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Physico-chemical Characteristics of Ensiled Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.)) Foliage, and Fermentation Kinetics of Cassava Silage
Get PDFThis study was conducted to determine the physico-chemical characteristics of ensiled cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.)) foliage with or without additives molasses and rice bran. Six treatment combinations were from two crop species (cassava and sweetpotato) and three additives (without additive, 10% molasses, and 10% rice bran). The physical (color, odor, texture) and chemical characteristics (pH, total soluble sugars, Flieg point, dry matter, organic matter, ash, crude protein, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose) of the samples were evaluated following standard procedures. Fermentation kinetics of cassava foliage silage and ruminal in situ DM degradability of cassava foliage silage were evaluated for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h using cannulated cattle. Results showed that cassava foliage (CF) and sweetpotato foliage (SF) silages with molasses had the lowest pH of 3.82 and 3.80, respectively due to high TSS values of the samples. CF had the highest crude protein (19.06%) compared to SF silage (11.61%). Moreover, CF had low fiber fractions (NDF and ADF) resulting in a high effective dry matter degradability (74.73%) of the silage. Results on silage quality, nutritive value, and dry matter degradability evaluation proved the potential of cassava foliage silage with molasses as an alternative high protein feed for ruminants
Disease-reducing Effect of Calcium Salts Against Postharvest Diseases of Mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Carabao) Fruits
Get PDFMango fruits (Mangifera indica L. cv. Carabao) are susceptible to fungal infection, resulting in postharvest diseases. Chemical pesticides are used for disease management but may have a health impact and are costly. Therefore, alternatives to chemical control are necessary to minimize health risks and losses due to postharvest diseases. This research presented the disease-reducing effect of calcium salts, calcium chloride (CaCl2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3), against mango stem end rot (SER) (sometimes caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae) and anthracnose (caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sensu lato). In in vitro assays, mycelial growth of both pathogens was significantly reduced with increasing CaCl2 and CaCO3 concentrations. Spore germination of L. theobromae was significantly decreased by calcium salts. In contrast to CaCO3, higher CaCl2 concentrations stimulated spore germination of C. gloeosporioides. SER infection was higher than anthracnose during the dry season while anthracnose was higher during the wet season. Calcium salts reduced SER infection 7 d after treatment (DAT) in both dry and wet seasons. However, they were ineffective against the disease at 10 DAT when mango fruits were produced during the wet season. Treatments with 1 and 5 % CaCl2 and 1, 3, and 5 % CaCO3 provided a similar degree of control as the hot water treatment (HWT; 10 min dip at 55°C). HWT also delayed symptom development. The treatments did not affect fruit ripening and slightly prolonged saleable life. Further studies must be done on the benefits of calcium salts as postharvest disease management for mango
Home food environment and socioeconomic status of selected adolescents in public and private schools in Urdaneta City
No full textBiology of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on rice and different corn varieties
No full textRice and corn are one of most important crops in the Philippines. Several insect pests contribute to the losses and low yield of these crops. The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) was reported recently to cause economic damage to corn. Also, this insect consists of two genetically differentiated strains, the corn strain and the rice strain. This study was conducted under laboratory conditions to evaluate the biological parameters of FAW on rice and different corn varieties. Newly hatched larvae were fed open pollinated variety (OPV), traditional variety, Macho F1 (hybrid), NK 6410 (genetically modified organism), and rice variety, RC 226. Duration of larva, prepupal, pupal, and larva-adult period, pre-oviposition, oviposition, and post-oviposition period, number of egg mass, fecundity, sex ratio, and survivability of larva to adult of different crops were evaluated. The results showed that the duration of development from egg to adult in Macho F1 and NK 6410 with an average duration of 24.58 and 24.66 d was significantly shorter than on OPV, traditional variety and rice variety, RC 226. The number of eggs laid by females reared on Macho F1, NK 6410, and OPV, with a mean of 1125.60, 1176.80, and 1049.40, respectively, were significantly greater than the traditional variety, tinigib and rice RC 226. Different corn varieties and rice did not affect the male and female ratio, longevity, and survivability. The results of this study will provide insights into formulating management strategies for fall armyworm
