Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Duckling Lameness Provides Insight into Osteoclast Biology-I. Cytology
No full textLarge multinuclear cells, osteoclasts, were detected in bone marrow touch preparation smears by light microscopy using Wright-Giemsa stain. They are from femur samples of lame ducklings between 7 and 29d. Osteoclasts were found in bone marrow proper, in areas populated mostly by erythroid and granulocytic developmental stages. These are located far from their usual place in situ (Howship’s lacunae) as a component of the basic multicellular unit. Thus, they are called ex situ types.
Many are giants containing up to 50 nuclei of varying sizes. A single OC could contain a few small nuclei with areas (AN ~ 30 μm2) presumed as standard diploid types (2C). However, a majority of the nuclei are larger (AN >1.6 x 30 μm2) polyploids and aneuploid types. Nuclei may be located in restricted places (polarized) or uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Each nucleus contained up to 3 nucleoli themselves of varying size. The OC cytoplasm contains magenta or scarlet-colored “specific granules”, presumably representing tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and (transcytotic) vacuoles; both characteristics of secretory cells. Examples of phagocytic types, faint nuclear types, and anuclear types were detected in the same preparation. In some instances, the OC showed signs of nuclear degradation and cytoplasmic fractures (necrosis). Interestingly, some OC contained engulfed cells appearing normal and were not apoptotic. These are likely examples of emperipolesis. Other engulfed cells showed signs of deterioration due to phagocytosis. It is not yet known if these OC cells represent escapees from the BMU or are formed locally by the fusion of precursors. It is unknown if such cells are homeostatic or pathologic but based on their peculiar cytology the latter seems more likely. These observations are the first report
Nanotechnology and Ayurveda: Emerging Opportunity for Profitable Dairy Husbandry
No full textLivestock development, dairy husbandry in particular, is an important source of food security and income generation for marginal and poor farmers in India and other developing countries. However, productivity of the livestock owned by small farmers is very low, because of inferior genetic base, nutritional deficiency and poor health care. While genetic improvement is being carried out by providing breeding services at the door steps of small farmers, balanced feeding and effective health care need greater attention. This paper identifies the problems faced by small livestock holders and identifies appropriate technologies which can benefit them. Application of nanotechnology and Ayurveda have good potential to provide effective treatment against major health problems such as infertility, metritis, mastitis, ecto and endo-parasites, while ensuring the supplementation of essential mineral nutrients. Nanotechnology for developing Ayurvedic medicines can be more effective than traditional herbal medicines and can significantly reduce the cost of treatment. Promising new generation products developed with this concept, such as ‘Roofert’ and ‘Rookare’ have been proving effective in controlling infertility, metritis and mastitis. There is a need for policy support and investment on research and development to tap the potential of these technologies for the benefit of dairy farmers
To Study the Effectiveness of the Organic Ectoparasiticide "GochidGo" against Cattle Tick Infection in Maharashtra, India
No full textTicks cause great economic losses to livestock, and tick-borne diseases are one of the emerging threats to livestock and public health in India. The chemical ectoparasiticides are being used to control these ectoparasites, but their residues are reported in milk and meat. Hence, it is important to find effective and eco-friendly control measures for ticks. The present study aimed to determine the efficacy of botanical acaricides against ticks with respect to chemical ectoparasiticides in the Kolhapur district of Maharashtra, India. This study was conducted on the Holstein Frisian breed of cattle. Twenty-four cows from two different herds were selected for the trial, and the selected cows were quantitatively assessed for tick infestation. Four different doses of botanical ectoparasiticide, ‘GochidGo’, along with conventional chemical ectoparasiticides containing Amitraz 12.5% EC formulation, were taken for the trial. The cow sheds of both locations were treated with GochidGo and Amitraz 12.5% EC formulation at a dose of 7ml/litre of water. Tick mortality was counted in both cases. GochidGo treatment had the highest mortality at the dose of 5ml/litre of water, which was at par with Amitraz 12.5% EC formulation. The GochidGo formulation, however, had taken a substantially (p<0.05) longer period for ticks re-appearance, demonstrated its long-lasting effects and proved that it is safe for humans and animals
Evaluation of the Biennial Vaccination Campaign against Peste Des Petits Ruminants in the Bagamati Province in Nepal
