Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Determination of Carbapenem and Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases in E. Coli from Commercial Broilers, Sri Lanka
No full textAssociation between antimicrobial resistance in human and livestock have been widely discussed. The same or closely associated sequence type of E. coli has been reported in poultry and causing clinical infection in humans. The objective of this study was to determine phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance among E coli isolated from commercial broiler integrators (n=6) in the country. Ceacal samples (n=521) were collected from commercial broiler processing plants and E.coli was isolated and identified by conventional bacteriological methods followed by selected biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and interpretation were done by disk diffusion tests as described in EUCAST. The conventional PCR tests were carried out for CTX-M for ESBL phenotypically resistant isolates and NDM for meropenem resistance isolates. NDM and CTX-M were found in 0.38% and 18.2 % in E. coli respectively. High frequency of phenotypic resistance was observed against neomycin (100%), tetracycline (99%), ampicillin/amoxycillin (98%), and quinolone (91.5%), gentamicin (79%), and over 50% of the frequency of antimicrobial resistance were shown against amoxycillin + Clavulanic acid, streptomycin and chloramphenicol. All these classes of antimicrobial are widely used in commercial broiler operations in the country. NDM has not been reported in E. coli from commercial poultry previously, although NDM had been reported in human clinical isolates. Prudent usage of antimicrobials, strengthening resistance surveillance, molecular epidemiological studies, and understanding the role of the mobile genetic elements are strongly recommended to minimize the risk of dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in humans
Prevalence of Internal Parasites Associated with Dairy Cattle in Nyala City, South Darfur State, Sudan
No full textHelminthosis are one of the worlds most prevalent and economically essential parasitizes of human and domesticated animals. This study was conducted at Nyals city in South Darfur State during the years 2019-2020. The study was aiming at investigating gastrointestinal parasites in cross-breed dairy cattle reared in Nyala city. A questionnaire survey was done before collection of samples. A total of 110 faecal samples were collected from dairy cattle in Nyala city. Faecal samples were subjected for parasitological examination using Floatation and Sedimentation techniques. Faecal slides were examined under low power microscopy. Helminth eggs were detected in 65 (59.1%) faecal samples. 45 percent of the parasitic infestation cases were mixed cases (e.g. mixed Nematodes, and Trematodes and Coccidia spp.). Nematodes eggs were found in 24 (21.8%) samples, Trematodes eggs in 21(19.1%) samples and Coccidia spp. in 20 (18.2%) samples. 10 Paramphistomum spp. were detected and the prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. was 9.1%. 6 Schistoma heamtobium were detected and the prevalence of Schistoma heamtobium was 5.4%. 5 Fasciola gigantica were detected and the prevalence of Fasciola gigantica was 4.5%
Reduced Albendazole Efficacy in Goats Naturally Infected with Strongyle Nematodes in Dagrase Area, South Darfur State, Sudan
No full textIntroduction: Understanding the extend of benzimidazole resistance is a core step to adopting the correct strategies for control. In Sudan, benzimidazole resistance was recently reported in cattle and goats in South Darfur. This study aimed to collect additional data regarding albendazole efficacy.
Methods: In the rainy season, 100 goats, male and female of different age groups, were screened for the presence of gastrointestinal helminth infections in Dagrase, South Darfur State, Sudan. Goats shedding >150 nematode eggs per gram faeces were selected for in vivo trial and grouped into control (n=15) and a treated group (n=70), that were individually received an oral dose of 10 mg/kg body weight albendazole. The in vitro egg hatch test was performed using thiabendazole.
