Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Genetic Parameters for Growth Traits of Malya Goats and Heterosis from Crossbreds of Malya and Sukuma Goats
No full textThe study estimated heterosis of growth traits from crossbred progeny of MalyaxSukuma goats and heritability, genetic correlation and phenotypic correlation for growth traits of Malya goats in Maswa, Tanzania. The objective was to explore strategies for crossbreeding Malya goats with the Sukuma goats. Growth performance data recorded during the implementation of a crossbreeding project for parent breeds and crossbred off-springs were used to estimate the parameters. Positive heterosis was observed for birth weight (8.19%), yearling weight (9.59%), post-weaning growth rate (19.26%) and birth to yearling growth rate (9.62%), while negative heterosis was found for weaning weight (-10.92%), 32-weeks weight (-6.66%) and pre-weaning growth rate (-9.50%). Heritability estimates from sire variance components were 0.43±0.040 for birth weight, 0.23±0.028 for weaning weight, 0.11±0.020 for 32 weeks weight, 0.18±0.025 for yearling weight, 0.18±0.025 for pre-weaning growth rate,0.17±0.024 for post-weaning growth rate and 0.17±0.024 for birth to yearling growth rate. Genetic correlations between body weights ranged from 0.17±0.062 to 0.49±0.055, while the corresponding phenotypic correlations ranged from 0.10 to 0.61. Genetic correlations between growth rates for the different stages ranged from 0.39 to 0.90, whereas the phenotypic correlations ranged from -0.38 to 0.89. Genetic and phenotypic correlations (-0.39±0.058 and -0.38, respectively) between pre-weaning growth rate and post-weaning growth rate were negative. Genetic and phenotypic correlations between body weights at different ages, pre-weaning growth rate and birth to yearling growth rate, and post-weaning growth rate and birth to yearling growth rate were all positive. In conclusion, heterosis results showed that, birth weight, yearling weight and post-weaning growth traits benefited from the crossbreeding program. Heritability results showed birth weight and weaning weight were considerably controlled by additive genes and thus, in inferiorly performing breeds the traits can potentially be improved by breeding. Correlations among growth traits indicated promising correlated responses to selection
Investigation into the Quinolone Resistant E. coli Isolated from Commercial Broilers
No full textAntimicrobial resistance is an overwhelming issue in human and veterinary medicine. Association between usage of antimicrobials in livestock and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in human medicine has been widely discussed. Antimicrobial resistant surveillance is the only method to know the exact situation among microbial population human and livestock. Quinolone is one of the common antimicrobial used in the poultry husbandry in Sri Lanka. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine quantitative quinolone resistance in E. coli isolated in commercial broilers and to investigate into common quinolone resistant genes in E. coli.
The samples were collected from a collection of E coli which were isolated and identified by a previous study published. A collection of E. coli (n=123) were shown resistant to quinolone by disk diffusion carried out previously. All isolates of the current study were again confirmed as E. coli by Gram test, TSI, Urease test, SIM and indole test as described. The phenotypic antimicrobials resistant of E. coli were determined by agar dilution test as described (EUCAST). Convectional PCR test carried out to identify the selected quinolone resistant genes in E. coli. EUCAST clinical breakpoint was used to interpret ciprofloxacin in E. coli and other guidelines were used for enrofloxacin and nalidixic acids.
Over 96.7% of isolates were shown high MIC as 64 µg/ml and 128 µg/ml against nalidixic acids. More than 86.2% were shown high MIC as 8 µg/ml against enrofloxacin. A 74.8% of E. coli were shown equivalent or more than 1 µg/ml for ciprofloxacin. qnrB was found in majority of isolates as 50.4% of quinolone resistant E .coli were positive for the gene. gyrA was found in 35.8% of E. coli and qnrC and aac(6\u27)-Ib-cr were also found in small percentage in the study. None of isolates were shown positive for qnrA, qnrD, aqxAB and qepA in the study.
