Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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The Cytology of Resting and Reactive NK Cells of Chickens
No full textLymphoid cells are composed of 3 distinct series; those developing in the bursa of Fabricius are B-cells, and those of the thymus are T-cells. The former concern humoral immunity and the latter cell-mediated immunity (CMI). A third lineage, the natural killer cells (NK) develop independently. A study of chicken blood films stained with Wright-Giemsa obtained from a Marek’s disease project provided an opportunity to study NK cells. These lymphoid cells were recognized because of their characteristic cytoplasmic granules. NK size varied from small cells similar in radius (RC) to resting T-cells (RC ~ 3 μm) to larger types (RC ~ 5 μm). Granules also varied in size and number. NKs were often in fields also containing bacteria either free swimming or attached to RBC or other cells. The total white cell count (TWBC) of the study population ranged from leukopenia (very low) to leukemoid reaction (very high) levels (TWBC 5K/μL - 200K/μL; ave. ~50K/μL. NKs comprised 380/45134 (~1.7 %) of all leukocytes. The study population heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L) ave. (~ 0.4) appears to give a false impression of a low stress status. It is concluded as would be the case for plasmacytes or other forms of reactive cells, multiple forms of NK cells appearing in a hemogram indicate inflammation or infection. Therefore, the simple H/L ratio is an inappropriate stress indicator when accompanied by a high TWBC
Response of Broiler Chicken to Microbial Phytase: Effects on Phytin-Phosphorus, Serum Biochemistry and Carcass Characteristics
No full textAim: The experiment was conducted to determine phytin-phosphorus in feed, pre-caeca digesta and faecal droppings of broiler chickens and to investigate serum metabolites and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken as affected by phytase supplementation.
Study Design: The experiment employed a completely randomized design. All data generated were subjected to analysis of variance, P= 0.05.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Teaching and Research farm of the Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria between February and April, 2011.
Methodology: Two hundred and forty unsexed day-old Anak 2000 strain broiler chicken were used in a 56-day feeding trial. The birds were allotted to five treatments with 4 replicaites per treatment of 12 birds per replicate. Diet 1 was the reference diet with no phytase supplementation but with both plant and animal protein sources. Diets 2 and 3 were duplicate diets with enzyme supplementation only in diet 3. Diets 4 and 5 were also duplicate diets with enzyme supplementation only in diet 5. Diets 2 and 3 had groundnut cake as the major plant protein ingredient while diets 4 and 5 had soybean cake as the major protein ingredient. They were fed ad-libitum. Phytin-phosphorus in feed, pre-caeca digesta and faecal droppings of broiler chickens were determined and the effect of phytase supplementation on serum metabolites and carcass analysis of broiler chicken were also investigated.
Result: The levels of phytin-phosphorus in feed exceeded that detected in pre-caeca digesta of ileo-caeco-colonic junction likewise the levels of phytin-phosphorus in pre-caeca digesta exceeded that detection in faecal droppings. All diets supplemented with or without phytase had no significant influence on all the serum metabolites of broiler finisher investigated in this experiment (P>0.05) but a slight increase in the values of urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein in the serum of birds with phytase supplementation. There were no significant (P>0.05) differences recorded for the liveweight, dressed weight, eviscerated weight and all carcass cuts percentage of broiler finisher.
Conclusion: The supplementation of broiler diets with or without phytase constituted no danger to the health status of broiler birds. In carcass analysis phytase supplementation promoted muscle accretion
Enteric Parasites in Sheep (Ovis aries) from Gabtoli Cattle Market, Dhaka
No full textAims: The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of enteric parasites in sheep (Ovis aries).
Methodology: A total of 96 sheep fecal samples were collected from Gabtoli cattle market, Dhaka from April to November 2017 to perform the present cross sectional study. Formol Ether Concentration technique was applied to process the collected stool samples.
