Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences
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Safeguarding Public Health: A Comprehensive Review of Parasitic Zoonoses in Sri Lanka and Effective Prevention Strategies
No full textParasitic zoonoses present a severe public health challenge in Sri Lanka, a nation with diverse ecosystems and complex socio-economic conditions. This detailed review explores the range of parasitic infections affecting the Sri Lankan population, providing a thorough examination of zoonotic helminths, protozoa, and arthropod-borne diseases. This systematic review was meticulously conducted in accordance with the "Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses" (PRISMA) guidelines. From June to September 2024, a comprehensive literature search was performed across multiple databases and resources, including Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, epidemiological reports, publications from local universities and research institutions, official websites of the Ministry of Health in Sri Lanka, and the World Health Organization (WHO), to ensure a robust analysis. The analysis covers zoonotic helminths, including nematodes such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Ancylostoma spp., as well as filarial parasites like Dirofilaria repens, Brugia spp., and Wuchereria bancrofti. Trematodes such as Schistosoma spp. and cestodes including Spirometra sparganum, Bertiella studeri, Dipylidium caninum, and Taenia spp. are also discussed. Data from various studies illustrate their prevalence and regional impact. Protozoal infections like Leishmaniasis, Toxoplasmosis, Malaria, and Trypanosomiasis are examined to reveal their epidemiological patterns. The review also investigates arthropod-borne diseases, including rickettsioses spread by different species of ticks and myiasis caused by Oestrus ovis and Chrysomya spp. Prevention and control strategies are assessed, focusing on vector management, public education, and reservoir host control. Innovations in research, technology, meat inspection, and measures to address risks from foreign travelers are analysed. Governmental strategies regarding resource allocation, research funding, and public health initiatives are evaluated. The review underscores the importance of improving water quality, sanitation, animal health management, and regulatory frameworks. International collaboration is highlighted as essential for strengthening Sri Lanka’s response to parasitic zoonoses, offering actionable insights for policymakers and health professionals
Effect of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Extract with Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Application on Burn Wound
No full textAn experiment was conducted at the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh to see the clinical effectiveness of turmeric extract with zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in a hot iron burn wound in the rabbit model. Data were collected on the healing rate, healing time, and White blood cells (WBC) count. Sixteen male New Zealand White rabbits were divided into four groups where group T0 served as the non-treated, T1 as burn healing using turmeric extract, T2 burn heals with turmeric extract and ZnO nanoparticles; and T3 burn heals with Bactrocin®. The results showed that the T2 treatment had the best (93±0.707%), T3 better (88.5±1.04%), T1 good (86.5±1.55%) performance, and while the T0 (67.5±0.86%) gave the worst performance. The T3 (26.5±0.60 days) and T2 treatments had the greatest results (24.5±0.6455 days) and required the fewest days of healing compared to T0 which takes a maximum of days (35.5±0.64). The study revealed that the WBC count was maximum in the non-treated group (at 0,1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th week) which is (5600±31.06, 9000±36.47, 8000±38.41, 7500±36.11 and 6000±43.11 cell/ul respectively). The T2 treatments showed lower WBC count during the entire studied period (0, 1st and 4th days) and T3 at (3rd week and 4th week). Overall, the results of the study showed that the use of turmeric extract and ZnO nanoparticles led to faster burn wound healing with a shorter time required, proving that treating burn wounds in rabbits without the use of the commercial drug is both feasible and recommended for practice
Effect of Parenteral Supplementation with Liposoluble Vitamins and Trace Minerals on Growth, Stress, Antioxidant Status and Immunity Biomarkers in Feedlot Cattle
No full textAims: weaning and transport are stressful events in receiving feedlot cattle. These events in-creased oxidative stress in cattle. For this reason, administration of vitamins and trace minerals associated with antioxidant properties is recommended at feedlot entry. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of parenteral supplementation with vitamins (A and E) and minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) on days 1 and/or 7 after feedlot entry.
Methodology: heifers were assigned to one of four groups (n= 30); non- supplemented (CC), supplemented on day 1 and 7 (SS), and supplemented only on day 1 (SC) or 7 (CS). Blood parameters (cortisol, total antioxidant status -TAS-, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances -TBARS, haptoglobin -Hp- blood cell) and weight were recorded on day 1 and 21. Data were analyzed as a complete randomized design using a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments.
Results: there was an interaction (P ≤ 0.07) for daily gain, and cortisol concentration. Heifers in the CC group had reduced daily gain compared with the other 3 treatments. Cortisol concentration was the lowest for heifers in the CC and the highest in the CS, with the other 2 treatments in between. Groups that received day 7 supplementation (CS and SS) increased the total antioxidant status (TAS; P = 0.01) and had lower lipid peroxidation (TBARS; P = 0.01).
