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Queentea Honeybee Products Store: An Entrepreneurial Venture Report
No full textQueenTea Honeybee Products Store was established in September 2021 but officially registered as a sole proprietorship business on February 13, 2023. One of its main products is QT Combs, made from candied honey infused with concentrated tea flavors to provide a healthy and instant beverage alternative to individuals aged 50 and above. Other offerings include pure honey and tea-steeped honey. The company aims to distribute good quality and authentic products to uplift the tea and honey industry here in the Philippines. It captures individuals that deprive themselves of sweet and generally tastier beverages to try and be healthy by giving them QT combs because, in this company, they want them to Bee Healtea.
With the real-life experiences of the company, it has come to learn that it needs to shift its target customers and focus on its return buyers. These return buyers are mostly in the age demographics of 50 and above and individuals who are originally tea lovers. The shift of target customers caused a scaled-down production and lowered demand, but the entrepreneur believes in its long-term profitability. Currently, with the level of operations still being small, the entrepreneur manages it all by himself. In the future growth of the company, it hopes to hire individuals that are willing to learn and will uphold the company values together with the quality and safety of the food and services it offers. The company will mainly focus on professionalism inside the company to maintain high standards for its products and a close relationship for a healthy workplace environment. It can be developed as the company matures and further builds its own work culture. As a new company that is still working its way around the know-how, they understand that mistakes are opportunities for learning and a chance to be better.
For the marketing plan, the company promises to provide health and convenience simultaneously through deliciously-made QueenTea products. It also aims to uplift one of its stakeholders which are the honey farmers in the Philippines. The entrepreneur also believes that doing good is good business which is why partnering with local and trusted honey producers is really important. The company incorporated core values such as inclusivity, quality, adaptability, sustainability, and innovation. It will be upheld in all of its operations to ensure the long-term sustainability of the business itself.
With operations, the entrepreneur is currently doing its own key activities. To minimize costs, the company does all of its delivery and processing of raw materials up to packaging. They operate in the proprietor’s registered home and as an online shop. The products are manufactured in their working facility with its sanitary and operations permits to keep the quality and food safety of the company offerings.
QueenTea, to this day, is operating and making strides in developing partnerships specifically with its suppliers and partners such as pasalubong centers. The company has its current partners, namely: Silent Integrated Farm for the honey supplies, Belen’s Original Espasol for the pasalubong center, and Seeds of Life Cooperative as a temporary establishment where QueenTea products are sold. These partnerships are a big help in minimizing the costs and continuity of product sales. With their help, the company has turned over a total of Php 11,950 in revenues throughout its life. It has even obtained a net profit of Php 1,114.35 even after taking out the costly equipment costs.
Financially, even in small-scale operations and productions, they are continuously making a profit. In one serving of QT combs the company spends Php 36.00 on direct materials and utilities used in making it. At a Php 50.00 selling price, it is able to make 28% of profits in each sale. In the long run, the unit cost is expected to be smaller due to increased buying power from the suppliers and efficiencies in making the product
Value Chain Analysis of Processed Fish Products in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro
No full textThe study entitled Value Chain Analysis of Processed Fish Products in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro generally aims to analyze the value chain of processed fish products in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro. Specifically, it presents the demographic profiles of the key actors (fisherfolk, fisherfolk-processors, processors, and traders) of the value chain and maps out them, to determine the profit incurred by each actor and the gross value of identified fish throughout the value chain, identify the problems and opportunities within the system, and to recommend possible interventions for the identified problems.
This study discovered the most profitable value chain and the highest-profit processed fish products. This study also identified issues or problems in the value chain of processed fish products in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro. Resolving these issues can improve the industry and help current and prospective processors have better-quality products. This could be a basis for institutions and authorities in the sector to improve and resolve the identified problems. Consequently, this could attract investors or more customers, which could later add to the overall production value in the province\u27s fishery sector. Lastly, this study could be used as a reference for other scholars studying this kind of industry or the region, as only a few studies were conducted in this area.
This study used exploratory and descriptive research designs. Primary and secondary data were used in data collection. Interviews were conducted to gather data on the key actors in the value chain (fisherfolk, fisherfolk-processors, processors, and traders), which includes their demographic and business profiles, costs incurred, value-adding activities, and problems encountered in production and marketing. Value-adding activities at each value chain level were determined and analyzed using Michael Porter’s generic value chain model. Moreover, net margin analysis and relationship dynamics were done to analyze the value chain.
