Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Investigation of Bovine Respiratory Disease in Dairy Calves in Bahri Locality, Sudan
No full textBovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered the major cause of economic losses in dairy and beef cattle production due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Opportunistic bacteria are factors for the development of BRD. This study was aimed at investigation of BRD in dairy calves in Bahri locality, Sudan. The study was carried out during six months of the years 2019 and 2020. This simplified scoring system which used assessed six clinical signs. When present, a specific number of points were assigned for each sign. A total score of 5 or higher classified an individual as a BRD case. Among 450 dairy calves investigated for presence of BRD, 40 calves (8.9%) were positive for the scoring system. Out of the 40 dairy calves positive for BRD scoring system, 24 (60%) were male calves. Out of 40 dairy calves positive for BRD scoring system, 25 (62.5%) 1 month old, 5 (12.5%) were 1.5 month, 4 (10.0%) were 2 months, 2 (5.0%) were 2.5 months and 4 (10.0%) were 3 months. Out of 40 dairy calves positive for the scoring system in Bahri Locality, 40 (100.0%) appeared nasal discharges, 31 (77.5%) eye discharges, 33 (82.5%) coughing, 25 (62.5%) difficult breathing, 13 (32.5%) fever and 29 (72.5%) Ear drop or head tilt. In this investigation a total of 43 bacterial isolates were obtained from 40 nasal swab samples collected from pneumonic calves in Bahri locality. The identified bacteria according to bacteriological examiations were: 8 S. aureus (18.6%), 3 S. epidermidis (6.9%), 2 S. chromogenes (4.7%), 5 Str. Pneumoniae (11.6%), 2 Str. uberis (4.7%), 3 K. pneumoniae (6.9%), 7 E. coli (16.3%), 6 Ps. aerogenosa (13.9%), 2 B. subtilis (4.7%), 2 M. variens (4.7%) and 3 M. luteus (6.9%). Staphylococci represented the predominant bacteria (30.2%) isolated from nasal swabs compared to other bacteria E. coli (16.3%), Streptococci (16.3%), Ps. aerogenosa (13.9%), Micrococci (11.6%) K. pneumoniae (6.9%) and B. subtilis (4.7%)
Antimicrobial Resistance in Pasteurella multocida Type B and Mannheimia haemolytica Isolates in Cattle and Buffaloes
No full textHemorrhagic septicemia is a fatal septicemic disease in cattle and buffaloes in tropical countries. Young animals were more susceptible, and buffaloes were shown high percentage of mortality than cattle. Mannheimia haemolytica was described as an opportunistic pathogen in cattle and buffaloes and concurrent infection were also reported with primary other diseases. Only few studies were published in the country on these two bacterial organisms, information on antimicrobials resistance was limited in local herds. Lack of clinical breakpoints or host specific clinical breakpoints has been identified as a limiting factor to identify the phenotypic resistance. The objective of the study was to confirm the Pasteurella multocida isolates which received from clinical cases of hemorrhagic septicemia in the country. The second objectives were to determine phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in Pasteurella multocida clinical isolates and to compare with phenotypic antimicrobial; resistant phenotypes of Mannheimia haemolytica.
