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The Effectiveness of Informal International Law in Southeast Asia: Analysis of the Factors Influencing the Enforcement of the 2002 ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution
No full textThis study addresses the persistent challenges posed by transboundary haze pollution in ASEAN countries, examining the inadequacies of the 2002 ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution (ASEAN Haze Agreement). Despite being in force since November 2003, the Agreement lacks compulsory enforceable provisions, contributing to recurring annual transboundary pollution incidents with significant health, transportation, and environmental consequences. Utilizing a mixed-method approach, the research investigates case studies to reveal how ASEAN countries have opted for 'non-adversarial' methods to amicably settle disputes related to haze pollution. Emphasizing the cultural preference for consensual conflict resolution over confrontation, the study aims to identify and address weaknesses hindering the Agreement's enforcement. The proposed solution involves establishing a rules-based dispute settlement protocol within ASEAN, offering a peaceful resolution for disputes, particularly those concerning transboundary haze pollution. The research integrates a doctrinal approach, examining legal documents and case law, with empirical methods such as focus group discussions and interviews. By interpreting collected data, the study seeks to propose effective enforcement strategies and dispute resolution mechanisms, considering ASEAN's cultural values. This research is imperative to enhance collaboration among ASEAN countries and mitigate the persistent transboundary haze pollution issue.Este estudio aborda los desafíos persistentes planteados por la contaminación transfronteriza causada por la neblina en los países de la ASEAN, examinando las deficiencias del Acuerdo de la ASEAN de 2002 sobre Contaminación por Neblina Transfronteriza (Acuerdo de Neblina de la ASEAN). A pesar de estar en vigor desde noviembre de 2003, el acuerdo carece de disposiciones
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obligatorias y ejecutables, lo que contribuye año tras año a incidentes recurrentes de contaminación transfronteriza con consecuencias significativas para la salud, el transporte y el medio ambiente. Utilizando un enfoque de método mixto, la investigación analiza estudios de caso para revelar cómo los países de la ASEAN han optado por métodos 'no confrontacionales' para resolver de forma amistosa disputas relacionadas con la contaminación por neblina. Al enfatizar la preferencia cultural por la resolución consensuada de conflictos en lugar de la confrontación, el estudio busca identificar y abordar las debilidades que obstaculizan la aplicación del acuerdo. La solución propuesta implica establecer un protocolo de resolución de disputas basado en reglas dentro de la ASEAN, ofreciendo una solución pacífica para disputas, especialmente aquellas relacionadas con la contaminación transfronteriza por neblina. La investigación integra un enfoque doctrinal, examinando documentos legales y jurisprudencia, con métodos más empíricos como discusiones en grupos y entrevistas. Al interpretar los datos recopilados, el estudio busca proponer estrategias efectivas de aplicación y mecanismos de resolución de disputas, teniendo en cuenta los valores culturales de la ASEAN. Esta investigación es necesaria para mejorar la colaboración entre los países de la ASEAN y mitigar el persistente problema de la contaminación transfronteriza por neblina.Programa de Doctorat en Dre
El WhatsApp como prueba de hechos discutidos en el proceso laboral. ¿Más exigencias que una prueba tradicional?
No full textLa utilización de aplicaciones de mensajería instantánea se ha popularizado en los últimos años, siendo utilizadas habitualmente como medio para comunicarse por millones de personas, también en el ámbito de las relaciones laborales. Ello ha venido planteando algunas cuestiones en torno a su utilización como medio de prueba en el proceso laboral. Esta contribución analizará algunas de ellas, que han suscitado un debate no cerrado en jurisprudencia y doctrina. En particular, qué naturaleza posee como medio de prueba: documento o medio de reproducción de la palabra, imagen o sonido (algo con importantes consecuencias desde una perspectiva del acceso al recurso de suplicación). Qué normas rigen su aportación en el proceso: impresión del pantallazo, diligencia de constancia por el Letrado de la Administración de Justicia, acta notarial o dictamen pericial. Cómo actuar en caso de impugnación, en concreto a quién corresponde la carga de acreditar su autenticidad, exactitud e integridad. Como se verá, las exigencias requeridas a la prueba digital son, en general, mayores que las aplicadas a la prueba tradicional
When half a boycott makes a winner: on Eurovision voting
No full textBoycotts are meant to isolate. A pushback -however small- is almost always inevitable. In settings with many alternatives, boycott tends to be diffuse, while counter-support is concentrated. This asymmetry can translate into a great advantage for the boycotted party
Culpabilidad sin posibilidad de obrar en contrario: fundamentos teóricos de la imputación personal
No full textEl estudio que se presenta a continuación explora las bases teóricas de la imputación
personal del injusto, centrándose en la relación entre el concepto de libertad individual y
la responsabilidad penal. Se somete a consideración una nueva perspectiva sobre el
fundamento material de la culpabilidad, sugiriendo que esta puede fundamentarse sin
necesidad de referirse a la posibilidad de que el sujeto haya podido actuar (o motivarse a
hacerlo) de otra manera.