It is found in this study that the actors of the value chain of processed fish products in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, include fisherfolk, fisherfolk-processors, processors, and traders. Ninety (90) fisherfolk were interviewed in the 19 barangays of San Jose, all of which are coastal areas of the municipality. Fifteen (15) processors were also interviewed in this study, whereas seven (7) were included in the 90 interviewed fisherfolk. For traders, six (6) public market vendors were also interviewed. All of them operate at a micro-scale level.
In terms of fisherfolk, the respondents ranged from 21 to 72 years old, and they were all male. Some of them stated they did not incur any capital. For those who did, the lowest amount of initial capital was PhP 3,000, while the highest amount was PhP 1,000,000.
For the processors, the ages of the respondents ranged from 27 to 55 years old, with 53% female and 47% male. The lowest amount of initial capital amounted to PhP 750, while the highest amount was PhP 20,000.
Regarding traders, the respondents ranged from 30 to 56 years old, with all of them being female. The lowest amount of initial capital was PhP 20,000, while the highest amount was PhP 150,000.
In this study, four (4) value chains were discovered in marketing processed fish products in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro. The first value chain involves fisherfolk, processors, and traders. The second one eliminates the traders\u27 role, making the processors sell directly to consumers. The third one eliminates the fisherfolk; instead, the fisherfolk -processors catch the fish by themselves and process them as well. The traders then distribute the finished products. In the last value chain, there is a direct transaction between the fisherfolk-processors and end consumers, removing the presence of all traders. It is found that the strongest chain is Value Chain 1, while the weakest chains are Value Chain 2 and Value Chain 4. But in terms of value-added, fish products in Value Chain 2 earned the highest average value added per kg while they earned the lowest in Value Chain 4.
The value-added analysis also found that the processors and fisherfolk-processors get the highest value-added in the four chains. Fisherfolk -processors received the highest average value-added per kg (PhP 246.51) during peak season, while the processors received the highest during the lean season (PhP 279.44). However, in the value-added analysis of smoked galunggong (short-fin scad) and dried and salted kanuping (emperor fish) in Value Chain 1, the fisherfolk and the traders receive the highest value-added. On the other hand, when it comes to the actor who received the lowest average value-added per kg, the traders received the lowest value added during peak season, while the fisherfolk received the lowest during the lean season.
In terms of the fish products, all processed fish products in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro are traditional. These fish products include fermented fish, dried and salted fish, and smoked fish. A total of 17 fish species were identified in these fish products. Dried and salted banak (flathead grey mullet) is the most profitable fish. However, it should be noted that this fish is sold by retail or directly to end consumers. Other top fish products include dried and salted danggit (spinefoot/rabbitfish), pusit (squid), and tambor (sin croaker).
The identified issues, gaps, and weaknesses of the processed fish products in San Jose, Occidental Mindoro, were categorized per chain and actor. Value Chain 1 includes the negative profit of pampanger and the lack of traders for fermented and smoked species. In terms of Value Chain 2 and Value Chain 4, the main issue is the fewer sales of the processors. For Value Chain 3, problems identified include a need for traders for smoked bangus (milkfish), and the marketing of dried and salted tambor (sin croaker) is dominated by single traders.
For fisherfolk, the main issues are low fish prices and the need for alternative sources of income. For processors, it involves producing irregularly or inconsistently, the use of traditional methods of processing, and a high percentage of production loss. For traders, the problems include poor public market infrastructure and slack periods. Other issues include delays in payments, power outages, and the need for sufficient capital and credit access.