Validation of newly designed SSR markers for nine rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes with variable heat tolerance responses based on agromorphic data and pollen fertility analysis
No full textRice is among the most valuable staple food crops in the world. However, several challenges greatly affect production, one of which is the threat imposed by heat stress. To address this, researchers are developing varieties that are tolerant to heat stress with the aid of genetic markers. In this study, eight rice genotypes, namely Dular, Nagina 22, NSIC Rc 222, Milyang 23, EL15, EL92, EL85, and IR52 were observed for agromorphic data, which included plant height, panicle length, filled and unfilled grains, and grain yield. Flower samples were collected to determine the effect of heat stress on pollen fertility. Molecular markers were designed via in silico analysis based on the nine QTL regions distributed among five chromosomes (1, 3, 4, 5, and 10). Out of the 90 newly developed markers, Markers 3066 and 2503 showed good potential as informative markers among heat tolerance classification. Results showed genotype-specific responses of varieties during heat stress and non-heat stress conditions. EL15 had the best agromorphic performance and appeared to be the best elite line. Identification of gene-specific SSR markers has proven to be effective in understanding heat tolerance for future marker-assisted selection
Promotion of Filipino language and culture to the Italian-born children of Filipino immigrants in Turin, Italy
No full textEvaluation of Bean Quality in Cacao Species. II. The Protein and Amino Acid Composition of Cacao Beans
No full textThe nitrogen and protein contents of four varieties of cacao were determined using the Kjeldahl method. The amino acids were separated from each other by paper chromatography and identified with the aid of ninhydrin spray.
Among the four species/varieties studied, Bicolor had the highest amount of nitrogen and protein while UP-677 had the lowest. Amelonado and Criollo had intermediate amounts of protein and nitrogen.
Bicolor, Criollo, Amelonado and UP-677 had the same kinds of amino acids. Among the amino acids detected were leucine, histidine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, tyrosine, valine, lysine hydrochloride, ornithine and pipecolic acid
The Effect of AMF-Cacao Association on Varying Physicochemical, Nutrient, and Biological Soil Parameters in an Agroforest System
Get PDFThe increasing interest in sustainable methods in agroforestry directs the attention of many to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) for their role in maintaining or improving overall plant health and nutrition of many plants including cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) trees. The effects of different treatments of AMF and other soil amendments applied singly or in combination on physicochemical properties, nutrient levels, spore count, and rhizosphere microbial counts, were investigated and compared across different sampling periods of varying climatological conditions in an agroforest system. Results showed that there was a significant effect on the N content using the different treatments. The treatment using AMF from MR (MYKORICH) alone has the highest N level (%) (0.587 ± 0.024, p \u3c 0.001). Levels of P (ppm) and K (cmolc/kg) and soil physicochemical properties were not significantly affected by AMF applications. N levels were highest in January (1.772 ± 0.018, p = 0.004) which was the same month recorded with the lowest P content (0.0163 ± 2.228, p \u3c 0.0001). Soil physicochemical properties did not significantly vary between sampling periods except for organic matter (OM) which was highest in October (2.883 ± 0.151, p = \u3c 0.001), and with water-holding capacity (WHC) in March (80.429 ± 1.775, p \u3c 0.001). Mycorrhizal spore counts were significantly higher in treatments with AMF (p \u3e 0.0001) and between the sampling months (p \u3c 0.0001). Results showed that the effect of season on spore count was not the same for each of the treatments used and vice versa (p = 0.001). Microbial counts on nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria showed no variability between treatments (p = 0.134). These findings guide cacao farmers in directing future interventions for improving soil conditions and yield in cacao agroforests
