Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Isolation, Identification and Characterization of a Unique Infectious Bursal Disease Variant Virus from a Layer Farm Having Recurrent Vaccine Failure
No full textAim: The present investigation was conducted to evaluate and determine the genotypes of IBDV isolate associated with persistent outbreaks in fully vaccinated layer flocks from West Bengal, India.
Study Design: A recurring IBD outbreak was reported in three consecutive batches of approximately 32 to 36 days old chickens in a fully vaccinated layer farm in West Bengal, India. For etiological investigation, the bursal tissue samples were collected aseptically from the chicken assumed to have died due to IBDV infection.
Place and Duration of Study: The present study was carried out on a fully vaccinated layer (Babcobb) farm in West Bengal, India in April 2020.
Methodology: The bursal tissue samples were collected aseptically from the chicken assumed to have died due to IBDV infection. All the surviving birds were sacrificed and the bursa was collected for histopathological investigation and RNA isolation was done for the sequencing of the VP2 region.
Results: As a result, the population contains IBDV isolates with varying genotypic and phenotypic variability. The obtained isolate is denoted hereafter as WB/HBL/0320. The isolate was subjected to amplification and sequencing of the hypervariable region (HVR) of VP2. The previously reported IBDV strains were used as a reference for analyzing the inferred amino acid and nucleotide sequences of WB/HBL/0320. In the present study, the amino acid positions in the VP2 hypervariable region of WB/HBL/0320 isolate are indicative of the virulent strain, including 242Ile, 253Gln, 256Ile,272Ile, 279Asn, 284Ala, 294Ile, 299Ser, and 330Ser, which are very similar to the very virulent and intermediate plus virulent types with only novel substitution present as A222V. Unlike previously reported virulent genotypes, WB/HBL/0320 showed the unique substitutions V225E and Q304H.
Conclusion: The molecular analysis based on a nucleotide sequence of the HVR-VP2 showed close clustering of WB/HBL/0320 with previously reported very virulent strains. However, more investigations are needed to decide on the control of the WB/HBL/0320 variant and the effectiveness of available IBD vaccines for IBDV
Bacterial and Parasitological Causes and Risk Factors Associated with Bovine Calf Diarrhoea in Tamboul Locality, Gezira State-Sudan
No full textThis study was aiming at investigating bacterial and parasitological causes and risk factors associated with bovine calf diarrhea in Tamboul Locality, Gezira State-Sudan. The study was conducted during the year 2021 to cover farms in Tamboul city. Questionnaires were filled and 36 fecal samples were taken from calves at the age less than 5 months, showing clinical signs of diarrhea and not subjected for treatment. Samples were subjected for bacteriological and parasitological examinations. The results showed that 35 (97.2%) of the samples were positive for bacteriological tests and all of the samples were negative for parasitological examinations. The statistical analysis showed a significant variation (P=0.000) in the effectiveness of etiology on occurrence of calf diarrhea in Tamboul city. Gram negative bacteria were isolated from 20 (57.2%) diarrhoeic samples, gram positive bacteria from 4 (11.4%) samples and mixed (gram negative and gram positive) bacteria were isolated from 11 (31.4%) samples. The statistical analysis showed no significant variation (p>0.05) between colour of diarrhea and other symptoms (emaciation, anorexia, nasal discharge, fever and Skin lesion) and incidence of calf diarrhoea. The results showed that 21 (58.3%) diarrhoeic calves were under 1 month of the age, 9 (25%) were in between 1-3 months and 6 (16.7%) were more than 3 months. By using Chi-square test there was no significant variation (p>0.05) between groups of age of diarrhoeic calves and incidence of calf diarrhoea. The results showed that 21 (58.3%) diarrhoeic calves were males and 15 (41.7%) were females. There was no significant variation (p>0.05) between groups of age of diarrhoeic calves and incidence of calf diarrhoea. Also cross-breed were more infected than local breed (61.61% and 38.89%) respectively. All bacterial isolate were sensitive to Gentamicin and Enrofloxacin and Resistant to Oxytetracycline and Sulphadimidine. Animals\u27 owners should be aware about risk of antimicrobial resistance and we recommend the use of Gentamicin and Enrofloxacin for treatment of calf diarrhea