Formulated recommendations for the identified issues include costing and pricing strategies seminar, exploring other packaging, B2B marketing inside and outside of the municipality, marketing and financial support, online marketing, establishing an association or cooperative, wide dissemination of notice of change in fish prices, alternative sources of income, product development, training and technical assistance to processors, infrastructure development, and enforcing incentives or interests for delayed payments
Determinants of Success and Challenges of Sustainable Entrepreneurship in the Philippines: A Qualitative Meta-Analysis
No full textSustainable entrepreneurship in the Philippines is growing as more people recognize the the need to address social and environmental problems through responsible business practices and creating change. The study aimed to determine the relationship between determinants of sustainable entrepreneurship and identify factors affecting the success of sustainable entrepreneurship. Specifically, the study aimed to (1) define and identify mediating and moderating variables affecting sustainable entrepreneurship at the individual, business, and national levels; (2) collect findings in selected secondary studies based on identified variables; (3) synthesize findings and describe emerging themes, and to; (4) provide recommendations for future research and practical use. A qualitative meta-analytic approach was used in the study. Secondary data were collected through different online databases and thesis papers from DAME-UPLB. Upon the initial query, a total of 486 studies were compiled. Using the PRISMA Diagram and a set of exclusion criteria, a total of 23 studies were analyzed, 14 of which are from online databases and nine (9) are from DAME-UPLB. A research overview was made to look at the objectives of the studies, data collection method, data analysis, sampling method, geographical and periodical distribution of studies, and classification of industries presented in the studies.
The researcher analyzed the four (4) business functions: production / operation, marketing, finance, and human resource. In the production aspect, the common challenges encountered were struggles in product optimization, poor quality control system, lack of production and storage facilities, and unavailability of raw materials. In the marketing aspect, challenges found were related to subpar product quality, poor packaging material, lack of distribution channels, disadvantageous pricing strategies, lack of promotion, and substitutability of products. In finance, identified struggles were the acquisition of funding, inefficient budget allocation, averse to borrowing, poor record management, and lack of accountability. Lastly, human resource challenges include turnover and demotivation.
Themes in studies were categorized into mediating and moderating variables that serve as drivers of sustainability. Mediating variables include (1) age, gender, education, location, and socioeconomic status; (2) size, ownership, and assets; and (3) laws and regulations. It was found that the youth are uninterested in participating in agricultural activities however they are critical in the development of sustainable entrepreneurship. It was also found that small firms can achieve sustainability even with limited resources. Lastly, policy-making bodies and stakeholders\u27 proactive coordination and efficiency can benefit entrepreneurs. Moderating variables analyzed were (1) attitudinal factors, perceptual factors, and entrepreneurial orientation (EO); (2) entrepreneurial competencies; (3) management, personality, and motivation; (4) innovation; and (5) forms of support. It was found that drivers for success include the need for self-improvement, creating societal value, and motivation to overcome hurdles around them. Entrepreneurial competencies can vary depending on the job level. Furthermore, formulating innovative strategies can be done through the inclusion of the community. Lastly, forms of support come in the form of money, equipment, machinery, informational support, or promotional support. An analysis of sustainability factors, (1) economic; (2) environmental; (3) social; and (4) cultural/ethical, was conducted. It was found that entrepreneurs can be risk-averse in terms of borrowing. Financial institutions must formulate schemes that highlight the benefits of their services in achieving sustainability. Environmental degradation and pollution can foster entrepreneurial behavior and sustainable orientation. The positive and negative spillover effects on work-life balance should be considered in the creation of social strategies. Furthermore, it was found in some that individuals beliefs, values, and community norms can affect decision-making in the organization and community reception.