No full textPeste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease that primarily affects goats and sheep. Morbidity can reach 90%, and mortality can reach 50–100% in severe cases. PPR is brought on by the Peste des petits ruminant’s virus. It is mostly transmitted by direct contact between infected and vulnerable animals. Bagmati Province, a potential province for goat and sheep farming, has conducted a weekly vaccination campaign against PPR disease with the approved action plan throughout the districts at the same time interval for two successive fiscal years, 2021 and 2022, aiming to facilitate systematic and effective immunization programs against this disease in Bagamati Province. Prior to the campaign, there was a continuous outbreak of PPR throughout the districts of Bagamati Province. Overall, vaccination coverage rates were found to be 70% and 77%, respectively, in FY 2021 and 2022. As a result, the community is now better protected against the infectious disease PPR, laying the foundation for improved animal health outcomes in the future. Seromonitoring was performed by the central veterinary laboratory in coordination with district veterinarians, and the results showed it to be effective. Due to the campaign, only two outbreaks have been reported to the date of the study, which in turn proved that the vaccination campaign was functional and has been a resounding success, effectively reaching a substantial portion of the target population. In conclusion, continued momentum in such campaigns is crucial to ensuring the longevity of this positive impact and fostering healthier and more quality products from sheep and goats
Promotor Analysis of Cattle Endometrium throughout Oestrous Cycle and Early Gestation Period
No full textEndometrial gene expression is principally controlled by the ovarian steroids and gestation recognition features. An important number of analyses of differential expression genes (DEGs) in bovine endometrium have been reported. Bovine uteri at follicular phase (FS), luteal phase (LS) and implantation phase (IS). A promoter, as associated to genomics, is a section of DNA upstream of a gene where applicable proteins (such as RNA polymerase and transcription factors) bind to inductee transcription of that gene. The subsequent transcription produces an RNA molecule (such as mRNA). RNA polymerase and the basic transcription factors (TFs) bind to the promoter sequence and start transcription. TFs, belong to growing family of regulatory protein, influence transcription by regulating many different cellular function by interacting directly with DNA. 1kb upstream of the promoter region of each DEGs analyzed by NSITE (Recognition of Regulatory motifs) of Softberry (http://www.softberry.com) and predicated several TFs binding site. GO (gene ontology) used for identification of those DEGs have TFs functions. Promoter analyses predicted 150-160 TFs for each phase. DLX4 and IRF4 at FS, and IRF5, IRF9, STAT1 and STAT2 at IS were in common to DEGs and estimated TFs, respectively. The current research identified possibility molecular mechanisms governing inner epithelial role and coming events studies
Aviary Caged Hens with Unusual Lymphocytes and Normal H/L Ratios
No full textThe aim is to describe hemograms of hens that bear upon interpretation of the traditional H/L stress determination method. Hemograms from aviary caged (AV) commercial hens sampled at 18 wk with low to moderate heterophil/lymphocyte ratios (H/L, range 0.02 – 0.66) were accompanied by slightly elevated total white cell counts (TWBC ~ 30K/μL) to leukocytosis (TWBC ~ 120K/μL) levels. Atypical cells were commonly seen in Wright-Giemsa stained blood by standard differential counts (SDC). Heterophils exhibited signs of toxicity affecting both the nucleus, the cytoplasmic granules, and cell membranes. Many forms of atypical lymphocytes were also detected. These were aggregated small lymphocytes (Ls), medium sized reactive lymphocytes (Lm) plasmacytes (PC) including Mott cells, and other atypical forms. Some PCs contained pink cytoplasmic vacuoles (Russell bodies) an indicating they are IgA types. Developmental PCs rarely found in the circulation of homeostatic avians were also present. Bacteria were commonly associated with the atypical cells. These were both free swimming and cell associated (CAB) types. Fungal forms were also present including yeast-like conidia and hyphae. When microorganisms were in a field the background erythrocytes were in Rouleaux formation, an indication of an inflammatory milieu. In conclusion, it is demonstrated that in the absence of detailed cytological descriptions the H/L ratio can be misleading. Given its wide usage in stress and welfare determinations these observations emphasize some of the difficulties of the simple H/L method. They reinforce earlier observations and draw attention to the necessity of cytological detail before the computed H/L ratio can be accepted as a stress measure
Effect of Early Dietary Interventions on Energy Expenditure and Nutrient Oxidation in Newborn Intrauterine Restricted Piglets: A Pilot Study
No full textAims: To evaluate the feasibility of determining energy expenditure and nutrient oxidation using respiration chambers for newborn intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) piglets while testing two different dietary interventions (DI).
Study Design: A 2x4 factorial design was used in this study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, between September and October 2016.
Methodology: Two different dietary interventions were used for IUGR piglets, Glucose (Glu) injected subcutaneously and a tube-fed dosage of porcine colostrum at two different levels of temperature; 22 ℃ (T22) and 36 ℃ (T36) compared with a placebo (P) treatment (water) of both IUGR and normal (Norm) piglets. Forty-eight piglets in total with 6 piglets per group were used. Piglets were weighed prior to insertion into respiratory chambers, where oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emissions were measured in 1h intervals over a 4h period. Respiratory quotients (RQ) and heat increment (HI) were calculated based on O2, CO2, and CH4 values.
