Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Poultry Diseases Sero-prevalence and Biosecurity Risks Practices in Live Poultry Markets in Southern Kaduna, Nigeria
No full textThe first HPAI outbreak in Africa and in Nigeria occurred in Kaduna State. The study investigated factors favoring the introduction and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza and the prevalence of H5 subtypes, Newcastle and Gumboro diseases antibodies in live poultry markets in Southern Kaduna. One hundred and twenty-three questionnaires were administered to live poultry marketers and 230 blood samples were collected from poultry. Sera from these blood samples were analyzed using agar gel immunodiffusion test for Gumboro disease and hemagglutination inhibition tests for avian influenza and Newcastle disease antibodies. The mean chicken antibody titre and prevalence of Newcastle disease antibodies were 4.46 ± 0.25 log2 and 61.9% respectively. The avian influenza H5 subtype sero-prevalence rates in chickens and guinea fowls were 34.9% and 60.0% respectively with a chicken mean antibody titre of 3.90 ± 0.42 log2. Gumboro disease sero-prevalence rate in chicken was 58.6%. Cages were used by 42.6% of marketers though 66.0% use wooden cages. Marketers trading in markets with history of the outbreak of the highly pathogenic avian influenza were more likely to separate their poultry based on breed and species compared to those from markets without history of outbreak of the disease. Live poultry marketers engaged in risky biosecurity practices such as eating, selling, and purchasing of sick poultry which will increase the likelihood of introduction and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza in live poultry markets. These practices together with failure to wash hands with water and soap increase the human exposure. The risk perception of live poultry marketers with history of AI outbreak was higher than for those without history of AI outbreak. The period of high sales of live birds were Christmas, New Year and Eid-el Fitr. Chickens and guinea fowls in live poultry markets sampled have been exposed to H5 subtype, Gumboro and Newcastle disease antigen. Practices such as selling, eating, and purchasing of sick birds are factors likely to enhance the introduction and spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza in live poultry markets. Government interventions have improved the risk perception of highly pathogenic avian influenza in the intervened markets. Hence there is need for intervention in other markets
Isolation, Identification and Determination of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Important Bacterial Isolated from Subclinical Mastitis in Western Tigray, Ethiopia
No full textA cross sectional study was carried out from November 2017 to June 2018 in Western Zone of Tigray, North West Ethiopia with the objectives of identifying the etiologies of subclinical mastitis and their antimicrobial drug susceptibility pattern. From 122 California Mastitis Test positive quarter samples examined, 114(93.44%) were found culture positive for one or more bacterial species. From the species of bacteria isolated Staphylococcus aureus with a prevalence of 57(42.43%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis with a relative prevalence of 47(33.07%) were the first and second predominate isolated species found in this study. The third predominant bacterial species isolated in this study is Enterobacter aerogens with relative prevalence of 10(7.46%) whereas Proteus species with 7(5.22%) prevalence, Escherichia coli 5(3.73%), Klebsiella pneumonias 4(2.99%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4(2.99%) were with the lowest prevalence of bacterial agent identified. Of total isolated bacterial species, 38 isolates of three bacterial species were tested for drug susceptibility to six antimicrobial discs. In the current study, Staphylococcus aureus is found susceptibility for Vancomycin (92%); Gentamycin (92%); Ciprofloxacin (83%) and Chloroamphenicol. Susceptibility to Vancomycin (100%), Gentamycin (80%), Ciprofloxacin (100%), tetracycline (80%) and Chloroamphenicol (50%) was found in case of Staphylococcus epidermidis whereas the antimicrobial susceptibility test of Escherichia coli indicated that susceptible to Chloroamphencole (100%), Ciprofloxacin (100%), Gentamycin (75%) and Tetracycline (75%). Higher resistance to Penicillin (100%) and 50% susceptibility to Tetracycline was observed in case of Staphylococcus aureus. In the other hand Staphylococcus epidermidis, a 100% resistance to Penicillin and 50% susceptibility to Chloroamphenicole was observed. Moreover, 100% resistance to Penicillin and Vancomycin was found in Escherichia coli. Lack of strategic control measures and improper attention to the health of the mammary glands contribute to the higher infestation rate and insusceptibility to commonly used drugs. Based on the findings of the present study, avoiding indiscriminate use of antimicrobial therapies and regular antimicrobial susceptibility test of bacterial pathogen should be conducted
Effect of Vitamin E on Lipid Peroxidation and Oxidative Stress in Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Rats
No full textObjective: A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant contributor to both death and disability globally. This research was formulated to explore the potential impact of antioxidants in the management of experimentally induced TBI in albino rats.
