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The Pyrenees-Mediterranean Euroregion: functional networks, actor perceptions and expectations
No full textThe Euroregions are likely the most prominent expression of cross-border cooperation (CBC) in the European Union (EU). The increase in the number of Euroregions is, however, a relatively recent phenomenon. At the end of the 1980s, the completion of the European Single Market, the strengthening of Cohesion Policy and, thereafter, the preparation for the accession of candidate countries from Central and Eastern Europe, provided the essential impetus to increasing cross-border cooperation (AEBR 2004). The creation of the INTERREG Community initiative in 1988, through which the European Commission provided financial support for cross-border initiatives, is generally considered the turning point. There are currently more than 130 cross-border regions in Europe under different names: Euroregions, Euregios, macro-regions or working communities (Morata 2007). Prior to the launch of the INTERREG programme, these numbered only 26 (European Parliament 2004). These figures are significant in terms of the impact of the EU on the evolution of CBC
Adaptations in cancer: a molecular and mechanistic rewiring
No full textCancer cells are constantly subject to complex stresses in the tumour microenvironment. These stresses encapsulate a wide array of challenging stimuli from physical and mechanical forces to interference in major mechanistic signalling cascades. The work in this thesis aims to tackle the question of cancer adaptations in two contexts. First, we investigate the impact of mechanical stress on cancer cells and how subcellular mitochondria redistribution leads to important metabolic and nuclear energetics cues. These cues in turn enable critical DNA damage repair processes which are necessary to maintain correct cell cycle progression. Second, we investigate the loss of ARF6, an important mediator of KRAS signalling in pancreatic cancer, whose loss is compensated through a mechanistic rewiring which activates TLR2 signalling. Dual inhibition of both ARF6 and TLR2 together almost entirely abolishes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, migration, and spheroid formation in vitro, and tumour growth and metastasis in vivo. Together, the work in this thesis highlights important processes in the mechanical and mechanistic adaptive landscapes of cancer.Las células cancerosas están constantemente sometidas a complejos factores de estrés en el microambiente tumoral. Estos factores de estrés engloban una amplia variedad de estímulos que van desde fuerzas físicas y mecánicas hasta interferencias en las principales cascadas de señalización. El trabajo de esta tesis tiene como objetivo abordar la cuestión de las adaptaciones del cáncer en dos contextos. Primero, investigamos el impacto del estrés mecánico en las células cancerosas y cómo la redistribución subcelular mitocondrial conduce a importantes señales energéticas metabólicas y nucleares. Estas señales, a su vez, permiten procesos críticos de reparación del daño del ADN que son necesarios para mantener la correcta progresión del ciclo celular. En segundo lugar, investigamos la pérdida de ARF6, un mediador importante de la señalización de KRAS en el cáncer de páncreas, cuya pérdida se compensa a través de un mecanismo de adaptación que activa la señalización de TLR2. La inhibición simultanea de ARF6 y TLR2 inhibe prácticamente por completo la proliferación, migración y formación de esferoides en células de cáncer de páncreas in vitro, así como el crecimiento tumoral y la metástasis in vivo. En conjunto, el trabajo de esta tesis enfatiza adaptaciones de procesos mecánicos y cascadas de señalización del cáncer.Programa de Doctorat en Biomedicin
La jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional de Colombia en el año 2010: los límites a la reforma de la Constitución, los derechos de las mujeres y los debates comunes a Colombia y España
No full textA location-based augmented reality system for the spatial interaction with historical datasets
No full textComunicació presentada al 2015 Digital Heritage International Congress, celebrada a Granada (España) del 28 de setembre al 2 d'octubre de 2015The key role that space and spatial organization of content play in memory has been taken very little into account in the design of human-data interaction systems. Here, we present a location based Augmented Reality application for the exploration and visualization of historical files, which is based on the argument that the embodied interaction with content by moving in the real, physical space will enhance its recollection from memory and comprehension. Our software architecture integrates a historical 3D reconstruction with geo referenced historical documents, as well as specific guidance components for narrative generation. All content of the application database is spatialized and can be navigated in a completely free/exploratory mode or in a passive/guided mode. We present the results of an experiment comparing spatial memory performance in the two modes. Our data confirms previous findings in the spatial navigation literature, suggesting that active exploration of an environment leads to a better spatial understanding of it.This research received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-ICT-2009-5) under grant agreement n. 258749 [CEEDS]