Results: Using Mini-FLOTAC for egg count determination, 95% of the screened goats were infected with gastrointestinal helminths, and all positive animals were shedding eggs of strongyle nematodes with 92% of strongyle larvae representing Haemonchus spp. Strongyles, Strongyloides papillosus and Skrjabinema ovis were the nematode eggs identified under the microscope. Paired and unpaired faecal egg count reduction test calculations detected reductions of 80/81% and 74/73% with samples taken at days 8 and 14 after albendazole treatment, respectively. Albendazole was inconclusive against Strongyloides papillosus. Haemonchus spp. third stage larvae were the only nematode present after treatment based on coprocultures. The ED50 in the egg hatch test was 0.12 µg/ml thiabendazole. There is a reduction in albendazole efficacy in goats in Dagrase, and consequently the development of benzimidazole resistance
Muscle Alterations in Broiler Breast: A Mini Review
No full textMuscle alterations in broiler breast meat as Wooden Breast and White Striping have been investigated in different areas of expertise to find out the etiology or to decrease the incidence. Research involving additives supplementation and nutritional strategies showed a possible decrease in incidence, but it is important to note the consequences in broiler performance. Estimated heritability for White Striping defect was low to moderate, considering different ways to analyze the breast alterations scores and statistical methodologies. In Brazil, until 2019, carcass affected by Wooden Breast was condemned in the slaughterhouse, especially extreme severe degree. A recent decree published by governmental institution oriented to stop condemnation and oriented the destination of these meat, depending on severity degree of muscle alteration. This regulation is important to reduce the economic losses by poultry industries however, the occurrence of muscle defects will not stop. The measurement of the impact on processing and performance industries is still understood and need to be monitored by poultry companies. More studies about the impact of breast myopathies on economic losses considering this new scenario need to be available
Complementation Test of Draft Oxen in Dry Season with Harvest Residues in the Cotton Zone in Northwestern Benin
No full textThe study was to conduct a dietary supplementation test on draft cattle in the dry season using the crop residue reserves that had been built up. The experimental design used was a split-plot with soil type as the large area factor and feed complementation as the small area factor. The soil type modalities were clay soils, gravelly soils, sandy soils and sandy-clay soils. The modalities of the feed complementation factor consisted of cattle from the control lot (R0) that received no complement and the second lot (Rc) that received the complement. The data collected were related to the weight of the animals, the duration of ploughing and the investment costs of the rationing trials. The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) generalized linear mixed model was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the supplemented draught cattle lost less weight than the control lot. The supplemented steers finished ploughing 1/4 hectare on average 30 minutes compared to the non-supplemented steers. The profitability study of the complemented units resulted in a 25% gain in ploughing time under the conditions of cotton farms in northern Benin. The practice of building up crop residue reserves during the dry season offers several opportunities to address the current challenges of climate change
Effect of Treated Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles as Dietary Supplement on the Growth and Healthy Performance of Pigs: A Review
No full textThe objective of this paper is to review the effects of treated corn Distillers Dried Grains with Soluble (DDGS) fed to pigs, specific on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and health status. As industrial ethanol production increases, there is a simultaneous increase in co- products, Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles. Utilization of DDGS as a dietary supplement in monogastric reduces feed costs. In terms of the nutritional value, DDGS is rich in fiber and protein, however, DDGS is indigestible in pigs if not treated. Therefore, a lot of research have been conducted about its treatment and nutritional effect on growth performance, nutrients digestibility of growing pigs, weaned pigs, sows, and finishers. Treated corn DDGS increases feed intake, gain weight, and it also improves nutrient digestibility and reduces the severity of lesions in the ileum and colon of pigs, considering the DDGS with absence of undesired levels of mycotoxins.A number of different types of treatment that exists, however, hydrolysis with the usage of microorganisms and their enzymes has shown positive impacts on DDGS polysaccharides (fiber). Other types of treatments are also reviewed but more attention has been given on microbial and enzymatic hydrolysis by the reason of being familiar in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) as a complex organ system where break down of complex polysaccharides into simple ones for pig efficiency utilization and absorption takes place. Furthermore, the characteristics, composition, and nutritional value of DDGS, in pig production are discussed into this paper. In conclusion, treated corn DDGS increases feed intake, gain weight, improves nutrient digestibility and the health status of pigs
Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Strongylid Infection in Sheep from Nziih, West Region of Cameroon
No full textAims: This study was aimed to describe the epidemiology of sheep gastrointestinal strongylid infection in Nziih, West Region of Cameroon as a necessary step to prevent the disease (strongylosis).
Study Design: A longitudinal prospective study.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in Nziih locality between January and November 2019.
Methodology: 739 ovine dung were collected and questionnaires were administered in 6 reasoned selected farms to describe strongylid infection. For the qualitative examination, the floatation technique was used to detect the presence of strongylid eggs and the Mac Master technique was used for quantitative examination. Coprocultures were set to obtain the strongylid genera which were identified morphologically. Prevalence, intensity and number of infective larvae were compared using the Chi-square and the Kruskal Wallis tests respectively while the odds ratios were calculated to determine the risk factors.
