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    Machine Learning in Citizen Science: Promises and Implications

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    The chapter gives an account of both opportunities and challenges of human–machine collaboration in citizen science. In the age of big data, scientists are facing the overwhelming task of analysing massive amounts of data, and machine learning techniques are becoming a possible solution. Human and artificial intelligence can be recombined in citizen science in numerous ways. For example, citizen scientists can be involved in training machine learning algorithms in such a way that they perform certain tasks such as image recognition. To illustrate the possible applications in different areas, we discuss example projects of human–machine cooperation with regard to their underlying concepts of learning. The use of machine learning techniques creates lots of opportunities, such as reducing the time of classification and scaling expert decision-making to large data sets. However, algorithms often remain black boxes and data biases are not visible at first glance. Addressing the lack of transparency both in terms of machine action and in handling user-generated data, the chapter discusses how machine learning is actually compatible with the idea of active citizenship and what conditions need to be met in order to move forward – both in citizen science and beyond.The chapter gives an account of both opportunities and challenges of human–machine collaboration in citizen science. In the age of big data, scientists are facing the overwhelming task of analysing massive amounts of data, and machine learning techniques are becoming a possible solution. Human and artificial intelligence can be recombined in citizen science in numerous ways. For example, citizen scientists can be involved in training machine learning algorithms in such a way that they perform certain tasks such as image recognition. To illustrate the possible applications in different areas, we discuss example projects of human–machine cooperation with regard to their underlying concepts of learning. The use of machine learning techniques creates lots of opportunities, such as reducing the time of classification and scaling expert decision-making to large data sets. However, algorithms often remain black boxes and data biases are not visible at first glance. Addressing the lack of transparency both in terms of machine action and in handling user-generated data, the chapter discusses how machine learning is actually compatible with the idea of active citizenship and what conditions need to be met in order to move forward – both in citizen science and beyond

    Empirical investigation into market power, markups and employment

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    Cyberostracism : Emotional and behavioral consequences in social media interactions

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    This study focuses on the effect of cyberostracism on social networking sites. Based on the temporal need-threat model of ostracism, we examined a) reflexive reactions, specifically worsened mood and threats to the four fundamental needs (i.e., belongingness, self-esteem, meaningful existence, and control), and b) reflective reactions, in the form of prosocial, antisocial, and avoidance behavior. We also focused on the role of social anxiety. Using the experimental tool Ostracism Online, we conducted an online experiment to manipulate ostracism, measure self-reported reflexive reactions, and measure reflective reactions in a newly developed cooperative financial game. The participants were 196 young Czech adults (age 18-30; 62% women). T-tests showed worsened mood and higher threat connected to all four of the fundamental needs in the reflexive stage in ostracized participants. Regression models showed that social anxiety had a small effect on reflexive reactions, but it did not moderate the effect of ostracism. The type of threatened need and social anxiety did not predict a reflective reaction. The only significant predictor of antisocial response was experienced ostracism. Even a mild form of ostracism such as the lack of reactions by strangers to a shared post can lead to negative emotional and behavioral consequences

    Why Russian demonstratives look the way they do

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    The talk discusses the morphology of demonstrative concord in Russian. An explanation is provided within the Nanosyntax model of spellout

    Framing and Agenda Setting of the Day of Republika Srpska and its 2016 Referendum

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    The purpose of this article is to explore broadsheet newspaper framing and agenda‑setting of two events using the five‑frame model developed by Semetko and Valkenburg (2000). This article provides insight into how the leading broadsheet newspaper within BiH’s Republika Srpska frames relationships between the three main ethnic groups and is the first such study to occur in BiH. By identifying and exploring the most common frames in Glas Srpske during the five‑year period (from 31 December 2015 to 30 December 2020), the research is meant to answer the following research questions: How does Glas Srpske frame the conversation about it and portray the Day of Republika Srpska (RS) and Referendum of the RS Day? The results, which find Attribution of Responsibility and Conflict frames to be the more prevalent in Glas Srpske, illustrate contentious politics that reinforce differences between ethnic groups in BiH. These events and the controversial narrative surrounding them are relevant more than ever in the light of the recent non‑paper ‘Western Balkans – A Way Forward’

    Čo si o audiovizuálnom fonde a RTVS myslia producenti? : Štúdia poľa súčasného slovenského distribučného dokumentu