Methodology: Adult albino rats were subjected to traumatic brain injury using the weight drop method. The rats were divided into three sets, each consisting of ten rats. In Group I, the rats were exposed to trauma and then received treatment (referred to as the traumatized-treated group, TT). In Group II, the rats were neither traumatized nor treated (referred to as the non-traumatized, non-treated group, TNT). Lastly, Group III comprised the normal control group. The treatment group (TT) was administered a dose of 67.5mg/kg of vitamin E (VE). Treatment commenced 30 minutes after the traumatic event and persisted for a duration of 21 days. To assess oxidative stress (OS), various antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum tissue, were analyzed.
Results: The group that received treatment exhibited a significant (p<0.05) rise in the levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx), while there was a notable (p<0.05) reduction in the MDA concentration when compared to the non-traumatized, non-treated (TNT) group.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that the utilization of the antioxidant vitamin E (VE) could serve as a valuable neuroprotective approach in the management of traumatic brain injuries (TBI)
Detection of the Hormone Receptors Controlling the Female Genital Tract throughout the Sexual Cycle of an Oviparous Caecilian Amphibian, Boulengerula taitana
No full textAims: Hormonal control of the development of the oviducts, as inferred by the distribution of hormone receptors, is described for the first time in the oviparous caecilian, Boulengerula taitana (Gymnophiona: Herpelidae). A comparison is made with the aquatic viviparous caecilian, Typhlonectes compressicauda.
Study Design: The study was performed from histological sections of the left oviduct of three B. taitana females collected at different periods of the sexual cycle in the Taita Hills, Kenia, from April 2003 to March 2004. The hormone receptors were localized with indirect immunohistochemical method. Sixty counts were carried out per antibody and per season in the various parts of the oviduct. Analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and Fisher test (LSD) permitted to determine the significant differences between the groups (p≤ 0.05).
Place and Duration of Study: Sciences and Humanities Confluence research Center, UCLy, cedex 02, 69288 Lyon, France
Methodology: By using an immunohistochemical staining method, the specific receptors of steroid hormones (α- and β estrogen, progesterone) and pituitary hormones (gonadotropin, prolactin) were detected in the tissues of the ostium and the oviduct during the female sexual cycle.
Results: The number of immunostained cells reflects the sensitivity of each part of the genital tract to hormonal control, related to its physiological functions. The large number of progesterone receptors detected in tissues during the preovulation period implies the key role of progesterone in preparing the oviduct for ovulation. The two estrogen receptors are differently detected in the tissues, suggesting a specific physiological function of each isoform. The presence of pituitary hormone receptors in the cells during the reproductive period suggests direct control of these hormones on the development and functions of the genital tract. Similarities are observed in the neuroendocrine control of this oviparous species and the viviparous caecilian Typhlonectes compressicauda.
Conclusion: This study indicates the presence of steroid and pituitary hormone receptors in the genital tract of B. taitana, with variations closely related to the key events of seasonal reproductive activity, and confirm that oviduct morphology is closely correlated with ovarian function. A comparative study of the detection of these hormone receptors also revealed correspondence between the parts of the oviduct in the oviparous and the viviparous species T. compressicauda. Despite differences in reproductive mode, similarity in receptor distribution between the two species suggests conservative physiological control of the reproductive cycle in caecilians
Improved Efficacy of Cotrimoxazole with Medicinal Synthetic Aluminum-Magnesium Silicate for Effective Treatment of Trypanosomosis
No full textAims: The mechanism of Cotrimoxazole (Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim combination) as an anti-bacterial drug is inhibition of Folic Acid but its anti-trypanocidal efficacy has not been investigated though Trypanosomes also require Folic Acid for replication. Development of resistance by Trypanosomes against drugs, frequent relapse infections and toxicity of most trypanocides demand that the search for new Trypanocidal drugs be continuous. Aluminum magnesium silicate (AMS) and its formulation named Medicinal Synthetic AMS (MSAMS) have been reported to stabilize other medicines. Stabilizing medicines improves the length of time they remain at high bioavailability and when drugs remain at high concentration in plasma for a long time, their efficacies improve. Improving the anti-folic acid efficacy of Cotrimoxazole may deny Trypanosomes Folic Acid to the extent that their replication could be inhibited.