Emergence of plasmid mediated quinolone resistance is an alarming finding in the collection of isolate. Since quinolone is a critically importance antimicrobial in human medicine, minimizing emergence and spreading of antimicrobial resistance is vital importance in animal husbandry. Avoiding over usage and misusing quinolone and evidence based usage of antimicrobial is highly recommended to minimize risk of spreading quinolone resistance in poultry
Review on Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Similar Antibiotics Used for Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in Bangladesh with Public Health Significance
No full textAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major health issue for humans and animals around the world. Different classes of antibiotics are frequently used to treat human, poultry, and livestock diseases in Bangladesh. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. cause gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. Since they have zoonotic potential, their antibiotic resistance genes may transfer both horizontally and vertically. Human, poultry, and livestock excreta and their environment are excellent sources of pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, E. coli and Salmonella infections in humans and animals are frequently found here, causing huge economic losses. To control these infections, similar categories of antibiotics are aimlessly used here. In this study, different types of antibiotics like ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and colistin were found to have higher levels of resistance against E. coli and Salmonella spp. Due to a higher level of resistance, two or three types of antibiotic combinations are used today to check bacterial infections that increase the medicinal burden. It is high time to combat AMR infections by raising public awareness, and the government should implement a national action policy to combat illegal antibiotic use
Bio-economic Model of Halal Goat Production System based on Experimentally Comparing Feeding with Madre de Cacao and/or with IPIL-IPIL (Maguindanao Province, Philippines)
No full textThe study was conducted to develop a bio-economic model of Halal goat production in Maguindanao, Philippines to serve as model to Muslim and non-Muslim goat raisers. Nineteen viable cooperatives in the province of Maguindanao were chosen as beneficiaries of the program. Model development, validation and use were done by adopting the STELLA version 4.0.1 computer software program. Interventions derived from the model were tested in the field. Experimental goats were stalled in pens, subjected under two treatments and a Control, and replicated in a completely randomized design. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and standard deviation were used. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) at 1% confidence level was also employed to determine the degree of significance of the observed differences among treatments. A total of eighteen (18) Halal goats with weight ranging from 10.0 – 11.0 kg were used in the field test. They were stall-fed for 90 days with the following treatments: Control (100% Guinea grass), Treatment 2 (50% Guinea grass + 50% Madre de cacao), and Treatment 3 (50% Guinea grass + 25% Ipil-ipil + 25% Madre de cacao). Water and granulated salt were also provided. Dry matter, total digestible nutrients and crude protein contents of Guinea grass, Madre de cacao and Ipil-ipil used in the feeding experiment were analyzed in the laboratory adopting the AOAC method. Growth was determined based on average daily gain in weight among experimental goats. Experimental animals subjected to Treatment 3 performed better than those in the Control and Treatment 2. Results reveal that a combination of Guinea grass, Ipil-ipil and Madre de cacao is still the most practical option in intensive goat feeding management. The study also proved that baseline model developed could be used as tool for Halal goat production system in the province of Maguindanao. Thus, modelling can be used to reduce number of treatments and built-in cost associated with the experimentation
Life Cycle of Hyalomma dromedarii Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on Sheep under Experimental Conditions
No full textAims: This experiment aimed to study the life cycle of Hyalomma dromedarii fed on sheep under experimental conditions.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted between June and October 2018 at Atbara Veterinary Research Laboratory, Atbara, River Nile state, Sudan.
Methodology: Nine sheep were purchased from the local market and used as hosts for feeding H. dromedarii (larvae, nymphs and adults) using the ear bags method. After feeding, detached engorged larvae, nymphs and adults were maintained under laboratory conditions at 25°C and relative humidity (R.H) 75%. All information including feeding periods, the number of engorged and detached ticks (larvae, nymphs and adults), pre-moulting and moulting periods, preoviposition and preeclosion periods were recorded daily.
Results: 93.3% of larvae (1400/1500) successfully complete their feeding during a period between 3-17 days at 34.5°C and (R.H) 47%. The pre-moulting and moulting periods of larvae were between 12 -13 days and 2-3 days, respectively.
Regarding the nymph stage, 96% of nymphs (288/300) completed their feeding between 3-10 days at 27.4°C and (R.H) 56%. The nymph took between 13-15 days as pre-moulting period, while the moulting period was 3-4 days. All adult ticks, 100% (30/30) completed their feeding successfully on sheep during a period between 4-10 days at temperatures ranging between 33-35°C and (R.H) ranging between 36-41%. The preoviposition and preeclosion period varied between 4-6 days and 16-21 days, respectively. The average of engorged ticks\u27 weight, number of eggs produced and the weight of mass eggs were 396.6 mg, 3530 eggs and 217.84 mg, respectively. Regarding hatchability, the results revealed that more than 97.3% of eggs were able to hatch and produce larvae.