Results: Balantidium sp. (41.67%; CPG 17.5±3) followed by Entamoeba sp. (37.50%; CPG 7.22±3) showed the maximum prevalence among protozoan parasites. Fasciola sp. (45.83%; EPG 45±5) and Hymenolepis nana (37.50%, EPG 17.22±7.5) were the most prevalent among trematodes and cestodes, respectively. Ostertagia sp. (50%; EPG 26.9±5) showed the uppermost prevalence among the nematodes. Trichuris ovis showed the highest intensity (53.7±13.5) followed by Strongyloides sp. (49.8±14). The lowest prevalence was recorded for Giardia sp. (8.33%; CPG 6±0.5). Male and female sheep were almost equally infected except for protozoans and cestodes, which was lower in female sheep.
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasitic infection in sheep (Ovis aries) from Gabtoli cattle market, Dhaka. Further effort is indispensable for a well-thought-out investigation and monitoring of enteric parasites in small ruminants to formulate operative control strategies
Overview: Q Fever and Potential Emerging Infection in Ruminants and Risk of Zoonotic Transmission
No full textQ fever is an economically significant disease in ruminants causing a range of reproductive disorders worldwide. The disease has not been reported in ruminants while low seroprevalence was reported among humans in Sri Lanka. Since factors associated with antibody against Coxiella burnetti in human has not been found and the association between human and animal has not been evaluated. However, importation of live animals may or may not be considered as a potential risk factor therefore, extensive studies are encouraged.
Q fever is caused by obligate intracellular parasite Coxiella burnetti which is an aerobic, Gram-negative organism, and highly resistant bacterium. The bacterium may infect mammals, birds, and arthropods. Q fever has been reported slightly high prevalence in cattle than in small ruminants, the disease is often considered a a neglected disease in differential diagnosis in the clinics and laboratories. Q fever is mainly associated with reproductive disorders such as abortion, metritis, weak offspring, and sterility. The organism also causes mastitis in cows. The risk of transmission is highly dependent upon the prevalence of shedders in a herd and intensity of shedding the organism by animals. Although herd size and composition of herd has been identified as no effect on epidemiology, herd density is considered an important factor in transmission of the disease within the herd. Coxiella burnetti is shed through birth products, vaginal fluids, urine, feces, and milk just after calving or parturition. The Q fever has been reported in most of the countries in the World. High seroprevalence was reported in Belgium where prevalence was 56.7%. The prevalence of Q fever at individual and herd level in France was 20% to 38% in cattle and 15% and 25% in sheep and goats respectively. In the USA, herd prevalence of Q fever was varied from 26.3% to 94.3% in 2002 and 16.7 and 5.4% in 2011, Asia. Cats are considered as the main source of human infection comparing to dogs. The bacterium had been isolated from feline vaginal mucosa and associated with reproductive disorders including abortion in cats. Inhalation has been identified as the main source of transmission both in animals and humans, infective material is infected through inhalation. Ingestion and vertical transmission have been also suspected. The organism is considered to be highly resistant in a farming environment for 2 years of post-infection.
The infection is often asymptomatic in humans and both acute and chronic forms have been reported flu-like infection, pneumonia, and hepatitis were reported common and chronic fatigues, endocarditis, pneumonia, abortion, stillbirth, and premature deliveries, were also reported. Most clinical cases reported were among the immunocompromised population, abattoir workers, farmworkers, and people who have a close association with animals. Also, a good prognosis has been observed in humans when treatment was started at early stage. High seroprevalence was reported among veterinarians and vaccination with Phase I vaccine was proven results on developing clinical disease, although side effects were reported on people who exposed to the organism previously. Fluoroquinolone was recommended only for meningoencephalitis and other human cases were treated with doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and hydroxychloroquine.