The clinical isolates of Pasteurella multocida were received (n=29) from the regional laboratories in the country from 2017-2019. Manhenimia hemolytica (n=49) was collected from our laboratory collection which were sampled from cattle and buffaloes from dry zone of the country previously. The resistance percentage of were Pasteurella multocida 72% and 29% for ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime. Resistance of cefotaxime was shown in Pasteurella multocida and none in Manhenimia hemolytica. Resistances to ciprofloxacin were shown high in Pasteurella multocida and low in Manhenimia hemolytica. Resistance to amoxicillin and clavulanic acid and tetracycline were found in both organisms. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was reported low in Pasteurella multocida and Manhenimia hemolytica in cattle and buffaloes. In conclusion, usage of sulfamethoxazole and quinolone group of antimicrobials for the pasteurellosis such as enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin may have negative impact due to the high frequency of resistance observed
A Report on Production and Management System of Broiler at Shibpur Upazila, Narsingdi, Bangladesh
No full textThe study was carried out to identify the rearing and management systems of commercial broiler and production performance of broiler with their problem and the possible solution at Shibpur Upazila, Narsingdi, Bangladesh. Broiler farmers who reared at least 800 to 1200 birds in the rural areas of Shibpur Upazila were selected for the study. The necessary data on management and production systems of broiler were collected from the respondents through face to face interview with the structured questionnaire process applied to broiler farmers between August-2018 to December-2018. Five (5) broiler farms were visited in study area for study broiler farming from day old chick to end of the production cycle. This data about the management and production system of broilers were recorded in detail by visiting the farms directly or as provided by the respective poultry farms owner by himself. The farmer collected the chick from dealer. The price of day old broiler chicks (DOC) was 40-45/chick. From 1st week to 5th weeks farmer used rice husk or saw dust as a litter where depth was 2-4 inch. In the study farm, the farmer gave brooding temperature 95°F on 1st week, 90°F on 2nd week, 85°F on 3rd week, 80°F on 4th week and 75°F on 5th week. The farmer follow the ideal feeder and waterer space. The lighting was provide 24 hours in first week of age and from second week the 2-3 hours darkness were provide for adaption if electricity fall. Farmer gave crumble feed from first to second week and provides pellet feed until marketing. In the studied farms, broiler birds were given pellet and crumble feed throughout the production cycle. The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of the broiler was recorded (1.53-1.58) on an average. Farmers also found that, 2-3% birds died up to marketing. Broilers are routinely vaccinated to provide protection from Infectious Diseases
Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope Study of the Adrenal Gland of the Camel (Camelus dromedarius) During the Prenatal Life
No full textThe objectives of the present study are to investigate the features of camel foetal adrenal gland using scanning and transmission electron microscopes. This study was conducted in 14 dromedary camel foeti at different stages of development collected from different slaughters houses in sudan
With scanning electron microscope, at the early stages the adrenal zones were not be differentiated Cleary, then the cells of the zona glomerulosa were arranged in compact clusters or groups and capillaries network were arranged between these groups. The cells of the zona fasiculata were arranged in the form of laminae or vertical parallel cords separated by longitudinally arranged sinusoids. The cells of the foetal zone were irregullary arranged. Some medullary islets were found between the cortical cells and some of the cortical cells were found between the cells of the medulla. The innervations and the blood supply of the adrenal gland increased with development. Ultrastructurally the noradrenalin secreting cells have more electron dense cytoplasmic granules than the adrenalin secreting zzcells. With advancing age, the cell organelles like mitochondria, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the lipid droplets increased.
In conclusion, the major changes observed in the cells of the zona fasiculata and this may be due to its important role in the development of organs and during parturition. It was found that the prenatal development of the dromedary camel adrenal gland was similar to the development other animal adrenal gland but with special characteristic of it\u27s on
Genetic Characterization of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) at the Centro de Vida Silvestre San Bartolome Yucatan, Mexico
No full textAims: Estimate the inbreeding rate, evaluate nucleotide divergences between deer in a captive population, and design a crossbreeding scheme to maintain genetic diversity.
Study design: A descriptive study was carried out to characterize the genetic divergence status of a captive population of deer, under uncontrolled mating conditions, without genealogical data.
Place and duration of Study: The deer under study were confined to the Centro de Vida Silvestre San Bartolomé in the locality of Tekax, Yucatan Mexico. The study was carried out from May 2006 to April 2007.
Methodology: Quantitative genetic models were applied to characterize the population of 39 adult deer (Odocoileus virginianus) confined in a 3 Ha pen. Blood samples were collected to apply the random amplification technique of polymorphic DNA fragments (RAPD). Two DNA primers were used in the RAPD to generate the DNA polymorphic band patterns. From the band pattern of each specimen, molecular analysis software was applied to estimate the nucleotide divergences between the analyzed units and, finally, dendrograms were generated using the UPGMA technique to group the animals according to their nucleotide divergences in the amount of nucleotides substituted per 100 bases. Groups of breeding animals were designed based on their divergences in the dendrograms.
Results: The effective population number was 19 and the expected inbreeding rate per generation was 0.0263 (2.63%). Eighteen specimens did not share DNA bands. The dendrograms of genetic divergences of each primer showed 11 specimens that appear in both dendrograms. The genetic divergences between the specimens were distributed from 0.086 to 2.62 substituted nucleotides in relation to 100 bases in both dendrograms. Breeding groups were designed for three generations with animals that have the greatest genetic divergence among them.