Utilisation and Registration Assessment Status of Chicken Genetic Resources in Nigeria
No full textThere are sizeable numbers of exotic chickens that are being utilised for commercial production of day-old chicks (DOC), eggs and meat without adhering to the regulation governing the commercial utilisation of livestock breeds in Nigeria. Data was obtained through structured questionnaire on the utilisation and registration status of chicken breeds among the day-old chicks (DOC) Merchants Association in Nigeria. A total of 400 DOC merchants were randomly selected, interviewed on the chicken breeds, types and the promoting companies. The data obtained were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis of simple percentages and proportions. The age of majority DOC merchants ranged between 46 – 55 years for male and 36 – 45 years for female representing 40.91% and 39.44% respectively. The highest educational qualification of the male respondents is Higher National Diploma or First Degree and Ordinary National Diploma for the female respondents representing the percentages of 36.36% and 36.11% respectively. Eight layers, six broilers, two dual-purpose, special male and cockerels were identified being utilised for the commercial production of DOC in Nigeria. Similarly, eleven major chicken promoters/breeders’ farms and numerous subsidiary promoters were identified. The patronage of DOC by customers is not restricted to Nigeria alone but stretched to other West African Countries. The male and female DOC merchants usually realised the sales volume of 05 to 20 boxes at 27.73% and 38.89% per market day and least of 301 – 500 boxes at the proportions of 0.50 and 0.56 respectively. The chicken breeds used for the production of DOC, eggs and meat should be registered to aid documentation, inventory and also expedite government interventions on the industry
Comparative Study of Semen Collection from Rabbits Using Locally Assembled and Conventional Artificial Vaginas
No full textArtificial insemination has been used in time past to improve the reproductive performance of animals and has a great potential in rabbit production. The cost of purchasing sophisticated artificial vagina is a challenge for rabbit producers in developing countries like Nigeria, therefore, this study was carried out to compare the quality of semen collected using the Locally-assembled Artificial Vagina (LAV) with that collected using the Conventional Artificial Vagina (CAV). 3 matured bucks were housed separately in a Completely Randomized Design and each type of Artificial Vagina (AV) was used to collect 4 semen samples from each buck over a period of 4 weeks. A total of 24 samples were collected and analysed. The results showed that the viscosity and odour of all samples are the same, while the colour was Slightly yellowish white and milkfish white for LAV and CAV respectively. It was observed that the Liquefaction time, pH and Massal Motility of semen collected with both AVs were not significantly different (p≥0.05), but the Volume, Individual Motility, Sperm Vitality and Concentration of the semen collected, were significantly higher (p <0.05) for CAV at 0.47ml, 66.33%, 71.33% and 455.18 x 106 respectively. Although, there was a little difference in the quality of both semen, the semen collected using LAV are within acceptable range. It was concluded that unsophisticated LAVs made from cheap and available materials, is a good option for local rabbit breeders to collect semen from rabbits in an AI process, in order to save cost for rabbit farmers in developing countries
Antifungal Activity of Buchholzia coriacea’s Methanolic Extract on Dermatophytes Isolated from Donkeys in Katsina State, Nigeria
No full textDermatophytes are filamentous fungi that affect both human and animal skin, hair, and nails. There is a public health issue with it. In order to ascertain the effects of the methanolic extracts of Buccholzia coriacea on the isolates and the sensitivity level of the isolates to common antifungal drugs, this study was developed to explore the prevalence of Dermatophytes from clinical cases in donkeys. Samples were initially cultivated on Sabouraud dextrose agar, and then on Potato dextrose agar (secondary culture). Sixty (60) clinical samples were collected out of which 13(21.7%) were positive for Dermatophytes. Species identified were; T. rubrum (3), T. verrrucossum (1), T. equinum (3), T. Mentagrophytes (3) M. audounii (1), M. gypseum (2). At concentrations between 125 and 250 mg/ml, the methanolic extract of Buccholzia coriacea demonstrated antifungal effects on every isolate with values for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). The isolates\u27 susceptibility to six popular antifungal medications was assessed. The isolates were well inhibited by Ketoconazole and terbinafine, but none of them were susceptible to amphotericin B. This study was able to show that Buccholzia coriacea\u27s methanolic extract has antifungal properties. Additionally, two Dermatophytes species (Trichophyton and Microsporum) from Katsina state, Nigeria, were able to be isolated in this study
Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Recent Developments in In vitro Embryo Production Technology in Dairy Cattle
No full textScientific and technological researches in livestock reproduction have culminated in the development of various reproductive techniques. Assisted reproductive technologies that include artificial insemination, superovulation, estrus synchronization, in vitro fertilization and semen sexing as well as gametes and embryo cryopreservation have a major effect on dairy cattle genetic improvement programs worldwide. The major efforts of assisted reproductive technologies are production of large number of embryos from genetically superior dams and sires and dissemination of genetic material all over the world. To this end, scientific advances in in vitro fertilization and embryo production immensely contributed to the genetic improvement in cattle production systems. In vitro fertilization with sexed semen has been successfully used to enhance genetic improvement in wider part of the world. Recent developments in reproductive technologies which include ultrasound guided oocytes aspiration, semen and embryo sexing and cryopreservation of embryos immensely contributed for the advancement and success of reproduction and production in dairy industries worldwide
Stomach Environment, Serum Metabolites and Microbial Cells of Goats Fed Condemned Engine Oil as Option for Waste Oil Management
No full textThe experiment was carried out with the objective of developing and adaptive rumen microbial ecology towards the breakdown of different of different oils as enshrined on this work, for bioremediation on waste oil. The study was conducted in Michael Okpara University Teaching and Research Farms. The diets contained T1 = 0% oil, T2 = 5.5% palm oil (PO), T3 = 5.5% condemned engine oil (CEO), and T4 = 5.5% palm kernel oil (PKO), sawdust, poultry litter, palm kernel cake and 5% ruminant concentrate mixed were used to balance the diets in a completely randomized design. 40 unsexed Sokoto red goats aged between 6 to 7 months were divided into 4 treatments of 5 replicates, in a completely randomized design (CRD) and housed in 0.5 by 0.75m2 floor space pens. Fed for a period of 52 days. The results were separated according to the parameters of microbial cells count, serum metabolites, stomach ecology and growth rate. The investigation revealed that microbial load counts, average dry matter of stomach compartment, serum metabolites and growth rate were significantly (p<0.01) influenced by treatments. Recticulo-rumen microbial load counts declined with goats fed diets supplemented with condemned engine oil. This shows that microbial community of rumen fed different oils were greatly affected. The microorganisms may become adaptive and genetically improve into oil eating microbes, when advance procedures are carried out. It can be concluded that, long time inclusion of condemned engine oil in the diets of goats, the recticulo-rumen microbes would redesign its enzymatic feeding mechanism to feed on condemned engine oil
Effect of Eruca sativa Seeds on Semen Quality in Lohmann Roosters
No full textBackground and Objective: The poultry industry plays a very important role in improving the standard of life worldwide due to its concern about fighting hunger. Improving fertility, hence, productivity is the main goal in poultry production. This study was designed to investigate the effect of Eruca sativa (Rocket salad) on semen quality in cockerels’ chicken.
Materials and Methods: The Eruca sativa seeds were provided to fifteen cocks of Lohmann chicken breed (age seven months) at a concentration of 0.0% (control), 0.01%, and 0.02% as a feed additive for nine weeks. The cocks\u27 sperm were collected using an abdominal massage technique. The semen volume, concentration, motility, live/dead ratio and normal/abnormal ratio were determined weekly over the experiment period. Data were statistically analyzed by a one-way ANOVA test using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 16).