Both humoral and cell-mediated immune mechanisms were recognized as an essential tool to protect against Coxiella burnetti infection in animals and humans. Passive actin-dependent phagocytosis in phagocyte cells and active zipper mechanism in nonphagocytic cells have been described in pathogenesis. The bacterium can be detected in different clinical samples such as milk, vaginal mucous, feces, urine, semen, birth fluid, and placental membranes. Identification of the bacterium can be done by conventional bacteriological methods; molecular methods and detection of antibodies were done by serological methods such as ELISA. Identification of the organism and serological diagnosis in bulk milk tanks is the most practical way of diagnosis in ruminants. Serological diagnosis is considered the gold standard of diagnosis of Q fever in humans. Antibiotics, vaccination, and a combination of these two are the alternative to control clinical disease in cattle. A few vaccine types have been recognized such as inactivated PI or PII, attenuated PII Coxiella burnetii. Chloroform: methanol residue fraction of Nine Mile phase I killed vaccine and used to control the excretion of the organism in sheep/goat and cattle
Evaluation of Vitamins C and E on Semen Motility and Viability in Chilled Semen of Nigerian Indigenous Turkey Toms (Meleagris gallopavo)
No full textOxidative stress has been established as a major cause of semen deterioration during in-vitro storage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing the diluents of turkey semen with antioxidant vitamins C, E and a combination of vitamin C and E on semen motility and viability. Twenty healthy turkey toms aged 37-38 weeks with an average weight of 7±0.3kg were used for this study. The toms were randomly placed into four groups (T0, T1, T2 and T3) of five toms. Semen was collected bi-weekly from the turkey toms within the groups using abdominal massage method. Semen collected from individual turkey toms within each group were pooled, evaluated and extended with egg yolk citrate diluent containing no antioxidant (T0), 4 mg/ml Vitamin C (T1), 8 mg/ml Vitamin E (T2) and 4 mg/ml Vitamin C + 8 mg/ml Vitamin E (T3). The extended semen were packaged into biju bottles and stored at 40C for 48 hours. Semen motility and viability, were assessed at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 hours post dilution and storage at 40C. The motility and viability of the diluted semen decreased across the group with increase in storage time irrespective of the antioxidants added. T2 gave a better motility (55±2.8 %), viability (41.3± 1.5%) over a 24 hour period. The result from this study showed that supplementation of the diluents of turkey semen with antioxidants resulted in significant (p <0.05) improvement in motility and viability. Vitamin E recorded a better result in relation to motility and viability. It can be concluded that the supplementation of diluents of turkey semen with antioxidant Vitamin C and E improves the shelf-live and quality of turkey semen during in-vitro storage
Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Sheep and Goats of Bui and Donga-Mantung Divisions of the North West Region of Cameroon
No full textBackground: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, intensity of infection and management systems associated with gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants (sheep and goats) from 12 villages in the Bui and Donga-Mantung Divisions for a period of one year.
Methods: A total of 704 stool samples were collected from 321 sheep (153 males and 168 females) and 383 goats (189 males and 194 females) consisting of 463 adults and 241 young (kids/lambs). These animals aged 5 months to 7 years were examined for gastrointestinal parasites. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of stool samples were carried out using the McMaster technique.
Results: Of the 704 stool samples examined, 630 samples were found positive with one or more gastrointestinal parasites giving an overall prevalence of 89.5%. Sheep recorded the highest prevalence (90.0%) contrary to 89.0% in goats. Nine types of nematode eggs and a single protozoan oocyst were identified. In sheep, Haemonchus species (18.7%) and Trichostrongylus species (13.7%) recorded the highest prevalence while in goats, Strongyloides species (10.4%) and Trichuris species (2.4%) recorded the least prevalence. Mixed infections of Haemonchus species and Eimeria species were most prevalent in sheep 64(19.9%) than in goats 26(6.8%) while mixed infections of Trichostrongylus sp./Strongyloides sp/Eimeria sp were least prevalent in goats 8(2.1% ) than in sheep 5(1.5%). In the two types of animals, mean intensity for Haemonchus species was higher in goats (694.4 ±1904.2) than in sheep (189.5±137.3). In sheep, adults were more infected 198 (94.3%) than the young 91(82.0%) while in goats, adults were still the most infected 227 (89.7%) compared to the young 114(87.7%). Generally, adults were the most infected (91.8%) compared to the young (85.5%) ruminants but with no significant difference (P>0.05). Based on sex, male sheep recorded the highest prevalence (93.5%), followed by male goats (91.0%). Female goats and sheep recorded prevalence of 87.1% and 86.9% respectively. However, the overall prevalence of infection in the different sexes generally showed that, male animals were the most infected (92.1%) than the female animals (87.0%) with no significant difference (P>0.05). Concerning the various management techniques, prevalence of was higher in free range grazing animals (95.5%), followed by tethered animals (84.5%) while animals confined in paddocks had a low prevalence (76.8%).
