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Klíčoví aktéři mediační praxe v právním poli: společný analytický příběh
No full textV této kapitole byl vytvořen společný analytický příběh klíčových aktérů mediační praxe. Umístění aktérů do právního pole ukazuje, že popisují sociální svět ze specifické pozice v hierarchicky strukturovaném sociálním prostoru. Právní pole je pole konkurenční. Tři klíčoví aktéři jsou držiteli odlišných mocenských pozic. Advokát a zapsaný mediátor vykonávají svou činnost nejčastěji v prostředí hospodářské soutěže a jsou tudíž vystaveni silnému konkurenčnímu boji, což nepochybně ovlivňuje jejich jednání. Soudce jako státní zaměstnanec sice není vystaven konkurenčnímu boji, je však pod tlakem systému, který kontroluje rychlost uzavírání případů, dodržování procesních procedur, kterých neustále přibývá apod. Zapsaný mediátor, zejména neprávník, má v právním poli mocensky slabou pozici. To se pak odráží v tom, že zapsaní mediátoři neprávníci nedokážou prosadit v poli svoje zájmy, které plynou z cílů a účelu mediace. Ze společného příběhu tří aktérů mediační praxe můžeme odvodit odpověď na otázku, co se podílí na tom, že se mediace v praxi uplatňuje méně, než se očekávalo. Jedním z vlivů je nízká důvěra soudců a advokátů v proces mediace i ve schopnosti zapsaných mediátorů, která pramení z toho, jaké obrazy si o sobě vytvářejí a jaká mají vzájemná očekávání. Hlavním problémem, který byl v rámci výzkumu identifikován, je nedostatek interakce a komunikace mezi klíčovými aktéry mediace. Mezioborová komunikace by přispěla k větší vzájemné informovanosti.V této kapitole byl vytvořen společný analytický příběh klíčových aktérů mediační praxe. Umístění aktérů do právního pole ukazuje, že popisují sociální svět ze specifické pozice v hierarchicky strukturovaném sociálním prostoru. Právní pole je pole konkurenční. Tři klíčoví aktéři jsou držiteli odlišných mocenských pozic. Advokát a zapsaný mediátor vykonávají svou činnost nejčastěji v prostředí hospodářské soutěže a jsou tudíž vystaveni silnému konkurenčnímu boji, což nepochybně ovlivňuje jejich jednání. Soudce jako státní zaměstnanec sice není vystaven konkurenčnímu boji, je však pod tlakem systému, který kontroluje rychlost uzavírání případů, dodržování procesních procedur, kterých neustále přibývá apod. Zapsaný mediátor, zejména neprávník, má v právním poli mocensky slabou pozici. To se pak odráží v tom, že zapsaní mediátoři neprávníci nedokážou prosadit v poli svoje zájmy, které plynou z cílů a účelu mediace. Ze společného příběhu tří aktérů mediační praxe můžeme odvodit odpověď na otázku, co se podílí na tom, že se mediace v praxi uplatňuje méně, než se očekávalo. Jedním z vlivů je nízká důvěra soudců a advokátů v proces mediace i ve schopnosti zapsaných mediátorů, která pramení z toho, jaké obrazy si o sobě vytvářejí a jaká mají vzájemná očekávání. Hlavním problémem, který byl v rámci výzkumu identifikován, je nedostatek interakce a komunikace mezi klíčovými aktéry mediace. Mezioborová komunikace by přispěla k větší vzájemné informovanosti.In this chapter, the common analytical story of key actors in mediation practice was created. The placement of actors in the legal field shows that they describe the social world from a specific position in a hierarchically structured social space. The legal field is a competitive field. The three key participants hold different positions of power. A lawyer and a registered mediator most often perform their activities in an environment of economic competition and they are therefore exposed to strong competition, which undoubtedly influences their conduct. Although judges, as civil servants, are not exposed to competition, they are under pressure from a system that checks the speed of closing cases, adherence to process procedures, the number of which is constantly increasing, etc. A registered mediator, especially a non-lawyer, has a weak position of power in the legal field. This is reflected in the fact that in the field, registered mediators are unable to assert their interests, which stem from the goals and purpose of mediation. From the common story of three participants of mediation practice, we can infer the answer to the question of what contributes to the fact that mediation is applied less than expected in practice. One of the influences is the low confidence of judges and lawyers in the mediation process and in the ability of registered mediators, which stems from what images they form about themselves a what mutual expectation they have. The main problem identified in our research is the lack of interaction and communication between key participants in mediation. Interdisciplinary communication would contribute to greater mutual awareness
Structures of hyperstable ancestral haloalkane dehalogenases show restricted conformational dynamics