Conclusion: The RAPD used allowed the identification of deer that did not share bands within the analyzed population, while the other members presented different values of nucleotide divergences. From the highest values of nucleotide divergences, groups of reproducers were restructured to stop the increase in inbreeding, even when there are no genealogical data
Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infection of Cattle and Goat Slaughtered at Akwanga Abattoir Nasarawa State, Nigeria
No full textGastrointestinal parasitic diseases remain a constraint to cattle and goat production industries in developing countries. An abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in slaughtered cattle and goat in Akwanga abattoir in Nasarawa State Nigeria. A total of 120 feacal samples of 60 cattle’s and 60 goats. Formal ether concentration technique was used for sample analysis and examined microscopically. The data obtained were statistically analysed using simple percentages to determine the prevalence rate in both the cattle and goat. The result showed that 31 (25.83%) cattle and 28(23.33% of goats were infected with gastrointestinal helminths. The prevalence rate were higher in cattle than the goats. There was no significant different at (P<0.05). Among the cattle, the helminths identified were Faciola gigantica (9.35%), Schistosoma bovis (13%), Taenia saginata (16.12%), Hymenolepis dimunuta (9.67%), Haemonchus spp (13%), Taxocara spp (3.21%), Trichuris spp (3.22%) and Ascaris spp (3.22%). The most prevalent helminth was Faciola gigantica (19.35%), followed by Taenia saginata (16.12%) respectively. The helminths identified from goat on the other hand are Entamoeba spp (7.14%), Schistosoma spp (3.57%) Monezia spp (3.57%), Hymenolepis spp (7.14%), Schistosoma spp (3.57%) Monezia spp (3.57%), Hymenolepis spp (7.14%), Trichuris spp (17.85%) Stronglyloide spp (10.21%) and Toxocara spp (3.57%). The most prevalent helminth was Trichuris spp and Fasciola spp (17.85%) followed by Taenia spp (14.28%), while Toxocara spp, Schistosoma spp, Monezia spp with (3.57%) was the least dorminant.
The result showed a moderately high prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths during the study. This findings reflect a growing burden of gastrointestinal helminths infections at abottior level. Therefore, good management and strategic deworming proper feeding and good sanitation need to be applied to reduce the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and their risk factor to lessen economic loss caused by the parasites
Evaluation of the Main Risk Factors Impact on Mortality Rate of Turkish Lambs in the Kunduz Province of Afghanistan
No full textAims: The objective of this study was to find out the lamb\u27s mortality rate of associated risk factors in Kunduz province that identify mortality problems, survival lambs, and risk factors in Turkish lambs.
Design of Study: Using survey methods sampling by distributing questionnaires to sheep farmers.
Place and Duration of Study: A total of 12 villages in two main districts (Imam Sahib and Ali Abad) of Kunduz province were observed from March to December 2020.
Methodology: All the 72 sheep farmers were selected that they had 500 -1000 Turkish sheep on average (lambs were 56% males and 44% females), and main risk associated factors impact the mortality rate of lambs based on means performed by One sample and Paired T-Test were determined.
Results: The results of the study indicate that the mortality rate of the lambs was observed at 21.696% (in Kunduz province), while the mortality rate of lambs was no significant difference in the mortality percentage of two districts with P-Value = 0.462, as in Imam Sahib district, the mortality rate of lambs was 20.995%, and Aliabad reported 22.34%, individually. The analyses of variance showed that the main risk factors impact in the district of Imam Sahib was observed highly significant differences in overall variables except for dystocia in comparison to the Aliabad district. The impact of risk factors on mortality rate of lambs in Kunduz province were recorded greater by 3.8261% abortion > 3.687% nutrition > 2.603% illness > climate change 2.341% > 1.338% accident > 1.115% housing > 0.969% care of pregnant > 0.819% management > 0.800% milk > 0.697% dystocia, respectively.