Conclusion: This study indicates a very high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in sheep and goats of Bui and Donga-Mantung Divisions. From these results, it is very urgent and important to sensitize the farmers of these areas on good rearing techniques, they should use strategic methods like some medicinal plants that can be used to reduce the infection rate and finally to put in place a campaign that will help in the deworming of these animals in these Divisions thereby reducing economic losses
Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Female Gamecocks Productive Parameters and Cardiac Mitochondrial Biogenesis
No full textBackground: Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is an endogenous antioxidant responsible for the removal of free radicals in all cell types. In farm animals, its use improves weight gain, energy metabolism, and the response to oxidative stress. The purpose of this work was to measure the effect of ALA on productive variables and cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis in female fighting cocks (Gallus gallus).
Methodology: Two groups of 38 4-week-old chicks received either 0 or 40 ppm of ALA in food for 9 weeks. Different parts of the carcass, additional to the liver and the heart, were weighed, the antioxidant capacity in serum was measured, and the expression of the mRNAs for five genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis was quantified in the heart using real-time PCR.
Results: No differences were observed in growth performance between the two groups (P > .1). The carcass yield was higher in the birds that consumed ALA (69 vs. 65%; P < .05); however, no significant differences were observed in the breast, leg with thigh, wing, and liver yields (P > .1). Heart performance was higher (0.71%) in birds treated with ALA compared to the control group (0.67%; P < .05), and the total antioxidant capacity (599.71 vs. 554.64 UT, P < .05) was improved with ALA. The expression of the mRNAs for NRF1, NRF2, PGC1-α, MT-ND1, and SIRT1 was increased in the heart of the birds treated with ALA (P < .05), which may suggest that there was an increase in cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis.
Conclusion: The addition of ALA to the diet of fighting cocks could improve their strength during a fight; however, further testing is required to determine gender-specific effects of ALA supplementation
Relationship among Liveweight and Body Dimensions of the Greater Cane Rat (Thrynomys swinderianus)
No full textThe objective of this study was to predict the live weight (LW) of domestically kept Grasscutters from some morphological parameters. The study was carried out at the Grasscutter section of FAK Farms, Apata, Ibadan. Data were recorded on body length (BL), tail length (TL), heart girth (HG), wither height and head length (HL) and body weights of 45 animals (25 females and 20 males) selected at random. Body weights and linear body measurements were recorded for the animals at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age using the simple kitchen digital weighing balance and traditional tape measure respectively and the data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and regression analysis (P=0.05). Mean body length, tail and head lengths, heart girth and wither height were 51.38±3.03cm, 16.76±1.05cm, 10.01±0.42cm, 28.90±1.39cm and 13.66±0.75cm respectively for the male Grasscutters and 45.92±10.01cm, 14.62±0.84cm, 9.40±0.42cm, 28.06±1.41cm and 13.83±0.78cm respectively for the female Grasscutters. The correlation coefficients between LW and body measurements ranged from 0.251 to 0.909 for the male grasscutters and 0.347 to 0.945 for the female grasscutters with the highest correlation of 0.909 and 0.945 for the association between liveweight (LWT) and HG for males at 12 months of age and females at 9 months indicating sexual dimorphism.
The coefficients of determination (R2) for the prediction equations recorded highest for heart girth {LWT= -0.101+0.095HG (82.6%)} at 12 months and {LWT= -2.671+0.148HG (89.4%)} at 9 months for the male and female Grasscutters respectively. Using the linear function from the R2 value, BL, WH and HG were better predictors of LW than TL and HL. The best predictor of body weight was heart girth for both the male and the female.