Conclusion: supplementation with vitamins and minerals at feedlot entry improved daily gain. The antioxidant effect seems to be evident when considering day 7 supplementation since CS and SS groups showed greater TAS capacity and lower TBARS concentration
Evaluation of Titanium Mini Plates for Repair of Mandibular Fractures in Clinical Cases of Dogs
No full textThe efficacy of straight, 4 holed titanium miniplates for repair of mandibular fractures in six dogs was evaluated. Mandibular fractures accounted for about 4.8% in the present study, commonly occurred in shih tzu and non-descript, male dogs of less than one year of age. The common site of fracture was the premolar region and unilateral fractures were more compared to bilateral fractures. The physiological and hematological parameters were within normal physiological range and statistically non-significant, except the leucocyte count, which showed significant variations and higher values at the beginning of the study due to presence of infection, which reduced with administration of antibiotics. Biochemical parameters namely serum calcium, phosphorous, creatinine and ALT showed non-significant variations. However, alkaline phosphatase showed significant variations. Immediate post-operative radiographs showed good alignment of the fractured mandible with adequate reduction. At the end of the study the mandible healed with minimum or no callus formation. This technique provided excellent stability, early return to normal function and normal occlusive alignment was maintained throughout the study
Gastrointestinal Parasites of Wild Thryonomys swinderianus (Grass-cutters) Sold at Eateries in Umuawulu Community, Awka South Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria
No full textParasitic infections have been shown to affect the growth and economic value of animals. The demand for grass-cutter meat is high in most rural and semi-urban communities in Nigeria due to its value as a source of protein. The present study investigated the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite of wild grass-cutters (Thryonomys swinderianus) sold to restaurants within Umuawulu, Anambra State. Three locations were randomly sampled within the study area and the grass-cutters were purchased from three eateries in the sampled locations. The gut and intestinal contents of the animals were collected at the point of slaughter, transferred to a sterilised container and transported to the Zoology Laboratory, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka for further analysis. A total of 45 (25 male and 20 female) grass-cutters were examined out of which 23(51.1%) were infected. The parasites identified were: Ancylostoma sp. 20(75.0%), Ascaris sp. 5(55.56%), Necator americanus 2(25.00%) and Trichuris sp. 1(12.50%). The highest parasite prevalence in the grass-cutters sampled was found in females 13 (65.0%) while the male had the least 10 (40.0%). Parasite prevalence was not sex-dependent (χ2= 0.95, P =0.136). Also, there was no significant relationship between the parasite distribution and location (χ2= 3.889, P>0.05). It thus highlighted the need for screening of parasites in stock grass cutters brought from the wild for domestication as well as properly cooked before consumption. Further studies are required to generate more data on it
Serological Investigation of Canine Ehrlichiosis in Khartoum State, Sudan
No full textThis study was extended for 2 years and covered different seasons of the years 2021 and 2022. The study was aiming at investigating the prevalence of Canine Ehrlichiosis disease among dogs. A total of 599 dogs from different breeds, ages and different localities of Khartoum State were investigated for the presence of Canine Ehrlichiosis. According to the results of E. canis Ab – Bio Note- Canine Rapid Test for the detection of Canine Ehrlichiosis, the prevalence of Canine Ehrlichiosis in Khartoum State was 5.6%. Male and female dogs were susceptible for Canine Ehrlichiosis with the prevalence of 2.8% and 2.8% respectively. Dogs of all ages were susceptible for the disease. According to ANOVA analysis, the mean infection in autumn is higher than that in winter or summer but there was no statistical significant difference (p-value= 0.685) in Canine Ehrlichiosis among the three seasons. According to Chi-2 test, cross breed dogs were more susceptible for Canine Ehrlichiosis in Khartoum State. Eighty-eight-point two percent of Canine Ehrlichiosis cases respond for the treatment trials with Doxycycline. This is the first study concerning investigation of Canine Ehrlichiosis in Khartoum State. Vaccination and Deworming programs against different diseases are recommended for dogs in Khartoum State
Risk Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance of Bacillus cereus Isolated from Bovine Raw Milk and Fecal Matter from Dairy Farms in Khartoum Bahri Locality, Sudan
No full textThis study was conducted in Khartoum Bahri locality during the period from 2020 to 2021. A total of 40 random samples of raw milk and fecal matter were collected from different dairy farms in Bahri locality with the objectives to isolate Bacillus Cereus organism and to illustrate the resistance pattern of antimicrobial to confirm B. cereus. A questionnaire was designed to show the cleanness, mastitis and fecal matter removal status of the farms. Samples were examined for the prevalence of B. cereus. Results of the bacteriological methods were confirmed using PCR. The data showed that B. cereus was isolated from 9(45%), 15(75%) of the raw milk, and fecal matter, respectively. In farm (1) the prevalence rate of B. cereus in raw milk was 4(20%) which was the highest among other farms, 2(10%), 2(10%), 1(5%) in farm2, farm3 and farm 4, respectively. The isolated organisms were found to be highly resistant to Ampicillin\ Sulbactam, Cotrimoxazole, Cefotaxime, Cloxacillin, Colistin and Ceftriaxone and sensitive to Cephalexin, Tetracyclin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, streptomycin, Roxithromycin, and Gentamicin