En la primera parte del trabajo, se revisan las teorías históricas y filosóficas que han
incidido -directa e indirectamente- en la forma que se le ha dado a la noción de
culpabilidad en los últimos siglos, al tiempo que se analizan las implicaciones prácticas
de adoptar una visión diferente sobre la imputación y el reproche penal. Hecho esto, se
propone una reinterpretación del fundamento de la culpabilidad, así como sus
implicaciones para el sentido de la disculpa y la ubicación sistemática de la
(in)imputabilidad. Al final, se aplican las consideraciones desarrolladas en abstracto al
análisis de algunos casos concretos que suscitan debate en la doctrina contemporánea
respecto de uno o varios componentes de la teoría material del delito.
Esta tesis propone que la relación de imputación personal que caracteriza a la culpabilidad
penal sea evaluada desde la (in)compatibilidad de la determinación del injusto con la vida
en sociedad y que el análisis de la consecuencia jurídica a adoptar frente a la comisión
del delito sea realizado con referencia a la capacidad de la pena para cumplir el fin
pretendido en el caso concreto, en vez de la capacidad del autor de obrar en contrario.The study presented here explores the theoretical foundations of personal attribution of
the criminal wrongdoing («unjust»), focusing on the relationship between the concept of
individual freedom and criminal responsibility. It offers a new perspective on the material
basis of culpability, suggesting that it can be recognized without the need to refer to the
possibility that the individual could have acted (or been motivated to act) differently.
In the first part of the work, historical and philosophical theories that have directly and
indirectly influenced the concept of culpability over the past centuries are reviewed, while
also analyzing the practical implications of adopting a different view on attribution and
criminal reproach. Following this, a reinterpretation of the basis of culpability is
proposed, along with its implications for the meaning of excuses and the proper location
of the discussion about (in)imputability. Finally, the abstract considerations are applied
to the analysis of specific cases that promote debate in contemporary doctrine regarding
one or more components of the material theory of crime.
This thesis proposes that the personal attribution that characterizes criminal culpability
should be considered taking into account the (in)compatibility of the determination of the
unlawful conduct with life in society, and that the selection of the legal consequence to
impose in response to the commission of a crime should take into account the penalty's
capacity to fulfill its intended purpose in the specific case, rather than the offender's
capacity to have acted otherwise.Programa de Doctorat en Dre
Married and cohabiting women's financial empowerment: a study on women's bank account ownership in Spain
No full textObjective: The goal was to examine the conditions under which young adult women (aged 25–50) in heterosexual couples maintain their economic independence through a personal bank account.
Background: Research has shown that in Spain, the pooling of economic resources is seen as an important aspect of being a couple and as a symbol of togetherness. However, in practice, joint management can be characterized by inequalities on several levels, such as access to money, control over money, and personal spending. Few studies have focused on household financial organization in Spain, and studies of women's financial autonomy are lacking.
Method: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of couples aged 25–50 in Spain (N = 1,281) using data from the 2020 National Survey on Family Life.
Results: The findings reveal that women are significantly less likely to have a personal bank account if either partner does not endorse values of economic autonomy, the couple is married with children, or, if the male partner earns significantly more.
Conclusion: The results suggest that there is still a long way to go for Spain to reach the levels of women's account ownership seen in countries such as those in Northern Europe. It is important to incorporate women's account ownership into the investigation of financial organization, given its substantial implications for women within couples and those navigating relationship dissolution.