Get PDFAncestral sequence reconstruction is a powerful method for inferring ancestors of modern enzymes and for studying structure-function relationships of enzymes. We have previously applied this approach to haloalkane dehalogenases (HLDs) from the subfamily HLD-II and obtained thermodynamically highly stabilized enzymes (Delta T-m up to 24 degrees C), showing improved catalytic properties. Here we combined crystallographic structural analysis and computational molecular dynamics simulations to gain insight into the mechanisms by which ancestral HLDs became more robust enzymes with novel catalytic properties. Reconstructed ancestors exhibited similar structure topology as their descendants with the exception of a few loop deviations. Strikingly, molecular dynamics simulations revealed restricted conformational dynamics of ancestral enzymes, which prefer a single state, in contrast to modern enzymes adopting two different conformational states. The restricted dynamics can potentially be linked to their exceptional stabilization. The study provides molecular insights into protein stabilization due to ancestral sequence reconstruction, which is becoming a widely used approach for obtaining robust protein catalysts
Structural and catalytic effects of surface loop-helix transplantation within haloalkane dehalogenase family
Get PDFEngineering enzyme catalytic properties is important for basic research as well as for biotechnological applications. We have previously shown that the reshaping of enzyme access tunnels via the deletion of a short surface loop element may yield a haloalkane dehalogenase variant with markedly modified substrate specificity and enantioselectivity. Here, we conversely probed the effects of surface loop-helix transplantation from one enzyme to another within the enzyme family of haloalkane dehalogenases. Precisely, we transplanted a nine-residue long extension of L9 loop and alpha 4 helix from DbjA into the corresponding site of DbeA. Biophysical characterization showed that this fragment transplantation did not affect the overall protein fold or oligomeric state, but lowered protein stability (Delta T-m = -5 to 6 degrees C). Interestingly, the crystal structure of DbeA mutant revealed the unique structural features of enzyme access tunnels, which are known determinants of catalytic properties for this enzyme family. Biochemical data confirmed that insertion increased activity of DbeA with various halogenated substrates and altered its enantioselectivity with several linear beta-bromoalkanes. Our findings support a protein engineering strategy employing surface loop-helix transplantation for construction of novel protein catalysts with modified catalytic properties
The Supreme Administrative Court: A New Kid on the Block
No full textThe book chapter analyzes the treatment of the ECtHR's case law by the Czech Supreme Administrative Court (SAC). Using three levels of analysis (macro, meso and micro), the chapter looks beyond general jurisprudential doctrines and examines the day-to-day use of the ECtHR’s case law in the SAC’s decision-making. The combination of the three levels of analysis provides a detailed picture of the role of the Strasbourg judgments and decisions in the SAC’s case law
Network Monitoring and Enumerating Vulnerabilities in Large Heterogeneous Networks
Get PDFIn this paper, we present an empirical study on vulnerability enumeration in computer networks using common network probing and monitoring tools. We conducted active network scans and passive network monitoring to enumerate software resources and their version present in the network. Further, we used the data from third-party sources, such as Internet-wide scanner Shodan. We correlated the measurements with the list of recent vulnerabilities obtained from NVD using the CPE as a common identifier used in both domains. Subsequently, we compared the approaches in terms of network coverage and precision of system identification. Finally, we present a sample list of vulnerabilities observed in our campus network. Our work helps in approximating the number of vulnerabilities and vulnerable hosts in large networks, where it is often impractical or costly to perform vulnerability scans using specialized tools, and in situations, where a quick estimate is more important than thorough analysis.In this paper, we present an empirical study on vulnerability enumeration in computer networks using common network probing and monitoring tools. We conducted active network scans and passive network monitoring to enumerate software resources and their version present in the network. Further, we used the data from third-party sources, such as Internet-wide scanner Shodan. We correlated the measurements with the list of recent vulnerabilities obtained from NVD using the CPE as a common identifier used in both domains. Subsequently, we compared the approaches in terms of network coverage and precision of system identification. Finally, we present a sample list of vulnerabilities observed in our campus network. Our work helps in approximating the number of vulnerabilities and vulnerable hosts in large networks, where it is often impractical or costly to perform vulnerability scans using specialized tools, and in situations, where a quick estimate is more important than thorough analysis