Results: Concentration of 0.02% Eruca sativa significantly (p < 0.05) increased semen volume, motility, live/dead ratio. The other characteristics were also numerically increased in response to this concentration. Although it was not significantly different from the control group, 0.01% of Eruca sativa improve semen characteristics.
Conclusion: Eruca sativa improved the reproductive potentiality in cock by optimizing the semen quality. Generally, 0.02% Eruca sativa improved semen quality better than 0.01%
Brucellosis and Internal and Blood Protozoan Parasites of Camels in North Kordufan State, Sudan
No full textBrucellosis is a serious zoonotic disease affecting humans and all domestic animals including camelidae. Blood parasites are one of the most important and serious pathogenic protozoal diseases which caused by Babesia, Theileria and Anaplasma species. In the Sudan the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) is affected by many parasites. These include Protozoans, Helminthes and Ectoparasites. This study was conducted in Al Obied city of North Kordufan State Locality of White Nile State, during the years 2019 and 2020. The study was aiming at detection of brucellosis and internal and blood protozoan parasites in camels. A total of 60 blood samples and 60 faecal samples were collected from camels in Al Obied city. Blood samples were subjected for parasitological examination using thin blood smears, stained with Giemsa stain and examined under the light microscope (1000X). Sera were separated from blood samples and examined using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) for detection of Brucella antibodies. Faecal samples were subjected for parasitological examination using Floatation and Sedimentation techniques. Five (8.3%) blood sera were positive for RBPT. Twenty five (41.6%) blood samples were positive for blood protozoan parasites. The detected protozoa were 14 Theileria spp. (23.3.0%). 7 Babesia spp. (11.7%) and 4 Anaplasma spp. (6.6%). Twenty eight faecal samples (46.7%) were positive for Internal Parasites. The detected Internal Parasites were 16 Nematodes (26.7%), 5 Ascaris spp. (8.3%), 4 Trichais spp. (6.7%) and 3 Schistosoma spp. (5.0)
A Cross Sectional Study on Some Aspects of Reproduction Scenario and Prevalence of Reproductive Disorders in Dairy Cattle in Bangladesh
No full textA cross sectional survey was carried out in dairy herds in four districts of Bangladesh to determine some aspects of reproduction and the prevalence of reproductive disorders that affect the dairy cattle industry. A total of 2850 dairy cows (local 1020; 35.8% and crossbred 1830; 64.2%) were surveyed in 256 local (204; 79.7%) and commercial (52; 20.3%) dairy herds located in Dhaka, Narayanganj, Gazipur, and Manikganj were investigated using interviewer-administered questionnaire survey and face-to face interviews with the owners. Sizes of the dairy herds visited were small (1-5 cows; 47.7%), medium (6-10 cows; 30.5%), and large ( 10 cows; 21.8%). The estrus of most of the dairy herd cows (197/256; 76.9%) were determined by observing signs or taking history from owners. Furthermore, only 26.1% (67/256) of the dairy herds kept reproductive records using a log book or a computer, whereas 32.8% (84/256) of the dairy herds used a reproductive calendar for breeding purposes. The results indicated that 71.5% (146/204) locals were using artificial insemination (AI) for the dairy cows reproduction when classified according to service method while, 73.1% (38/52) commercials were using AI other than natural service (NS), and AI and NS. The use of the Department of Livestock Service (DLS) semen rate was higher 67.2% (137/204) in locals while, Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) semen rate was higher 61.5% (32/52) in commercials. According to the study’s findings, anestrus rates of 8.6% (88/1020) in locals and repeat breeding syndrome (RBS) rates of 9.8% (180/1830) in commercials were the major reproductive issues in the investigated dairy herds, followed by poor heat detection at 5.2% (54/1020) in locals and anestrus at 4.7% (86/1830) in commercials. Finally, it is recommended that nationwide studies of reproductive characteristics and diseases be conducted, as well as owner education, to establish effective control measures for reproductive management in Bangladesh\u27s dairy cattle industry