Results: Out of the 739 faecal samples examined, 450 were found positive for gastrointestinal strongylids with an overall prevalence of 60.2% and a mean intensity of 884.67±1569.04 egg per gram of faeces. Deworming status, breeding sites and season are identified as the risk factors associated to infection in the locality. However, young animals were significantly (P<0.05) more infected (63.9%) than adults (57.4%) and Prevalence was significantly highest (P=0.000) in rainy season (85.8%) followed by the transition of wet season to the dry season (65.2%) and then to the dry season (49.0%). Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus, Oesophagostomum/Chabertia and Cooperia where the four genera found all the year round with a peak in the wet season. The genus of Trichostrongylus was the more prevalent followed by Haemonchus.
Conclusion: The present study shows that there is need to control ovine gastrointestinal strongylid in Nziih by a best management of farms, putting emphasis to a strategical program of deworming according to age, sites and season
Isolation of Escherichia Coli from Clinical Mastitis Cases of Cows in Nangarhar Province
No full textMastitis is a common inflammation of the mammary glands caused by a variety of microbial and non-microbial factors and one of the major agent is Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. The disease affects lactating cow’s production and bear economic consequences. The purpose of this study is to isolate E. coli bacteria from infected mammary glands and the prevalence of E. coli mastitis in lactating cows in Nangarhar province. In total 50 cow milk samples were collected from different districts of veterinary clinics, villages and dairy farms of Nangarhar province. The samples were examined with gram staining and catalase tests for diagnosis. The results revealed that 21 (42%) cows were infected with E. coli and 29 (58%) were infected by various susceptible microorganisms. In summary, considering the massive number of cultured E. coli bacteria, the research suggested that E. coli infection is highly ranked in Nangarhar different areas and could cause economic losses in cow bio productions
Bacterial Quality of Goat Raw Milk in Khartoum State, Sudan
No full textThis study was aiming at investigating the bacteriological quality of raw goat’s milk in Khartoum State during 6 months of the year 2019. A total of 60 samples of raw goat’s milk were collected from different localities of Khartoum State as follows: 20 samples from Khartoum Locality, 20 from Bahri Locality and 20 from Omdurman Locality. Samples were subjected for bacteriological Viable Count using Plate Count Agar (PCA) and Coliform Count (CC) methods.For goat\u27s milk samples collected from Khartoum Locality, 11 (55.0%) scored the mean APC of 25X105CFU/ml and 9 (45.0%) scored the mean Aerobic Plate Count(APC) of 15X103CFU/ml. Coliforms were detected in 5 (25.0%) of milk samples with the mean CC of 10X103CFU/ml. Out of 20 goats\u27 milk samples collected from Bahri Locality, 8 (40.0%) scored the mean APC of 20X105CFU/ml and 12 (55.0%) scored the mean APC of 18X103CFU/ml. Coliforms were detected in 6 (30.0%) of milk samples with the mean CC of 10X103CFU/ml. For goat\u27s milk samples collected from Omdurman Locality, 14 (70.0%) scored the mean APC of 21X105CFU/ml and 6 (30.0%) scored the mean APC of 19X103CFU/ml. Coliforms were not detected in milk samples
Relationship between Body Weight and Body Dimensions in Adult Domestic Cavy, using Principal Component Analysis
No full textBody weight and eleven (11) morpho-structural traits of 300 adult cavies sampled from three States of Northern Nigeria were used to study relationship between body weight and body dimensions in adult domestic cavy. Data collected on bodyweight and body dimension was subjected to least squares analysis and principal components analysis procedure. Results obtained showed a mean body weight of 495.00±7.35g for adult cavies. The mean values of the body dimensions ranged from 2.57±0.02cm for femur radius (FR) to 27.17±0.16cm for body length (BL). Two principal components which accounted for 64.47% of the total variance in body dimensions were extracted. The first principal component (PC1) loaded heavily on Belly girth (BG), neck circumference (NC), Heart girth (HG), Body length (BL), Shoulder length (SL), Head length (HL), and Trunk length (TL) and explained 49.25% of the total variance. The second principal component (PC2) accounted for 15.214% of the generalized variance and loaded on Hind leg length (HLL), fore leg length (FLL) and Hip to kneel length (HKL). The Orthogonal body shape characters derived from the factor analysis accounted for 52.5% of the variation in body weight of the adult cavies. It was concluded that linear body measurements would be effectively used to predict live body weights of the adult cavies