The Role of Psychological Factors in Older Adults’ Readiness to Use eHealth Technology : Cross-Sectional Questionnaire Study
Get PDFBackground: Information and communication technology (ICT) use among older adults has been on the rise in recent years. However, the predictors and mechanisms behind older adults’ acceptance and use of ICT are not clear. Objective: This study aimed to systematically describe ICT usage among Czech older adults and to evaluate the factors influencing their ICT use and readiness to use digital technology to promote health (eHealth readiness). The primary focus was on psychological factors and the role of persons close to older adults. Methods: The research utilized cross-sectional survey data from a quota-based sample of Czech older adults (>50 years) and persons close to them further referred to as close persons (N=250 dyads). A structural equation modeling framework was used to evaluate relationships between psychological factors, ICT use, and eHealth readiness. Results: Czech older adults’ use of ICT is low with the exception of cell phone usage (cell phone usage by 173/250, 69.2%; other devices used by 50/250, 20.0% of older adults or less). Apart from age (ß=-.21; P<.001), eHealth readiness was predicted by ICT use (ß=.65; P<.001). eHealth readiness was also indirectly affected by the need for cognitive closure (NFCC): individuals with a high need for closure perceived more barriers to ICT (ß=.23; P=.01) and more reported barriers were linked to lower ICT usage (ß=-.21; P=.001). The expected positive relationships between eHealth readiness of persons close to older adults and ICT use and eHealth readiness of older adults were not significant, but the total effect of eHealth readiness of persons close to older adults on eHealth readiness of older adults was positive and significant (ß=.18; P=.01), indicating some level of influence of persons close to them on older adults’ attitudes and behaviors. Conclusions: This study provided the first systematic examination of Czech older adults’ ICT usage and eHealth readiness. Novel predictors (NFCC and close persons’ variables) were evaluated and yielded actionable results. More research is needed to clarify the role of persons close to older adults
Kontinuity v období „revolučních proměn“ a „soumraku selského stavu“ (příspěvek ke studiu života na venkově v socialistickém Československu)
Get PDFNarativy z období socialismu se nápadně shodují s diskuzí po roce 1989 v tvrzení, že druhá polovina dvacátého století přinesla diskontinuity proměňující venkov. Jejich hodnocení se sice liší – „žádoucí“ pokrok propagovaný normalizačním jazykem nepřipouštěl jmenování negativních dopadů na venkov i životní prostředí, které se logicky staly středobodem diskuze po roce 1989. Panuje ale shoda na tom, že kolektivizace zemědělství a modernizace venkova zásadně ovlivnila fungování vesnických komunit, způsob života i obecní hierarchii. Autor studie však tvrdí, že nelze dopad proměn venkova na současnost plně pochopit, sledujeme-li výhradně diskontinuity. Vychází přitom z vlastního zájmu o vzpomínky na společenský život za pozdního socialismu, přičemž se naopak soustředí na sledování kontinuit, při němž se lze odrazit od reflexe normativních představ a hodnot. Díky analýze orálně historických rozhovorů, ale i zhodnocení soudobých etnografických výzkumů se ukázalo, že členové vesnických komunit úspěšně vyvíjeli iniciativu k zajištění kontinuity ve společenském životě, přestože se jeho podoba měnila a nevyhnula se mezigeneračním diskuzím. Jako vysvětlení se nabízí sledování symbolů, se kterými se lidé identifikují, díky jejich zakořenění v hodnotovém žebříčku a vysoké adaptibilitě na vnější zásahy. Bez sledování vlivu kontinuit nelze plně pochopit strategie adaptibility příznačné pro dané období (např. nutnost užití hypernormalizovaného jazyka pro prosazení vlastních zájmů).The narratives from the socialist period remarkably resemble the discussions after 1989 when it comes to the statement that the second half of the 20th century brought discontinuities that changed the countryside, even though their evaluations are different: the “desired” progress promoted by the normalisation language had not admitted the listing of the negative impacts on the countryside and the environment which logically became the centre of discussion after 1989. There is, however, a consensus in that the collectivisation of agriculture and the modernisation of the countryside had a significant impact on the functioning of rural communities, the way of