of consumer’s demand for safe and quality meat products depend on the processing methods that will not alter the nutritional and eating qualities of the finished products. The study evaluated physicochemical properties and consumer’s acceptability of cooked breast muscle of indigenous ducks raised in different zones in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Department Animal Science, Faculty Agricultural Science, of Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Twenty four matured indigenous ducks aged 24 months comprising 12 drakes and 12 ducks raised under extensive system were randomly selected from three different geo-graphical locations in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Animals were weighed, stunned and exsaguinated, defeathered, eviscerated, breast muscles separated, wrapped in a polythene bags and chilled at 4°C for 24 hours. The breast muscles were divided into two portions, labeled according to sex and locations. The thaw loss and pH were evaluated after 24 hours. The meat samples were cooked by two methods (pan and deep fry). The cook loss, water holding capacity, shear force, lipid stability and yield of cooked breast meat were evaluated. A six- member taste panelist rated the organoleptic characteristics of cooked samples using nine-point hedonic scale. The results showed that water holding capacity, % cook loss, % cook yield, shear force, Thiobarbituric Acid Reacting Substance (Tbars) values and sensory properties were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by cooking methods. Both sexes of location B recorded similar shear force values (8.0 kg/cm2) cooked by pan fry. The overall acceptability of cooked breast meat by deep fry method was recorded from location A ducks of either sex while pan fried breast muscle were observed in location B samples of the drake meat. The study showed that drake breast muscles cooked by either method had better yield, quality and shelf stability than female counterpart
Effects of Dietary Rice Offal Inclusion Level and Enzyme (Natuzyme) Supplementation on the Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Finisher Broiler Chicken
No full textAn eight-week study was carried out to determine the effect of dietary rice offal inclusion levels and Natuzyme® enzyme supplementation on performance of broiler chicken. Two hundred and ten 7-day old broiler chicks of Arbor Acre strain were randomly allocated to seven dietary treatments groups with each treatment having thirty birds. The experiment had two phases; starter (28 days) and finisher phase (28 days). The seven dietary treatments were 0% (T1) without enzyme and without rice offal, 5% (T2 and T3) with and without enzyme, 10% (T4 and T5) with and without enzyme, and 15% (T6 and T7) with and without enzyme supplementation at 250 mg per kg diet. The experiment was a 2 x 3 factorial in a completely randomized design having treatment groups replicated three times, and each replicate had 10 birds, which were randomly allocated to the experimental diets. Performance at the starter phase showed no significant differences (P>0.05) across the treatment groups for the main effect, interaction and treatment combination. There was non-significant difference (P>0.05) for rice offal level main effect. At finisher level, significant differences (P<0.05) occurred in the enzyme level and all were significantly higher at 0.025%. No statistical differences (P>0.05) for interaction. Results of the nutrient digestibility showed significant differences (P<0.05) in the rice offal level for ash and NFE, but no difference in the enzyme levels for main effect and interaction. Significant (P<0.05) differences occurred in the treatments combination for dry matter and crude protein. Broiler starter and finisher performed better at 0.025% enzyme supplementation of rice offal.
It was recommended that 0.025% enzyme should be included in rice offal and 15% of the enzyme treated rice offal should be used in finisher broiler diets
Urea-molasses Pre-treatment to Enhance Nitrogen Gain, Digestibility, Intake and Milk Yield from Crop-Residues in Smallholder Dairy Farms in Eastern Africa
No full textAim: Crop residues from dual-purpose crops, particularly from coarse cereal and leguminous crops are by far the most important feed source available to smallholder dairy farmers in highlands and lowlands in Eastern Africa. Therefore, this study aimed to (1) determine the effect of urea and molasses pre-treatment on nitrogen gain, digestibility and rumen micro-biota of crop residues by in vitro culture; and (2) validate the effect of feeding pre-treated urea and molasses maize stover on feed intake and milk yield of dairy cows.