Restricciones político-criminales y dogmáticas en el punitivismo de género: en especial, consentimiento, adecuación social y acoso sexual
No full textThe Translation of Joyce's Letters into Catalan
No full textThis essay focuses on the Catalan translation of a selection of James Joyce's letters, Cartes antologia. The essay discusses the main translation problems the translator encountered and the strategies and methods deployed to solve them. The difficulties analyzed center around the translation of 1) quotations from Joyce's own works, including those of works in the pre-publication stages of writing; 2) literary allusions to Homer's Odyssey and Joyce's Ulysses; 3) the combination of high and low registers; 4) wordplay; 5) idioms; and 6) metaphorical language. Natural, idiomatic language was required when translating idioms and metaphorical language. A sense of rhythm and poeticality was indispensable when translating the coalescence of high and low registers. Being able to create alliterations and near-homophones was of vital importance to convey wordplay. Familiarity with Joyce's works, especially Ulysses and its Catalan translation, was essential to translate urtexts. And, finally, a sound knowledge of the Catalan literary tradition, especially regarding the translations of the Odyssey, proved useful when translating literary allusions. In all, translating Joyce's letters is regarded as an act of literary translation, a creative process that demanded the ability to fashion a fresh, vibrant new text that had to live up to the original
Specification of claustro-amygdalar and palaeocortical neurons and circuits
No full textThe ventrolateral pallial (VLp) excitatory neurons in the claustro-amygdalar complex and piriform cortex (PIR; which forms part of the palaeocortex) form reciprocal connections with the prefrontal cortex (PFC), integrating cognitive and sensory information that results in adaptive behaviours. Early-life disruptions in these circuits are linked to neuropsychiatric disorders, highlighting the importance of understanding their development. Here we reveal that the transcription factors SOX4, SOX11 and TFAP2D have a pivotal role in the development, identity and PFC connectivity of these excitatory neurons. The absence of SOX4 and SOX11 in post-mitotic excitatory neurons results in a marked reduction in the size of the basolateral amygdala complex (BLC), claustrum (CLA) and PIR. These transcription factors control BLC formation through direct regulation of Tfap2d expression. Cross-species analyses, including in humans, identified conserved Tfap2d expression in developing excitatory neurons of BLC, CLA, PIR and the associated transitional areas of the frontal, insular and temporal cortex. Although the loss and haploinsufficiency of Tfap2d yield similar alterations in learned threat-response behaviours, differences emerge in the phenotypes at different Tfap2d dosages, particularly in terms of changes observed in BLC size and BLC-PFC connectivity. This underscores the importance of Tfap2d dosage in orchestrating developmental shifts in BLC-PFC connectivity and behavioural modifications that resemble symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders. Together, these findings reveal key elements of a conserved gene regulatory network that shapes the development and function of crucial VLp excitatory neurons and their PFC connectivity and offer insights into their evolution and alterations in neuropsychiatric disorders.We acknowledge the Yale Rodent Behavior Analysis Facility supported by the Kavli Institute for Neuroscience for providing assistant with the behavioural tests. R.K. was supported by 1F32NS117780-01 and T32MH014276 (to M.R.P.) during this research period. G.S. is supported by grants MS20/00064 (ISCIII-MICINN/FEDER), PID2019-104700GA-I00 and PID2022-140137NB-I00 (/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033), Fundació LaMarató de TV3 and NIH grant HG010898 (to G.S. and N. Sestan). X.d.M. is supported by the fellowship PRE2020-093064 funded by MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033. This work was supported by NIH grants and MH077681 (to Y.S.M. and M.R.P.), NS095654, MH106934, MH116488, MH110926 and MH129981 and the Simons Foundation (to N. Sestan)
Essays in Applied Economics