Study Design: Fifteen West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep allotted to 3 groups of 5 animals each were used. One group was infected and treated, the second group was infected and untreated while the third group was uninfected and untreated.
Place and Duration of Study: the study was conducted in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike/ for a period of 7 months.
Methodology: Five (5) Trypanosoma b. brucei infected sheep (WAD) were treated with Cotrimoxazole MSAMS formulation at dose of 120mg/kg orally for 5 days while another group was left untreated.
Results: Mean parasitaemia of 80.49±7.56 million parasite per ml of blood was recorded just before commencement of the treatment but nine days after treatment with the Cotrimoxazole-MSAMS formulation the parasitaemia of the treated group reduced (P≤ 0.05) from 2.25±1.50 in the control to 0.00± 0.00). Cotrimoxazole-MSAMS terminated parasitaemia in Trypanosoma b. brucei infected WAD sheep 9 days post-treatment. Relapse infection was not observed up to 100 days post-treatment.
Conclusion: MSAMS enhanced the anti-folic acid efficacy of Cotrimoxazole so that it cleared Trypanosome parasitaemia and there was no relapse
Comparison of Growth Performance, Carcass Yield and Meat Quality of Blackhead Persian with Red Masai Sheep under Feedlot in Tanzania
No full textThe 90 days feedlot study was conducted using 16 Black Head Persian (BHP) and 16 Red Masai (RM) lambs, with ages ranging from 9 to 10 months and an average live weight of 14.5kgs. The study lambs were subjected to four different treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4). The control was T1, which was feeding 435g of barley straw daily while T2, T3 and T4 were feeding daily 435g of barley straw with concentrate supplementation amounting to 174g, 261g and 348g, respectively. The concentrate is composed of maize bran (77%), sunflower seed cake (21%), vitamin and mineral premixes (2%). The concentrate had 16% crude protein and 12.4MJ ME/kg DM. The study employed a 22 x 4 factorial design. Feedlot levels, carcass yield and meat quality of treatments were evaluated. Dry matter intake was significantly higher for BHP than RM (48.5 vs. 47.2g/kg W 0.75/day) and energy intake (10.8 vs. 8.32MJ ME/day), respectively. The average daily gains (ADG) were 31.2, 42.4, 42.9 and 46.9 g/day for BHP in T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, and 30.7, 30.9, 38.7 and 45.1g/day for RM in T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. For T1, the breeds did not differ in terms of ADG, whereas T4 expressed no significance between sex in ADG. The BHP and RM breeds were comparable in pre-slaughter weights (18.5 vs. 17.9 kg), hot carcass weights (7.77 vs 7.12 kg) and empty body weights (14.1 vs. 13.7 kg). Conversely, BHP displayed a higher loin eye area (LEA) than RM (14.6 vs. 12.9 cm2, respectively). Nonetheless, T4 was the economical treatment with a profit margin of Tanzanian shillings 2,395 and 1,195 for BHP and RM, respectively. It was concluded that, doing feedlots using barley straw as basal feed for BHP and RM is comparable in terms of meat productivity and quality performance
Sequencing and Phylogenetic Study of Bovine Papilloma Virus
No full textThe involvement of different genotype of BPV was reported from different parts of world. In this study a total of 5 BPV-1-positive PCR products were sequenced to determine the type of viral genome. The Delta papillomavirus sp. L1 generating genes showed the most similarity in a blast search (99.66 percent). Furthermore, multiple sequence alignment revealed 99% and 99.7 % identity with Indian sequences KF055288.1 (IVRI, India) and HG918265.1 (IVRI, India) respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences from the current study revealed that they are closely connected to MN977321.1 (Italy) and AB626705.1 (Japan), but are distantly related to KX907623.1 (China) and KY372394.1 (Turkey) sequences
Role of Selenium in Ruminants Health and Reproduction