The research provided recommendations for entrepreneurs classified in the industries of food and beverage processing, livestock, crops, and plantation, agri-inputs, finance, handicraft and textile, retail/wholesale, tourism, fashion, and food service, for public and private institutions, and future researchers
Nutritional evaluation of hydroponic corn fodder and its effect as substitute for feed concentrates for buffalo calves
No full textThis study investigated the effects of hydroponic corn fodder on the growth performance of buffalo calves. Twelve Bulgarian Murrah buffalo calves were divided into two treatment groups: T1, fed with Napier grass and starter feed concentrates, and T2, fed with Napier grass, starter feed concentrates, and hydroponic corn fodder, replacing 50% of the starter feed concentrate. The study found no significant differences between the two groups\u27 average total weight gain and average daily gain. However, the average daily feed intake was significantly higher in T2, possibly due to the tender and young nature of the hydroponic corn fodder. Dry matter and crude protein intake did not show any significant differences between the two groups. The digestibility of nutrients showed a significant difference in dry matter digestibility between T1 and T2. Feed cost per d was significantly lower in T1, but the cost of feed per kg gain was lower in T2. This study suggested that supplementing buffalo calves\u27 diets with hydroponic corn fodder could have a beneficial effect on their growth performance and economic viability. It recommends further research on the use of other grains as fodder for ruminants. Overall, this study highlighted the potential of hydroponic corn production as a sustainable source of fodder for ruminants
Physicochemical, textural, and protein digestibility properties of extruded meat analogs prepared from rice bran protein concentrate and black soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Tudela)
No full textSoybean is one of the most utilized raw materials in developing plant-based meat alternatives mainly because of its high protein content at a low cost. However, in terms of protein quality, it lacks sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine), which limits its use as a complete protein source for substituting meat. Protein from rice bran contains a significant amount of cysteine and methionine; hence, this study aimed to develop meat analogs from black soybean (cv. Tudela) flour (S), rice bran protein concentrate (RP), and their blend (SRP) through single-screw extrusion using a two-way factorial in a completely randomized design. Single-screw extrusion is the cost-effective alternative to the widely used twin-screw extrusion. Results from the analyses on physicochemical [proximate composition, color values, pH, nitrogen solubility index (NSI), and amino acid analysis] and functional [water absorption capacity (WAC) and oil absorption capacity (OAC)] properties of the developed products revealed that at p \u3c 0.05, products from S and RP blend have functionality with potential for a wider range of food applications than when S and RP are extruded separately. Amino acid analysis also revealed that combining RP with S increased the amount of sulfur-containing amino acids by 130.17%. Protein digestibility of products was as follows: S at 88.50%, SRP at 81.81%, and RP at 73.86%, respectively; with oil modification of the feed formulations to 20%, the protein digestibility significantly improved to as follows: S at 96.62%, SRP at 85.89%, and RP at 93.83% at p \u3c 0.05. Extruded S and SRP have texture profiles comparable to chicken and extruded RP to pork. Results from this study may provide base data for the formulation of plant-based meat alternatives with improved protein quality and meat-like texture
Do Crime Rates Matter in the Labor Force Participation Between Males and Females?
No full textPrevious studies have established the relationship between crime and labor force participation rates; however, a few tackled the relationship between crime and the labor force participation rate between males and females. Hence, this study determine if crime rate, education, wages, and dependents significantly affect the labor force participation rate of males and females in the Philippines from 1991 to 2019. Furthermore, it analyzed the behavior of crime rates and the labor force participation rate of males and females. The study employed multiple linear regression and diagnostic tests using annual time series data from the Philippine Statistical Yearbook, World Bank, Asian Productivity Organization, and the United Nations.
The study found that cohort survival rate, a proxy for education, and compensation per hour, a proxy for wage has a negative and significant effect on the labor force participation of males. This indicates that an increase in education or wage is associated with a decrease in the male labor force participation rate, ceteris paribus. Therefore, this study recommends strengthening the labor market by investing in education, police more opportunities for those in secondary education such as programs and training; and improving education policies so that more Filipinos can attain tertiary education
Reading habits and academic performance of Human Ecology undergraduate students during the pandemic
No full textStudies have found that adolescents’ reading habits significantly influence their academic performance. It is known that reading, whether for pleasure or academic, is one of the fundamental factors in learning. Filipino students are among those who are falling behind in proficiency in reading and this may affect academic life. Thus, this study determined the relationship between reading habits and the academic performance of Filipino students in the context of flexible learning using a correlational research design. The study utilized a questionnaire from completed studies and was modified and integrated based on the objectives of the study. The findings revealed that students spend their time reading for both academic and leisure purposes. However, it showed that they are more inclined to reading for academic purposes. Moreover, it showed that when students spend more time reading academic materials, the higher the General Weighted Average (GWA) they obtained. It was further revealed that when students spend more time reading academic journals, the higher their GWA is. However, there was no significant relationship found between their leisure reading habits and academic performance. The study encourages students to read daily especially if they want to have higher grades
Consumer Perception and Purchase Intention on Plant-Based Meat Brands Among Selected Residents from Quezon City
No full textThe plant-based meat industry in the Philippines has not yet fully expanded, although the Board of Investments and other key players are supporting the growth of the industry (National Government Portal, 2021). The consumer market is predicted to be those coming from younger age groups and higher income brackets (Schmidt, 2021). That being said, the residents from Quezon City are fitting respondents of the study in exploring the potential of the local plant-based meat market. This research aimed to analyze consumer perception and purchase intention through the respondent’s individual consumer demographics and their perceptions toward consuming and purchasing plant- based meat. Specifically, the researcher intended to (1) describe the consumer profile, (2) identify the relevant product attributes to a Filipino consumer, (3) enumerate the reasons related to consumer perception and purchasing intention, (4) analyze the correlations and associations to external factors related to a Filipino’s consumer behavior, (5) evaluate the current and potential market growth opportunities, and (6) formulate strategies for marketing the local plant-based meat industry.