No full textIn Chapter 1, I study the optimal distribution of renewable energy infrastructure. In line with the recent backlash in many countries, I show that residents face important disamenity costs from nearby wind turbines. Using a quantitative spatial model, I analyze which distributions of wind turbine across space can achieve future renewable energy goals at low cost for local residents and I estimate budget-balanced transfers to equalize the cost and benefits across regions. In Chapter 2, I study economic and political espionage. I analyze which factors make spies and secret services effective and discuss the implications for counter-espionage policy. In Chapter 3, I study the economic geography of family migration. Empirically, I show that joint location decisions of couples lead to a spatial misallocation of female workers and I quantify the impact on the gender wage gap.En el Capítulo 1, estudio la distribución óptima de la infraestructura de energía renovable. En línea con las recientes protestas en muchos países, muestro que los residentes se enfrentan a importantes costos por las molestias causadas por las turbinas eólicas cercanas. Utilizando un modelo espacial cuantitativo, analizo qué distribución de turbinas eólicas en el espacio puede lograr futuros objetivos de energía renovable a bajo coste para los residentes locales y estimo transferencias presupuestarias que igualen el costo y los beneficios entre todas las regiones. En el capítulo 2, estudio el espionaje económico y político. Analizo qué factores hacen que los espías y los servicios secretos sean efectivos y discuto las implicaciones para la política de contraespionaje. En el capítulo 3, estudio la geografía económica de la migración familiar. Empíricamente, muestro que las decisiones de ubicación conjunta de las parejas conducen a una mala asignación espacial de las trabajadoras y cuantifico el impacto en la brecha salarial de género.En el Capítol 1, estudio la distribució òptima de la infraestructura d’energia renovable. En línia amb el recent rebuig en molts països, mostro que els residents s’enfronten a importants costos per les molèsties causades per les turbines eòliques properes. Utilitzant un model espacial quantitatiu, analitzo quines distribucions de turbines eòliques en l’espai poden assolir futurs objectius d’energia renovable a baix cost per als residents locals i estimo el valor de les transferències pressupostàries que igualin els costos i beneficis entre totes les regions. En el Capítol 2, estudio l’espionatge econòmic i polític. Analitzo quins factors fan que els espies i els serveis secrets siguin efectius i discuteixo les implicacions per a la política de contraespionatge. En el Capítol 3, estudio la geografia econòmica de la migració familiar. Empíricament, mostro que les decisions de localització conjunta de les parelles condueixen a una mala assignació espacial de les treballadores i quantifico l’impacte en la bretxa salarial de gènere.Programa de Doctorat en Economia, Finances i Empres
El pensamiento de Ricardo Baeza sobre la traducción
No full textSe analizan las consideraciones críticas de Ricardo Baeza sobre la traducción, a través de un análisis de los artículos publicados en el diario El Sol de Madrid entre 1925 y 1928, en los que efectúa sendas reseñas de traducciones hechas por Margarita Nelken y Rafael Cansinos Assens, interviene en un debate iniciado en el diario La Voz por Luis Araquistáin y Tomás Borrás y presenta cinco visiones programáticas
Untangling chromatin: investigating the role of transcription, supercoiling and topoisomerases in genome organization
No full textLa organización del genoma en células mamíferas sigue siendo en gran parte desconocida. Un nivel fundamental de organización se considera el bucle de cromatina, que consiste en una región de ADN atrapada en el interior de un complejo cohesina en forma de anillo, a menudo flanqueado por dos proteínas aislantes CTCFs. Aún se está investigando cómo se forman, mantienen y regulan estos bucles. Investigamos si la ARN polimerasa II es una fuerza impulsora para la translocación de cohesina en la cromatina. Mostramos que el superenrollamiento generado por la transcripción contribuye a la formación de bucles de cromatina y mejora la movilidad de la cohesina. Además, desarrollamos nuevos métodos sólidos para cuantificar cambios morfológicos en la cromatina dentro de las células utilizando microscopía confocal y de superresolución. Finalmente, investigamos en células individuales vivas el comportamiento de las enzimas que controlan la topología y el superenrollamiento del ADN: las topoisomerasas. En resumen, en este trabajo de tesis, estudié la relación entre la organización genómica, la transcripción y el superenrollamiento, y desarrollé enfoques novedosos para el análisis de la cromatina en células humanas.Genome organization in mammalian cells remains still largely unknown. One fundamental level of organization is considered the chromatin loop, consisting in a region of DNA entrapped in the lumen of a ring-shaped cohesin complex, often flanked by two CTCFs insulating proteins. Still, how loops are formed, maintained, and regulated is yet under investigation. We investigated whether RNA polymerase II is a driving force for cohesin translocation on chromatin. We showed that supercoiling generated by transcription contributes to chromatin looping and enhances cohesin mobility. In addition, we developed robust new methods for quantifying morphological changes in chromatin within cells using confocal and super-resolution microscopy. Finally, we investigated in living single cellsthe behavior of the enzymes controlling DNA topology and supercoiling: topoisomerases. Overall, in this thesis work, I studied the relationship between genomic organization, transcription, and supercoiling, and developed novel approaches for the imaging analysis of chromatin in human cells.Programa de Doctorat en Biomedicin