No full textSelenium (Se), a micro element was well known for its toxicity at earlier times. But, presently it is listed to be an essential mineral which is required for sound health, better immunity, and efficient reproductive functions of livestock. There is variation in the status of Se in animals and plants across the world based on different geological conditions. Se concentrations of plants are closely related with those of its soil concentration. The deficiency of Se is associated with many health problems viz increased neonatal mortality, lowered immunity poor suckling reflex and white muscle disease in animals. There is significant role of Se in the reproduction of animals. The selenoproteins such as, Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GSH-Px4) and SELENOP have a regulatory role in male reproduction. GSH-Px4 has distinct antioxidant and structural properties and is expressed in testes. The peroxidation of Leydig cells is protected by SELENOP. The specific role of Se involves development of seminiferous tubules, growth of testicular tissues, in process of spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis and in synthesis and secretion of reproductive hormones like follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In female reproduction, the supplementation of Se may reduce the incidence of metritis and ovarian cysts and decreases the embryonic mortality. Currently, due attention is given on dietary Se supplementation through different (inorganic, organic and nano) forms of Se
Efficiency of Cheese Making from Camel Milk by Blending with Cow Milk at Different Proportion
No full textWith the aim of assessing the effect of milk blend on physical-chemical composition of milk and cheese, sensory qualities, time of coagulation, and cheese yield, the current inquiry was carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of cheese producing from camel milk by blending with cow milk. To reduce the effect of lactation stage on milk composition, a sample of milk was obtained from pastoral communities in the Borena zone using stratified sampling procedures. The cheese was made using a starter culture (Thermophilic culture STI-12) and camel chymosin in various ratios with a blend of camel and cow milk. Prior to the creation of the cheese, the chemical makeup of the milk used was examined. Cheese\u27s physicochemical characteristics were also assessed. When compared to the other milk a sample, the yield of cheese made from 100% camel milk (T1) was considerably lower (P 0.05). Higher values were seen in treatments that combined 25% camel milk with 75% cow milk and 100% cow milk, significantly (P0.05). When compared to the other milk samples under treatments T2, T3, T4, and T5, pure camel milk (T1) coagulated in significantly longer (P0.05) time (210 minutes), but pure cow milk (T5) coagulated in significantly shorter (P0.05) time (95.67 minutes). In all of the study\u27s treatments, there were significant variations in the physico-chemical composition of raw milk (p 0.05), in TS, TA, Fat and Ash. Cheese may demonstrate the effects of the camel blend if protein, fat, totals solids, and ash content improved significantly (p0.05). The significance (p0.05) boost in cheese\u27s protein, fat, total solids, and ash content could indicate how camel milk has influenced cheese production
Study on Carcass Characteristics of Two Improved Chicken Breeds Reared Under Intensive Management System in Tanzania
No full textThe effect of breed on the carcass characteristic of two dual-purpose chickens reared under the intensive management system was studied. A total of 40 birds from Sasso and Kuroiler breeds (20 per breed) were randomly taken as a representative sample and were slaughtered and carcass dissected manually. The parameters for all breeds included bodyweight at slaughter (BWs), carcass weight (CW), dressing percentage (DP %), parts yield including breast, drumsticks, thighs, wings, back and neck. With regard to all parameters collected, the two breeds were found to be significantly (P<0.05) different for all carcass characteristics. The BWs, CW and all carcass parts weight were significantly (P<0.05) higher for Sasso than Kuroiler. In addition, Sasso had higher proportions of breast, back and wings than Kuroiler but the two breeds were comparable on thighs, drumsticks and neck. There were significant and positive phenotypic correlations between BWs and all carcass traits studied