Identifying the appropriate marketing tactics to target consumers would be necessary so that Filipinos can also contribute in lessening the drastic effects of meat production (Shao, 2020). However, this research is limited to being only applicable for the samples of the study due to the nature of the methodology. Furthermore, it focuses on plant-based meat in the imitation category, rather than alternatives such as tofu and mushrooms which are only used as meat replacements.
As a scientific advancement, plant-based meat claims to imitate the taste, texture, and appearance of actual meat (Lamas, 2021) as traditional meat is continuously producing harmful effects to health, animal welfare, and the environment, which are unsustainable in the future. Szenderák, Fróna, and Rákos (2022) report how agriculture emitted a total of 12% greenhouse gasses. Philippine agriculture is also not exempt to global issues such as low prices, decreasing production, and limited government support (Miraflor, 2020).
With this, a black box in every consumer exists that a marketer can only attempt to predict. Consumer perception is how an individual interprets the information provided to them. Purchasing intention focuses on the likelihood to buy a product (Kotler and Keller, 2016). The study used a descriptive and quantitative research design to provide insights on a larger market, with an online survey as the data collection method. With purposive sampling, the data were treated using non-parametric tests: Chi-square test using Cramer’s V as coefficient for nominal data, and Spearman rank for ordinal data. Other methods used were frequency analysis, sample minimum and maximum, standard deviation, and cross-tabulation which were helpful to achieve the study objectives.
With 54.42% of the 215 respondents as consumers, this group consists of those aged 20 to 22 years old students that are Roman Catholics. For non-consumers, the demographics are generally the same, with monthly family income as the only difference, since non-consumers are at the middle middle income bracket. From the storecheck analysis to supplement information regarding price and accessibility issues, it was identified that Veega, unMEAT and Quorn were the frequently sold products across the six districts of Quezon City. Most of the products are also sold in forms that are similar to traditional meat such as sausages, burger patties, and nuggets, but plant-based meat products are more expensive at an average price of PhP 202.15 at 245 grams per pack. For instance, with a traditional burger patty that is only worth Php 69.50 for 228 grams, a plant-based alternative is Php 105 for a pack of 160 grams.
Results show that motivations related to contributing to a healthy diet, ease and convenience to consume or prepare, and environmental benefits are the leading reasons to consume the product. Meanwhile, claims on having less preservatives and artificial ingredients, interesting advertising and product design, and being accepted by society are not strong motivators. Consumers place importance on all characteristics in relation to the product itself such as the quality of the food and other attached attributes. Furthermore, behaviors related to comparing prices and eating out are the most prevalent.
From the survey responses, reasons such as product characteristics on taste and sensory characteristics are crucial, but price and accessibility can be barriers towards purchasing the products. Social influences are also relevant, while marketing communication strategies are a possible improvement due to the ambiguity of plant- based meat. Overall, there are different personas that have varying motivations to consume, and it is crucial to identify how plant-based meat can be positioned to satisfy their needs.
Based on the analysis methods, the socio-demographic factors that are highly correlated with plant-based meat consumption are age, the number of adults in the family composition, employment status, and the status of being a breadwinner or not. With most of the respondents at a younger age, Generation Z and Millenials are aware of environmental and animal welfare issues (Szejda and Parry, 2020). On the other hand, the number of adults may affect perception and decision as social influences to consumption (Szenderák, Fróna & Rákos, 2022). Meanwhile, employment status results show that this can be related to an inclination towards plant-based meat. With regards to breadwinners, as defined by Merriam-Webster, they support their family through their income. Although family income was not a significant factor as compared to the study of Schmidt (2021), being a breadwinner or not may still affect the decisions of their family.