Biotechnology-assisted development of virus-resistant varieties and populations of squash for climate change adaptation
No full textSquash leaf curl is a serious disease of squash caused by Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV), a begomovirus, transmitted by whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci Genn. Surveys conducted in 24 provinces in the country showed the presence of SLCV in mixed infections along wit other viruses including Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV-w), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (CABYV). Majority of the samples exhibited varying symptoms of mosaic, vein banding, veinenation, leaf curling, bistering, mottling, and leaf distortion, while some samples displayed only mild apparently healthy appearance. Virus infection in the collected fields ranged from 5-100% and was associated with aphids and whitefly infestations. The incidence of SLCV was 67% and was observed to be the most commonly occurring virus throughout the region surveyed. Multiple sequence alignment of the 1.3 kb products of the C1 partial, IR, C4, AV2, CP partial genes of the different local SLCV isolates showed 86.5-99% identified among isolates. Four possible SLCV strains were identified based on virus strain demarcation of less than 92% as follows; 1 SLCV isolates from Region 2 (Quirino and Nueva Viscaya) and Region 3 (Nueva Ecija and Bataan) having low sequence identity with any of the isolates collected from other provinces of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao; 2) Benguet isolate with high sequence similarity of 94.2 to 94.5% to the Ilocos Sur isolates only but low sequence similarities of 87.3-92.9% with the rest of SLCV isolates; 3)the Davao isolates with only 90-92.8% identity with the rest of the Mindanao isolates and low sequence identity of 87.3-92.9% with Cebu and other Luzon isolates; and 4)the Laguna and Cavite isolates having high sequence similarities with all other SLCV isolates of Palawan, Camarines Sur, Albay, Cebu and the rest Mindanao. When aligned with the different SLCV Philippines strains in the GenBank, the local isolates clustered into 3 groups namely; SLCV Phil-Nueva Ecija, SLCV Phil-Batangas and SLCV-Phil-Laguna. The infectious cDNA clones of SLCVDNA-A and DNA-A and DNA-B from Laguna isolate have been constructed and made infectious by agrinoculation into healthy seedlings of squash. Seedlings developed the typical leaf curl symptoms 3-4 weeks after agroinoculations with the mixed suspension of SLCV-DNA-A and DNA-B only but not with either SLCV DNA-A or SLCV DNA-B clones. Fourteen out of 27 AVRDC accessions displayed resistance to either ZYMV or PRSV-W in greenhouse test. One accession, AVPU 1318 was found resistant to ZYMV but moderately resistant to PRSV-W while 5 accessions namely: AVPU 1309, 1314, 1213 sib, AVPU 1223-3 OP and AVPU 1232-5(X) have moderate resistance to both viruses. Among the 47 local squash breeding lines and accessions evaluated against the 2 viruses in greenhouse test, 5 lines were moderately resistant to ZYMV, 7 lines were moderately resistant to PRSV, while 2 of these lines were moderately resistant to both viruses. Four more squash breeding lines were found promising in greenhouse screening trial in 2014. One line (131538) showed moderate resistance to both ZYMV and PRSV-W. The 3 other breeding lines namely: 13154, 131562 and 131564 were moderately resistant to either ZYMV or PRSV-W but were susceptible to SLCV. Field evaluation of some AVRDC lines and accessions against viruses showed several AVPU lines with resistance to the viruses but most of the accessions were not adapted to the hot, humid tropical conditions since fruit setting is low and most of them were highly susceptible to the cucurbit beetle (Aulocophora similis). The AVPU lines with virus resistance were crossed to the local selections to recombine the desirable traits from the two groups of germplasm. Forty five F1 crosses were generated and the segregating lines were evaluated with the selected plants selfed or sibbed for generation advancement of the second and third year of the project. A total of more than 700 breeding lines were generated. Selection between and within the lines started at F sub 3 based on virus resistance in the field, vigor, fruit weight and thickness and fruit eating quality. By the end of the project, 33 promising line were selected which will be subjected to yield trial to determine their performance in comparison with the check varieties