life and municipal hierarchies. The author of the study suggests, though, that it is impossible to fully grasp the impacts of the transformation of the countryside on the present if we only observe the discontinuities. His assumptions are based on his own interest in the memories about the social life in the late socialism period, while focusing on the observation of the continuities that can be based on a reflection of normative ideas and values. Thanks to an analysis of orally historical interviews and the evaluation of contemporary ethnographic research, the members of rural communities were shown to have successfully developed initiatives to ensure continuity in social life despite its changing form and inter-generational discussions. This can be explained with the observation of symbols with which people identify themselves – thanks to their embeddedness in the values system and high adaptability to external interventions. It is impossible to fully understand the strategies of adaptabilities, so characteristic of this period, without observing the impact of the continuities (e.g. the need to use hypernormalised language to advocate one’s own interests)
Odsun
Get PDFText o slabém právním základu odsunu Němců z Československa po druhé světové válce.Text on a weak legal basis for the expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after the Second World War
Uses Genres and Media Ensembles : A Conceptual Roadmap for Research of Convergent Audiences
Get PDFThis chapter tackles one of the main methodological and conceptual challenges to current audience research: fragmentation of viewers’ practices of reception. The use of digital and networked media and the consequent multiplication of screens, distribution channels and content sources have further complicated the notion of “watching television” and, along with that, academic and applied audience research. The chapter reintroduces Maria Bakardjieva’s concept of uses genres and connects it with the concept of media ensemble, suggesting that for research on the domestic consumption of films and TV series, the application of these concepts in qualitative (ethnographic) research and in audience surveys comes with strong advantages. Firstly, the concepts help to identify distinct types of consumption practices linked with specific technological objects, with specific audiovisual content and with typical everyday situations, and they enable us to analyze consumption explicitly within the contexts of the spatiotemporal and social organization of everyday life. Secondly, in cases of small- and peripheral-market audiences, the concepts enable us to identify specifics in audiences’ practices linked with the characteristics of these markets (e.g., with localized and non-localized content, with domestic and global production, etc.). And thirdly, the concepts explicitly acknowledge power both involved in and shaping the analyzed practices by emphasizing the “generative process of technology,” i.e., the transformative role of users’ practices in shaping technological and economic systems
Internal Conflicts in Works of Thucydides and Machiavelli
Get PDFHybrid threats are considered among the most serious risks that Western societies currently face. The aim of actors using such threats is to influence decision-making processes, and in order to do so they use a rich spectrum of methods to instigate conflict in society, seeking to undermine trust in institutions, abet radicalisation, and so on. Activities aimed at creating internal conflict, and the prevention of such activities, are not, of course, a new phenomenon; they differ only in their extent, intensity and the techniques used. The aim of this paper is to investigate how classic strategists – Thucydides and Machiavelli – described in their works how internal conflict is fomented among the enemy and how it can be prevented. The paper describes and analyses various ways of instigating and mitigating internal conflict as noted in their works, and assesses their relevance for the current debate.Hybridní hrozby jsou považovány za jedno z nejdůležitějších rizik, se kterými se potýkají společnosti Západu. Cílem aktérů užívajících těchto postupů je ovlivnit rozhodovací procesy, k čemuž jim mj. slouží pestrá škála postupů, kterými podněcují konflikty ve společnosti (podrývání důvěry v instituce, podpora radikalizace společnosti atd.). Aktivity, jejichž cílem je podnítit vnitřní konflikty a na straně druhé prevence proti těmto aktivitám ale nejsou novým fenoménem, liší se pouze svým rozsahem, intenzitou a použitými technikami. Cílem textu je zaměřit se na podněcování vnitřních konfliktů u nepřítele a obrana proti těmto aktivitám v dílech klasických stratégů (Thúkydidés a Machiavelli). V textu jsou popisovány a analyzovány různé způsoby podněcování či zmírňování vnitřních konfliktů v jejich dílech a posouzena jejich relevance pro současnou diskusi