Methods: Fresh dry crop residue samples were collected in highlands and lowlands agro-ecological zones of Manyara region, Northern Tanzania and pre-treated with urea and molasses. The in-vitro culture experimental design was completely randomized block with 3 runs (replicates) and 3 crop residue treatments (control, urea, urea + molasses), with duplicates of 2 bottles per each treatment within a run. From the in vitro analysis, only maize stover had significant (p ≤ 0.05) urea and molasses pre-treatment effect, and was therefore considered for comprehensive in vitro culture. The effect of urea and molasses pre-treatment of maize stover on intake and milk yield was validated in a feeding trial of Friesian cows in Siaya lowlands in Kenya.
Results: Pre-treatment of crop residues with urea and molasses resulted into significant (p ≤ 0.05) improvements in chemical composition and fermentation products, but not gene copies of selected rumen microbes (p ≥ 0.05), with exception of methanogens (p ≤ 0.05). Urea and molasses pre-treated maize stover diet slightly improved milk yield and growth of dairy cows, reduced expenditure on labour with respect to feeding and the cost of producing milk and contributed to an increase in dry matter intake.
Conclusion: Despite the improvements in feeding value of maize stover, and other crop residues in general, with urea and molasses pre-treatment, the efficient utilization to desirable extent is still awaited
Comparative Study of Ziehl Neelsen\u27s Technique and the Fite-Faraco Technique in the Histopathological Diagnosis of Mycobacteriosis in Fish
No full textMycobacteria are widespread in the natural environment, both in terrestrial and aquatic environments, and some species can be zoonotic. In aquatic organisms, especially in fish and crustaceans, they are diagnosed with certain frequency. Taking into account that mycobacteria affecting fish, as well as the species causing leprosy, have less mycolic acid, the authors used the Fite-Faraco (FF) technique in this work and compared it with the classic Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) staining. In the Laboratory of Immunology and Pathology of Aquatic Organisms (LIPOA), the authors chose from their tissue archive tissue material belonging to 10 specimens of fish of different species, belonging to LIPOA, which were reported cases over a period of 15 years (from 2002 to 2017). The specimens had in common the presence of lesions classified as granulomatous inflammation, but with the ZN technique it was not possible to obtain a definitive diagnosis of mycobacteriosis. The authors observed that in tissues from fish infected with Mycobacteria, the FF technique was more useful, since the presence of bacilli can be observed, where previously the ZN technique was used and no bacilli were observed
Comparative Study on Goat Production Systems at Sanghar and Shaheed Benazirabad Districts of Pakistan
No full textStudy was conducted in order to compare goat production systems at Sanghar and Shaheed Benazirabad districts of Pakistan. Household surveys were conducted in two districts including five villages from each. The results showed 64.00 and 56.00% households possessing 21-25 years age in Sanghar and Shaheed Benazirabad districts. 40.00% had 5-10 years of farming experience, 64.00% were educated up to middle level in district Sanghar. 60 and 70% of household reported that there was availability of electricity and gas at their farms. 70 and 60% of household replied to have availability of transportation at their farms. Most of (70 and 60%) household in the Sanghar and Shaheed Benazirabad kept their animals under semi intensive housing system, whereas 20.00 and 26.00% reared their animals under intensive housing system and only 10.00 and 14.00% housed their animals under extensive housing system. 92.00 and 80.00% of households in district Sanghar and Shaheed Benazirabad grazed animals on pasture. 90.00 and 80% of households did not reared their animals in confined sheds in district Sanghar and Shaheed Benazirabad. None of households reared their animals in confined paddocks, confined fences and special housing in district Sanghar and Shaheed Benazirabad. 90.00% of household vaccinated their animals against bacterial and viral diseases in Shaheed Benazirabad district. 90 and 95% of households reported that they call veterinary doctor for treatment of sick animals. It is concluded that in Sanghar district, the majority of household keep their animals under semi-intensive housing system compared to that of Shaheed Benazirabad district