As an evaluation, consumer perception is mainly on the positive side, although some respondents have negative notions regarding the product. But with good intentions being realized, important product attributes such as taste and texture are also highly perceived by the respondents. With purchase intention, there are higher rates for purchase and repurchase, but barriers should first be exceeded. Adapting to a plant-based meat diet is not a prevailing trend for many, but based on their willingness to try, then plant-based meat can be slowly introduced as part of the Filipino culture. Although the consumer and non-consumer profile does not have much of a great difference, it would be really helpful to identify the factors that can further engage them into purchasing and consuming this futuristic product.
For both consumers and non-consumers, the recommendations centered on targeted marketing strategies for curious young adults, employed and student advocates, and health-conscious families. With this, marketing communications and other strategies in the marketing mix for product, price, place, and promotion can be improved to create a favorable buyer response among Filipinos
Performance of different pumps and pump sets for agricultural applications tested by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center, Philippines
No full textIn the Philippines, different sizes and types of pump sets are utilized for shallow tubewells (STW) and low-lift pumps (LLP). Filipino farmers used STW and LLP as main or supplementary sources of irrigation. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of agricultural pumps and pump sets tested by the Agricultural Machinery Testing and Evaluation Center (AMTEC) from 1989 to 2022, based on Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) 115:2000. A total of 486 centrifugal pump sets and 341 bare pumps were used in the study. The selected sizes for both bare pump and pump set (engine-powered) include 50x50mm, 75x75mm, and 100x100mm. These were the common sizes and prime mover used for STWs and LLPs in the Philippines. The performance of the agricultural pumps was evaluated with equal weights using the: a) discharge-to-input power ratio, b) suction lift, c) maximum efficiency, and d) input speed. For all bare pump sizes, non-self-priming (52.99%, 61.05%, 62.21%, respectively) and discharge capacity (7.78lps, 15.78lps, 25.54lps, respectively) have higher pump efficiency than self-priming. All sizes of non-self-priming pumps are driven by diesel engines. Results showed that, generally, for pump sets system efficiency, in general: a) it is relatively higher for non-self-priming than self-priming (same with bare pump efficiency); b) relatively higher for diesel than gasoline engine driven; and c) relatively higher for water-cooled than air-cooled diesel engine. This study has also found that most of the evaluated bare pumps met the criteria of the performance evaluation scheme, including all of the 100x100mm non-self-priming units. On the other hand, most of the 100x100mm self-priming, close-coupled (17/25); 75x75m m self-priming, close-coupled (79/100); 50x50mm selfpriming, V-belt drive (6/6); and 50x50mm self-priming, close-coupled (101/109) pump sets did not meet the criteria of the evaluation scheme. Appropriate tools (i.e. statistical) or systems should be utilized to determine the performance parameters and corresponding performance values for the evaluation of the pumps and pump sets
Field-level evidences of climate change and coping strategies of smallholder farmers in Molawin-Dampalit Sub-watershed Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
No full textThis article confirms that climate change is indeed a real phenomenon as observed and experienced by the smallholder farmers in the Molawin-Dampalit Sub-Watershed. Using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion,the smallholder farmers articulated their own indications of climate change. These include the increasing temperature, stronger and more frequent typhoons, excessive rainfall, drought, early rain seasons and delayed dry season. Among the effects of climate change on their agricultural production include stunted growth of crops, aborted fruiting of trees, incidence of pests and diseases, growth of unknown weeds. These have led to increase in the use and dosage of farm inputs, particularly pesticides and fertilizers, decline in crop yield, and ultimately, decline in farm income. Only a few farmers employed strategies such as replanting, use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers to control pests and improve crop growth, pruning, watering and diversion of water source, changing crops, and harvesting their crops earlier to minimize crop loss. Using a logit regression analysis, results suggest that age, tenure and experiences were among the factors that influence the adoption of coping and/or adaption strategies to climate change impacts. Considering the vulnerability of the smallholder farmers, the results suggest the need to enhance their adaptive capacities for climate change impacts in a holistic approach via human capital development, improvement of physical capital, and building their social capitals