Conclusion: This study showed that H. dromedarii behaved as a three-host tick and completed its life cycle between 94- 140 days. The results confirmed the positive relationship between the weight of the engorged female and the number of egg laid, as increases in the females’ weight were associated with an increase in the number of eggs
Bacterial Causes of Calf Diarrhoea in Dairy Farms in Bahri Locality, Sudan
No full textThis study was aiming at investigating the bacteriological causes of calf diarrhea in dairy farms in Bahri Locality of Khartoum State during 6 months of the year 2019. A questionnaire survey was done before collection of samples. A total of 60 faecal samples were collected directly from rectums of 60 diarrhoeic dairy calves at the age of one month and less. Samples were collected from calves not subjected for any treatment before collection of samples. Samples were examined bacteriologically using conventional and rapid API methods. The prevalence of calf diarrhoea in dairy farms was 9.4%. Results of the questionnaires of 10 dairy farms revealed that calves at age of one month or less are more susceptible for diarrhea, calves were separated from dams, hygiene is poor in 80% of the farms, records were not available in 70% of the farms, colostrum was fed to caves at first hours of birth in 30% of the farms, all farms experienced calf diarrhea before, 70% of the owners do not vaccinate calves, 90% experienced death of calves due to diarrhea and in 60% of the farms treatment of calf diarrhea was successful. Ninety six bacterial isolates were identified as 48 Escherichia coli (50.0%), 16 Pseudomonas aerogenosa (16.6%), 10 Proteus mirabilis (10.4%), 8 Staphylococcus aureus (8.3%), 6 Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.3%), 4 Salmonella spp., (4.2%), 2 Staphylococcus epidermidis (2.1%) and 2 Bacillus subtilis (2.1%). Gram negative bacteria represented the higher percentage (87.5%) compared to Gram positive bacteria. E. coli was the dominant bacteria. We recommend feeding colostrums during the first day of birth
Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria Isolated from Milk of Dairy Cows in Small-Holder Farms in Juja Sub-County, Kenya
No full textSub-clinical mastitis (SCM) remains a serious hindrance to small-holder dairy farms in Kenya. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the risk factors associated with occurrence of SCM and antibiotic resistance in smallholder dairy farms in a peri-urban set-up area of Juja Sub-county, Kenya. Milk samples was obtained from 120 lactating dairy cows in 60 farms and screened for SCM using California mastitis test (CMT). Positive CMT samples were cultured and bacteria identification was done using standard methods. A questionnaire survey was administered at the household level to assess the risk factors associated with SCM. Sensitivity of the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from milk against commonly used antibiotics was determined using disc diffusion method. The prevalence of SCM at cow and udder level was found to be 66.7% and 61.3%, respectively. The highest prevalence of SCM was in Kalimoni (88.8%), Murera (82.7%) and Witeithe (71.4%) wards. The least affected area being Juja (60%) and Theta (44.4%) wards. Sub-clinical mastitis was significantly higher (p=0.007) in Friesian (74.1%) and Guernsey (66.7%) breeds as compared to the indigenous breed (53.8%). Cows with parity of four and above had higher (p=0.001) prevalence of SCM (73.7%) as compared to those of lower parity stage. Additionally, the prevalence (81%) of SCM in cows at late lactation was higher (P=0.002) compared to early (61.5%) and mid-lactation (56.4%), respectively. Higher prevalence (59%) of SCM was found in cows kept in less frequently cleaned housing compared to those more frequently cleaned (10%). The bacterial organisms isolated from the milk were Staphylococcus spp. (41.7%), Klebsiella spp. (24.5%), Pseudomonas spp. (22.1%), Escherichia coli (6.8%), Shigella spp. (1.8%) and Salmonella spp. (3.1%). The isolated Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli were most resistant to Oxytetracycline (79%, 100%, respectively) and Streptomycin (44%, 90%, respectively). Multidrug resistance (MDR) involving a combination of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, streptomycin and chloramphenicol and gentamycin was observed amongst Staphylococcus spp. (29.4%) and E. coli (45.5%) isolates. In conclusion, the study showed that large proportion of dairy cows was affected by SCM and the antibiotic resistance (AR) was high. This calls for animal health extension experts and other relevant stakeholders in the industry to train farmers on efficient control of SCM and emerging cases of AR
Nutritional Value of German Cockroach Meal (Blattela germanica) as a SuperPRO Feed