In conclusion, the use of BL, WH and HG in a given function explained better the variation in LW than the use of just one body measurement and can provide a basis for selection
Prevalence and Economic Impacts of Eight (8) Reasons for Seizure of Small Ruminant Meat at the Port-Bouët Slaughterhouse of the Autonomous District of Abidjan, Côte D\u27ivoire
No full textAims: This study intends to contribute to the improvement of the quality of small ruminant meat produced at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse in order to protect consumer health and facilitate the implementation of prophylactic measures.
Study Design: This was a retrospective study conducted at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse on data produced from July, 2019 to June, 2020 on small ruminants received.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted from January to May 2021 at the Port-Bouët slaughterhouse which receives small ruminants (sheep, goats) from neighboring countries and Ivorian farms. The animals slaughtered in this slaughterhouse come from the small ruminant market at the Port-Bouet slaughterhouse.
Methodology: Data were collected from the digital database of the operating system called "Système de Gestion et d\u27Identification des Animaux à Port-Bouët" (SYGIAP 3.1). These data concerned the origin of the animals, the number of animals slaughtered, the type of seizure, the reasons for the seizures and the organs seized.
Results: The results indicate that the slaughterhouse is supplied with small ruminants by four (4) countries with proportions of 68.14% (Burkina Faso), 29.29% (Mali), 2.44% (Côte d\u27Ivoire) and 0.13% (Niger).The proportion of animals slaughtered at the slaughterhouse is 31% and the prevalences of the causes for carcass condemnation are 0.35% (Cysticercosis), 3.32% (echinococcosis), 5.07% (hepatic cirrhosis), 5.46% (tuberculosis), 9.43% (abscesses), 13.25% (congestion), 28.97% (distomatosis), and 34.15% (hemosiderosis). For the organs seized, the proportions are 0.05% (3 seizures), 0.06% (4 seizures), 0.18% (12 seizures), 0.27% (18 seizures), 0.32% (21 seizures), 23.01% (1,517 seizures) and 76.11% (5,019 seizures) for intestines, muscle, spleen, kidney, heart, lung and liver respectively ; no total seizure (seizure of the whole carcass) is observed. Financial losses linked to all the seizures amount to 8,074,000 XOF.
Conclusion: The Port-Bouët slaughterhouse should report the information obtained during inspections to enable the implementation of prophylactic measures from the origin of the animals in order to reduce the financial and sanitary impacts of zoonoses
Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance in Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci and E. coli Isolated from Bovine Clinical Mastitis in Sri Lanka
No full textBackground and Aim: Mastitis is an economically important disease in dairy cattle, and one of the most common diseases both in developed and developing countries. The disease prevalence is quite high in Sri Lanka; both clinical and subclinical mastitis were reported, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli are important bacterial organisms which cause clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. The antimicrobial resistance of these two bacterial species are increasing all around the world, only limited literature is found locally. The objectives of the study were to determine phenotypic antimicrobial-resistant profile in commonly reported two organisms from the clinical mastitis in the country.
Materials and Methods: Samples (n=197) were collected from regional veterinary investigation centers (n = 6) as a routine clinical submission for diagnosis of mastitis, one government dairy farm in 2018-2019. Coagulase positive Staphylococcus (n=41) and E. coli (n=17) were isolated and identified by conventional tests and standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done and interpreted as described by EUCAST.The coagulase-positive Staphylococcus isolates were screened for mecA and E. coli were screened for CTX-M and NDM by conventional PCR tests as described.
Results and Discussion: Methicillin resistance was not shown in coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus in the study and a high frequency of resistance was reported against ampicillin (98.0%), amoxicillin (64.7%), amikacin (68.6%), cloxacillin (64.7%) and oxytetracycline (56.9%). E.coli were shown 100% resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim alone. High resistance frequencies were shown for oxytetracycline (80%), chloramphenicol (80%), sulfa trimethoprim combination (66.7%) and doxycycline (60%). Only 26.7% of E. coli was shown resistance for cefotaxime and only 4 were shown CTX-M by conventional PCR.
Conclusions: Antimicrobial resistance is emerging in these two species of bacteria, national resistant surveillance and evidence-based antimicrobial usages are recommended to combat against emerging resistance in livestock