Implications: Government programs should promote women's account ownership. Also, policies targeting financial literacy can incorporate dimensions such as basic budgeting, saving, and debt management so that women can gain further financial skills.This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation and AEI (PID2020-119339GB-C22/MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033). The authors are also grateful for the support of Rosenthal Research (https://www.rosenthal-research.com/) in conducting the “The National Survey on Family Life” in July 2020
On the optimal choice of strike conventions in exchange option pricing
No full textAn important but rarely-addressed option pricing question is how to choose appropriate strikes for implied volatility inputs when pricing more exotic multi-asset derivatives. By means of Malliavin calculus, we construct an asymptotically optimal log-linear strike convention for exchange options under stochastic volatility models. This novel approach allows us to minimize the difference between the corresponding Margrabe computed price and the true option price. We show that this optimal convention does not depend on the specific stochastic volatility model chosen and, furthermore, that parameter estimation can be dramatically simplified by using market observables as inputs. Numerical examples are given that provide strong support for the new methodology.This research was funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spain), grant number PID2020-118339GB
Challenging energy transition and green jobs: climate policy obstruction across borders
No full textData de publicació electrònica: 11-01-2025Critical policy mobility literature still does not usually account for transnational opposition dedicated to push back against policy transfer. To address this gap, we examine the case of policy instru-
ments and discourses in support of energy transition and green jobs. In the 2000s, countries such as Spain, Germany, and Denmark adopted policies to fund renewable energy expansion. The success of feed-in-tariff and other policies served as an example for the promotion of public renewable energy investment in the US. Yet by the early 2010s, Spain and Germany discarded feed-in tariffs and erected regulatory barriers against renewables. An opposing discourse coalition amplified policy controversies in North America
and Europe. The Institute of Energy Research (IER) orchestrated such efforts in opposition to president Obama’s renewable energy program. An IER-led campaign focused on the denial of job market claims related to renewable energy (‘green jobs’). Pursuing a multisite case study of opposition strategy mobility, we examine the organizational and discursive building blocks of this campaign.
The campaign against renewable policy and green jobs undermined popular renewable energy transition arguments in times of financial crisis in the United States, and was also mobilized against renewable programs in Canada and Europe
Underpromise and overdeliver? Online product reviews and firm pricing
No full textWe consider a signaling model capturing the introductory and the mature phase of a product. Information concerning product quality is transmitted between consumers through reviews, which partially depend on the expectations consumers had prior to their purchase. When future sales are sufficiently important, a novel tension arises: High-quality types may want to underpromise and overdeliver by imitating low types in order to get a better review. We show the existence of a Pareto-improving separating equilibrium. Both more informative reviews and price transparency can lead to higher prices. Our analysis reveals a new rationale for loss-leadership.Martin thankfully acknowledges financial support from the Vienna Graduate School of Economics. Shelegia acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), through the Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (Barcelona School of Economics CEX2019-000915-S), and from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through grants ECO2017-89240-P and ECO2014-59225-P
Below and beyond the map: stories of urban regeneration of the Barcelona waterfront
No full textUrban regeneration is often presented by those responsible as an unquestionable success story. Barcelona’s transformation from the mid-1980s, with its great Olympic momentum and successive attempts to maintain its international status, is perhaps one of the most widely publicized and celebrated. Among the operations, the waterfront stands out as one of the most significant regeneration efforts due to their territorial scope, social implications, and economic impact. In this text, we want to challenge this official success story with other untold stories: the stories of the preexisting spaces that have been erased, the people who have been displaced, and the industrial heritage that has been destroyed. There are hardly any memories left, and the regeneration projects seem to be built on a previous emptiness. The discourses of success are often accompanied by maps that conceal the process of change and, at the same time, present the regeneration projects as disconnected from other spaces and processes. Maps appear as artifacts with great limitations in their capacity to represent complex and time-delayed processes and, at the same time, have enough power to legitimize urban regeneration as beneficial to all. However, maps can also be powerful tools for changing the way regeneration processes are told and who tells them, thus revealing what has been hidden.This publication is part of the R&D&I project “Spaces of Resistance and Survival Networks in Urban Margins” (REDSIST) PID2021-126786OB-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ FEDER, EU
Human smuggling and media narratives: the Golden Venture incident of 1993
No full textTreball de Fi de Màster en Estudis d'Àsia-Pacífic en un context global. Curs 2024-2025Tutor: Manel Ollé RodríguezThis master thesis examines the complex dynamics of irregular migration through the case of Fujianese communities in the United States, with particular attention to the 1993 Golden Venture incident and the figure of Sister Ping (Cheng Chui Ping, 郑翠萍). It explores how human smuggling emerges not merely as a criminal enterprise but as a transnational system embedded in longstanding cultural values, local histories, and global inequalities. Drawing on interdisciplinary sources — including ethnographic studies, media analysis, and academic research — this study traces how migration is motivated not only by economic hardship but also by cultural inheritance and collective aspiration. The story of Sister Ping reveals the blurred lines between illegality and community service, and exposes the limitations of state-centered definitions of crime and mobility. While highlighting the exploitative dimensions of human smuggling, the paper also foregrounds migrant agency, communal resilience, and the socio-political blind spots of immigration regimes. Ultimately, this research argues for a more nuanced understanding of irregular migration — one that moves beyond binary classifications and centers the lived realities of those journeying through today’s complex migration landscapes