No full textEvaluating animal feedstuff is a crucial aspect of animal nutrition and formulation. It provides basic nutritional value information on the quality of conventional feedstuffs and enriches the database with novel feedstuffs. A study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of the German cockroach (B. germanica) and the parameters compared to the literature for anchovy fishmeal. Samples of adults and sub-adult B. germanica were analysed for dry matter content, crude protein, ether extracts, minerals, and crude fibre. Samples of sub-adult B. germanica were further analysed for profiles of amino acids and fatty acids and mineral composition. The chemical composition was compared to that documented for of anchovy-fishmeal by calculating parameters such as essential amino acid index, chemical score, and ideal amino acid ratios. The parameters were also compared to those recommended by NRC and GRRS. The dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, and ash were 91.40, 56.64, 7.94, 6.05, 4.11 and 89.12, 58.28, 15.03, 5.21, 3.45 for adult and sub-adult, respectively. Whereas crude protein was similar, the crude fat (15.03 %) in nymphs was significantly different from adults (p<0.05). The crude protein level in german cockroaches was lower than that of anchovy fishmeal. Polyunsaturated fatty acid in nymph B. germanica accounted for 70 % of crude fat, dominated by oleic acid (35.90 %). All the essential amino acids were present, with leucine (3.14 mg/g) and methionine (0.65 mg/g) being the highest and lowest, respectively. The essential amino acid index of anchovy fishmeal (1.83) is better than cockroach meal (1.73). The level of essential amino acids in B. germanica exceeded the ideal amino acid ratios prescribed by NRC and GRRS for broiler chicken. Although the nutritional value of B. germanica is lower than of fishmeal, but is sufficient to as alternative chicken feed
Ehrlichia canis Infection Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in a Labrador Retriever and Its Management: A Case Report
No full textIntroduction: Chronic kidney disease is irreversible, progressive and most common form of kidney disease in dogs. Canine ehrlichiosis is caused by gram negative intracellular bacteria Ehrlichia canis.
Case Presentation: A 7-year old Labrador retriever male dog weighing around 35 kg was presented to the Madras Veterinary College Teaching Hospital with a history of inappetence, vomiting, polyuria and polydipsia from fifteen days. The dog was fully vaccinated and dewormed. On general clinical examination, all vital parameters were within normal range except elevated temperature (103.8°F). The hematological findings revealed mild thrombocytopenia and hypochromasia. The serum biochemistry revealed increased creatinine level (3.68 mg/dl). The blood pressure was measured using Doppler device which revealed secondary hypertension. A blood smear examination was found to be negative.
Case Discussion: The animal was treated for chronic kidney failure. Even then animal was going down and not taking feed. The blood sample was sent for Molecular PCR which confirmed presence of Ehrlichia canis. Then animal was treated for Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis to control Ehrlichia canis induced renal failure. Then there was little progress in condition of the animal. The animal was maintained with a renal diet
Inclusion Levels of Bitter (Vernonia amygdalina) Leaf Meal on Meat and Sensory Qualities of Broiler Chickens
No full textFeed constitutes the greatest cost input in livestock production. Feed costs continue to increase due to high inflation rates which impact negatively on livestock production in developing countries. Researchers continue to work toward reducing cost by sourcing for low-cost, unconventional feed ingredients to boost livestock production. This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of inclusion levels of Bitter Leaf Meal (BLM) on meat and sensory characteristics of broiler chickens. Four dietary treatments were formulated thus: Treatment 1/Control (0% BLM), Treatment 2 (5% BLM), Treatment 3 (7.5% BLM), Treatment 4 (10% BLM). Two hundred and forty, 2 week old broiler chicks were obtained and randomly allotted to each treatment in a completely randomised design making 60 birds per treatment with 3 replicates of 20 birds each. Feed and water were given ad libitum for 8 weeks after which four birds from each replicate were randomly selected, fasted overnight and slaughtered. The prime cuts, meat and sensory qualities were evaluated and data obtained were statistically analysed. There was no significant difference between the cooking loss of drumstick of treatment 1(Control) and other treatments fed graded levels of BLM. However cooking loss for breast was significantly higher in treatment 4 (10% BLM) at 24.7, and treatments 1 to 3 recording 21.29, 18.72, and 18.97 respectively. For thigh, cooking loss was significantly lower in treatment 4 at 22.14 while values for other treatments were similar. There was no significant difference among all the treatments for oxidative rancidity and pH. Water Holding Capacity was significantly lower in treatments 3 (7.5%BLM) and 4 (10%) BLM with values of 61.11 and 66.44 2 while treatments 1 and 2 had significantly higher values of 75.00. There were no significant differences among treatments for Colour, Aroma, Tenderness, Texture and Overall Acceptability. Only treatment 4 (10% BLM) had significantly lower value for Juiciness. Flavour was significantly higher in treatments 1 (0% BLM) and 3 (7.5% BLM) with values of 5.6 and 5.7 while the other treatments were similar. Results obtained showed that dietary inclusion of BLM between 5-7.5% generally had no deleterious effects on meat and sensory characteristics of broiler chickens