Conclusion: The mortality rates of lambs were found very high with abortion, nutrition, illness, and climate change. Hence, due to the impact level of main risk factors on mortality rate, efforts should be made to increase lambing supervision, improve management of newborn lambs, and prevent diseases by focusing on the good feeding of animals
Breed and Environmental Effects on Faecal Egg Counts in Sheep of Nigeria
No full textThis study was conducted on the Jos Plateau to investigate the influence of genotype and some non genetic factors on resistance of Nigerian sheep to helminthosis. The study sheep included initial stock of 64 yearlings (12 each of Balami, and Uda, and 20 each of Yankasa, and West African Dwarf, WAD, in a sex ratio of 1:1 per breed) and later their 156 offspring were included. Faecal samples were collected 6-weekly according to breed, sex, age, date, parity, birth type, and body condition score (BCS), and analysed for worm faecal egg counts (FEC) in eggs per gramme of faeces (epg) over a period of three years using modified McMaster method. Gastrointestinal helminths observed were Strongyles, Strongyloides, Trichuris, Nematodirus and Moniezia among which effect of investigated factors varied accordingly. Based on mean total helminths faecal egg counts (THFEC), rankings were: WAD (693.1 epg) > Yankasa (633.2) > Balami (494.5) = Uda (484.5); p<0.001, for breeds; late rainy (620.1) > early rainy(561.4) = early dry(556.4) > late dry(525.5), p<0.05 season. Females and adults had higher THFEC than males and lambs respectively. Higher FEC were associated generally with lower body condition scores (BCS). Year, birth type and parity did not affect FEC Generally.
Conclusion: Nigerian sheep breeds vary in resistance and tolerance to helminthosis and this suggests that there is a genetic basis for FEC. This could be exploited through selective breeding for improvement
Incidence of Fetal Loss among Cattle, Sheep and Goats Slaughtered in Zuru Metropolis
No full textA total of eight hundred and ninety two (892) animals which includes cattle, sheep and goats were used to study the incidence of fetal loss in Zuru, Kebbi state, Nigeria. The study considered metropolitan slaughterhouse located in Rafin Zuru and a slaughter slab in Rikoto area for the study. The data was collected for twelve (12) weeks using a format containing information on the species and number of animals slaughtered, sex and pregnant status, number and sex of the fetuses observed from the pregnant slaughter. These were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. The results revealed a total slaughter of 97 (10.87%) cattle, 202 (22.65%) sheep and 593 (66.48%) goats. From the total slaughter, there were 30 (30.93%) bulls, 67 (69.07%) cows, 80 (39.60%) rams, 122 (60.40%) ewes (female sheep), 384 (64.75%) bucks (male goat) and 209 (35.25%) does (female goats) slaughter. Among the female slaughter, there were 32 (47.76) pregnant and 35 (52.24%) non-pregnant cows, 79 (64.75%) pregnant and 43 (35.25%) non-pregnant ewes, 146 (69.86%) pregnant and 63 (30.14%) non-pregnant does slaughtered in the metropolis during the period of the study. A total of 32 (8.58%) calves, 85 (22.79%) lambs and 256 (68.63%) kid fetuses were recorded due to pregnant slaughter in the metropolis. Among the fetuses, 10 (31.25%) males and 22 (68.75%) female calves, 33 (38.82%) males and 52 (61.18%) female lamb, 100 (39.06%) males and 156 (66.03%) female kid fetuses were observed. In the future, the loss of fetuses due to slaughter of pregnant animals could pose a serious challenge to animal population and food security in the metropolis. Therefore, suggesting sound policies and legislations to reshuffle livestock marketing and abattoir operations in order to check fetal loss due to pregnant slaughter
Performance of Broilers Birds Administered Graded Levels Oxytetracycline in Sokoto, Nigeria
No full textAim: The study investigated the effect of oxytetracycline on broiler birds.
Study Design: The study was conducted using a total of 288 broiler birds in a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments T1 (20 mg/kg), T2 (40 mg/kg), T3 (60 mg/kg) and T4 (control).
Place and Duration of Study: (to be furnished)
Methodology: to be furnished
Results: The result shows no significant difference (P>0.05) among T4 (control), T2 and T3 in all parameters measured except between T4 and T2 in final body weight. Where birds in T4 have significantly higher values than those in T2. At finisher stage, birds fed 20mg/kg OTC (T1) recorded lower feed intake, body weight and average body weight gain per bird compared to birds in T2, T3 and T4. There is no significant difference (P<0.05) between T2, T3 and T4 in terms of final body weight gain per bird. Total feed intake is higher in control (T4) compared to T3, T2 and T1