Prevalence of Canine Parvovirus Infection in Khartoum State, Sudan
No full textThis study was extended for 2 years and covered different seasons of the years 2021 and 2022. The study was aiming at investigating the prevalence of Canine Parvovirus infection among dogs. A total of 599 dogs from different breeds, ages and different localities of Khartoum State were investigated for the presence of Canine Parvovirus infection. According to the results of Canine Parvovirus Ag Rapid Kit for the detection of Canine Parvovirus, the prevalence of Canine Parvovirus in Khartoum State was 7%. Male and female dogs were susceptible for Parvovirus infection with the prevalence of 3.8% and 3.2% respectively. Young ages were more susceptible for the infection. According to ANOVA analysis, the mean infection in winter is higher than that in autumn or summer but there was no statistical significant difference (p-value= 0.289) in Canine Parvovirus infection among the three seasons. According to ANOVA analysis, there was no statistical significant difference (p-value= 0.514) among dog\u27s breeds in Canine Parvovirus infection. Eighty one percent of Canine Parvovirus cases respond for the treatment trials with excessive fluid therapy, anti-inflammatories and antibiotics. This is the first study concerning investigation of Canine Parvovirus infection in Khartoum State. The Canine Parvovirus infection is more likely to occur at an early stage of life; therefore, it is recommended for owners of puppies less than 16 weeks to avoid contact with dogs at high risk for canine parvovirus infection or during recovery stage. Vaccination and Deworming programs against different diseases are recommended for dogs
Rabbit Gastrointestinal Parasites Prevalence and Farmer’s Knowledge in Maseru District, Lesotho
No full textRabbitry holds an important position for sustainable agriculture in developing countries and support vast majority of socioeconomic activities globally. However inappropriate management practices on control of gastrointestinal parasites infesting rabbits have hindered successful development of this sector. Therefore the study was carried out to evaluate rabbit owner’s knowledge on health practices and to develop effective management strategies aimed at controlling gastrointestinal parasites of rabbits. The cross sectional study was conducted and a total of 300 faecal samples were collected from rabbits in six communities of Maseru district. In addition 120 farmers were interviewed to assess farmers’ demographics, factors affecting growth of rabbit production and viability of rabbit production in relation to their management practices. Descriptive statistics was used in which to give report of collected data and percentages were used to measure knowledge of the respondents. The data was further subjected to Chi-square test to observe the association between farmers’ knowledge on health management practices on rabbits. Considering prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites of rabbits, a modified McMaster egg counting technique was used to examine the faecal samples. Data was analyzed using generalized linear model and subjected to binary logistic regression to determine prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites in response to location, sex and age of rabbits. The findings indicated that rabbit farming mostly dominated by male farmers 90% than females 10%. Additionally, farmers’ gender showed no significance (p>0.05) with flock size of rabbits, most farming household were made up age ranging from 14 to 58 years, and majority of them were unmarried. The overall prevalence of GIPs was 76%, 23% and 13% for coccidia, nematodes and cestodes respectively. Matala and Stadium Area had the highest 95% prevalence of coccidia followed by Qoaling 75%, Khubetsoana 71%, Abia 63% and Lithabaneng 59%
Risk Factors Associated with Prevalence of Brucellosis and Bacteria in Fermented Cow Milk Obtained from Kajiado Central Sub-County in Kenya
No full textCattle rearing is the most important activities practiced by Maasai pastoralists in Kajiado Central Sub-County, Kenya. However, its role has been hampered by occurrence of Brucellosis and other pathogenic conditions of important public health concern. The present study assessed the prevalence and risk factors of brucellosis, and presence of pathogenic bacteria in fermented cow milk obtained from respondents in Kajiado Central Sub-County. The study design was a cross-sectional where 114 fermented milk samples were sampled. From each household, one fermented milk sample was obtained and assessed for brucellosis using milk ring test. The milk was transported to the laboratory where presence of bacteria was determined using standard bacteriological methods. Questionnaires were administered at household level to determine the risk factors associated with occurrence of brucellosis. The overall prevalence of brucellosis in the fermented cattle milk was 7.89%. Herding of cattle with other livestock and use of communal bulls in breeding had a close association (p≤0.05) with the prevalence of brucellosis. There were 7 bacterial species isolated from the milk and these included Streptococcus spp. (43.86%), Lactobacillus spp. (40.35%), Klebsiella spp. (15.79%), Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (14.91%) Pseudomonas spp. (14.04%), Staphylococcus aureus (11.4%), Salmonella typhi (7.89%) and Escherichia coli (4.39%). The mean coliform count of the fermented milk ranged from 1.61×101 to 5.84×101 CFU/Ml. In conclusion, the study showed that brucellosis is prevalent in the study area. There is a need to create awareness of occurrence of brucellosis and other pathogenic bacteria in fermented milk by addressing the observed risk factors