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    Štúdia je analýzou poľa slovenského distribučného dokumentárneho filmu. Vychádza z desiatich rozhovorov s producentmi, ktoré boli realizované v rokoch 2018 a 2019. Ponúka klasifikáciu producentov podľa ich primárneho zamerania, pričom sa snaží vysvetliť motivácie režisérov k produkcii ich vlastných dokumentárnych filmov, aj k opusteniu tohto zámeru a presunu k produkcii cudzích projektov. Súčasťou štúdie je tiež analýza postojov producentov voči dvom najvplyvnejším inštitúciám v poli: Audiovizuálnemu fondu a Rozhlasu a televízií Slovenska. V závere autor predstavuje model poľa slovenského distribučného dokumentárneho filmu a trajektórie, ktoré producenti od svojho vstupu majú: získavanie a upevňovanie pozícií s väčšou autonómiou, zaujímanie postavenia v inštitúciách v poli, zotrvanie v okrajových pozíciách a voľbu menej štandardných taktík.This study analyzes the field of Slovak documentary films for cinemas based on ten interviews conducted with producers in 2018 and 2019. It offers a classification of producers based on their primary focus and tries to explain the motivations of the directors to produce their own documentaries and the fact that they later give up this aim and shift to the production of the movies directed by their colleagues. The study also includes an analysis of the producers’ attitudes towards the two most influential institutions in the field: the Slovak Audiovisual Fund and the Radio and Television of Slovakia. Finally, the author presents a model of the field and the trajectories of the producers from their entry into the field: gaining and consolidating their position with greater autonomy, taking up positions in institutions that are most relevant for the field, remaining in marginal positions, and choosing less standard tactics

    Onemocnění sliznice ústní dutiny – repetitorium a atlas

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    Multimediální publikace Onemocnění sliznice ústní dutiny – repetitorium a atlas zahrnuje učební text a k němu příslušející obrazovou databázi patologických stavů na sliznicích dutiny ústní. Úvodní kapitoly zahrnují obecné poznatky o ústních sliznicích. Dále následují kapitoly týkající se jednotlivých onemocnění včetně diferenciálně diagnostických poznámek. Publikace je určena studentům programu Zubní lékařství a Všeobecné lékařství.This electronic publication includes a textbook and an associated image database of pathological conditions on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. The introductory chapters include general knowledge about the oral mucosa. The following are chapters on individual diseases, including differential diagnostic notes

    Světová a evropská epidemická spolupráce a české (ne)zvládání izolací a karantén

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    Jako odpověď na covid-19 pandemii navrhované zlepšení spolupráce členských států Evropské unie při zvládání přeshraničních zdravotních hrozeb včetně posílení Evropského střediska pro prevenci a kontrolu nemocí (ECDC) nám umožňuje uvědomit si vazbu mezi mezinárodním právem (včetně unijního) a vnitrostátním právem. Navržený rámec spolupráce se uplatní přímo. Vedle spolupráce se předpokládá vnitrostátní působení. Cílená opatření pro potlačování epidemií jako trasování, testování, izolace a karantény se pro zvládání epidemií se očekávají. Právní stát, kterým členský stát EU nemůže nebýt, si pro ně musí vytvořit, uplatňovat, rozvíjet a přizpůsobovat patřičný zákonný rámec. Česko během pandemie uvedená opatření uplatňovala se smíšenými výsledky, které přispěly k vysokým počtům nákaz a úmrtí. Nedostatečné právní ošetření právě cílených opatření je ovšem neudržitelné nejen kvůli našim mezinárodním závazkům, ale též kvůli ochraně základních práv, dobré správě, zákonnosti a konečně též pro úspěch těchto opatření při potlačování nákazy, aby se nemusela zavádět plošná omezení (lockdown). Následující text tedy nejen představuje současnou a zamýšlenou podobu spolupráce v Evropské unii a Světové zdravotnické organizaci, ale především kriticky reflektuje tuzemskou právní praxi a naznačuje zlepšení legislativního rámce.The response on the Covid-19 pandemic proposed improvement of the EU member states of tackling cross-border threats to health including empowerment of the European Centre for Prevention and Control of Diseases enables us to realise the relation of the internationa (plus EU) law and national law. Proposed framework of cooperation shall apply directly. Neverhtheless, it expects domestic activity. Targeted measures for suppressing of epidemies as contact tracing, testing, isolations and quarantines are excepted. The country with the rule of law, a member state must be, shall thus establish, apply, develop, and adjust an appropriate legal framework. Czechia has mixed results in this regard, which contributed to high figures of contagions and fatalities. Perfunctory legal framework is unsustainable not only regarding our international obligations, but also for the protection of fundamental rights, good administration, legality and efficiency at the end, to avoid general restrictions (lockdown). Therefore, the paper thus explains not only recent and proposed cooperation in the EU and WHO, but mainly critically addresses domestic practice and identifies feasible improvement of legal framework