Results: Due to too few animals per group no statistical analysis was performed. Not until between 1h to 2h after DI in T36 IUGR-Glu and -Col piglets displayed numerically greater HI/kg BW compared with IUGR-P (12.7% and 11.3% vs. 7.5%), whereas in T22 IUGR-Col and -P displayed similar increases which were numerically greater than IUGR-Glu piglets (13.0% and 12.8% vs. 9.1%). However, 2h and 3h after DI, respectively, only IUGR-Col and Norm-P in T22 and IUGR-Glu in T36 displayed HI/kg BW (0.56, 2.04 and 0.81%). In the period from the 1h to 2h after DI in T36 RQ changed from 0.34-0.57, 0.28-0.55, 0.32-0.58, 0.52-0.71 for IUGR-P, -Glu, -Col and Norm-P piglets, respectively.
Conclusion: Determining energy expenditure and nutrient oxidation in newborn IUGR piglets using respiration chambers is associated with great technical difficulties leading to results that should be carefully interpreted. However, positive HI was observed when piglets were given DI after 1h in all groups
Repeat Breeding Syndrome: Prime Challenge for the Success of One Calf a Year
No full textCommercial dairy farming is an emerging segment that strengthens the economy of farmers and the nation. A successful “One Calf a Year Programme” is the key to profitable dairy farming. It has been observed that even with proper farm management and veterinary aid, the conception rate has been low and the Repeat Breeding Syndrome (RBS) was very commonly experienced. The main obstacle seems to be the functional hurdles of the reproductive system and often these functional hurdles remain hidden or undiagnosed due to lack of diagnostic facilities, leading to poor fertility. These functional hurdles directly affect fertility and are the major causes of RBS. Various published studies have shown that Indian traditional science can offer a positive solution to overcome the functional hurdles that lead to infertility. It has been reported that certain specific herbs and polyherbal preparations have been proven to be effective in normalizing the functional hurdles leading to an increase in conception rate. Such products have been receiving excellent responses from Indian dairy farmers
The Effect of Adding Aqueous Mint and Lemon to Heat-Stress Broiler’s Drinking Water
No full textWe aimed to investigate whether adding mint and lemon ingredients would improve broiler performance under heat-stress conditions. A total of 120 - one-day-old, unsexed Hybrid chicks were randomly assigned into four treatment groups, thirty birds each. Each group contained three replicates of ten birds. The experimental groups were assigned according to their watering treatments that, included tape water as the control group, tape water mixed with an aqueous solution (0.3%) of mint (Mentha longifolia), tape water with an aqueous solution (0.3%) of lemon (Citrus limon L), and tape water with an aqueous mixture (0.3% each) of mint and lemon, respectively. Feed intake and body weight were measured every week. At 42 days of age, two birds per replicate were slaughtered, the carcass was weighed, and its internal organs (chest, thigh, back, wings, neck, liver and abdominal fat) and dressing percentage were calculated. Live observations of drinking and feeding activities were recorded three times a day.
Our results showed that the combination of mint and lemon significantly (P = .05) enhanced the growth performance of chickens (body weight and feed intake), compared to the control, lemons or mint groups, respectively. Carcass and internal organ (Chest, thigh) weights were heavier when lemon was introduced or mixed with a mint than the control and mint groups. Using mint and lemon solely or combined lower abdominal fat weight compared to the control group (P = .05). No significant differences in back, wing, neck, and liver weight were found in treated and untreated groups. Behavioural observation demonstrated that the mint and lemon combination group showed higher drinking and feeding activities than the control, mint and lemon groups. The study concluded that mint and lemon could effectively reduce the impact of high environmental temperatures on chickens. Incorporating mint and lemon into poultry water can improve body weight and reduce carcass fatness
Phenotypic Characteristics of Red Maasai Sheep in Arumeru and Monduli Districts in Tanzania
No full textThis study was aimed at describing the phenotypic characteristics and assessing the effects of sex and location on body measurements of Red Maasai Sheep found in Arusha region of Tanzania. Samples of 281 adult Red Maasai sheep (165 from Arumeru and 116 from Monduli district) were involved for quantitative characteristics while for qualitative traits 497 sheep were involved. The result indicated that sheep colour type varied though reddish brown dominated, whereas main colour patterns were patchy and spotted. In most cases backward curved horns were observed in both sexes. Ears were medium sized and droopy. Sheep tails were also characterized as fat tailed and fat rumped types. Generally, sex did not significantly affect body weight, withers height, ear length, ear width and tail thickness. Likewise, location did not significantly (P > 0.05) influence most linear body measurements (LBMs). Among the studied LBMs, heart girth was the best predictor of body weight with R2 of 60 %. It was remarked that the breed is in danger of losing its identity as a result of dilution, which was mostly attributed to indiscriminate crossbreeding. Thus, further study on genetic diversity and adaptability of the breed is required. This will enable improvement, higher exploitation and conservation of the Red Maasai sheep pure lines for future.