    Passive sampling and benchmarking to rank HOC levels in the aquatic environment

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    The identification and prioritisation of water bodies presenting elevated levels of anthropogenic chemicals is a key aspect of environmental monitoring programmes. Albeit this is challenging owing to geographical scales, choice of indicator aquatic species used for chemical monitoring, and inherent need for an understanding of contaminant fate and distribution in the environment. Here, we propose an innovative methodology for identifying and ranking water bodies according to their levels of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in water. This is based on a unique passive sampling dataset acquired over a 10-year period with silicone rubber exposures in surface water bodies across Europe. We show with these data that, far from point sources of contamination, levels of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) in water approach equilibrium with atmospheric concentrations near the air/water surface. This results in a relatively constant ratio of their concentrations in the water phase. This, in turn, allows us to (i) identify sites of contamination with either of the two chemicals when the HCB/PeCB ratio deviates from theory and (ii) define benchmark levels of other HOCs in surface water against those of HCB and/or PeCB. For two polychlorinated biphenyls (congener 28 and 52) used as model chemicals, differences in contamination levels between the more contaminated and pristine sites are wider than differences in HCB and PeCB concentrations endorsing the benchmarking procedure

    Učení v reálném světě : zkušenosti s testováním modelu pro environmentální výchovu v přírodě

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    Cílem studie je představit hlavní výsledky tříletého ověřování modelu Real World Learning určeného pro přípravu a realizaci programů venkovní environmen­tální výchovy. Výzkumu realizovaného na pěti pobytových programech se účastnili lektoři a vedoucí pracovníci center environmentální výchovy a žáci třetích až sed­mých ročníků základních škol a jejich doprovázející učitelé. Pomocí kvalitativních (rozhovor, ohniskové skupiny, pozorování) i kvantitativních (dotazník) výzkumných metod byly sledovány především následující proměnné související s modelem Real World Learning: zkušenostní učení, hodnoty, empowerment, srozumitelnost progra­mu a spokojenost s programem. Lektoři při realizaci programů inklinují k hodnotově orientovanému působení na účastníky, zaměřenému často na silné transformativní zážitky v přírodě. Tyto zážitky jsou účastníky pozitivně přijímány, žáci v programech oceňují prvky zkušenostního učení a zároveň netouží po přílišné autonomii směrem k ovlivňování obsahu a průběhu programu. Instrumentální přístup preferují také lek­toři, podpoření v tomto pohledu doprovázejícími učiteli. Ti vnímají programy přede­vším jako příležitost pro rozvoj sociálních kompetencí svých žáků. Z představených výsledků jsou vytvořena doporučení pro realizaci venkovních programů environmen­tální výchovy.The aim of the study is to present the main results of a three-year verification process of the Real World Learning model, designed for the preparation and implementation of outdoor environmental education programs. The research, carried out on five residential programs, involved lecturers and leaders of environmental education centers, accompanying teachers and pupils in the third to seventh grades of elementary school. Using qualitative (interview, focus groups, observation) and quantitative (questionnaire) research methods, the following variables related to the Real World Learning model were monitored: experiential learning, values, empowerment, program clarity, and the satisfaction with program. During the implementation of the programs, the lecturers tend to have a value-oriented influence on the participants, often focused on strong transformative experiences in nature. These experiences are positively received by the participants, pupils in the programs appreciate the elements of experiential learning and at the same time do not desire too much autonomy to influence the content and course of the program. The instrumental approach is also preferred by lecturers, supported in this view by accompanying teachers. These teachers perceive the programs primarily as an opportunity to develop the social competencies of their students. Recommendations for the implementation of outdoor environmental education programs are drawn from the presented results

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