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Na cestě k ideálu : sociální spravedlnost, normativní diverzita a modelování v politické filosofii
Get PDFNa pozadí napětí mezi ideálním a neideálním teoretizováním rekonstruuje článek dva komplexní přístupy k modelování ideálu – umírněně anti-utopickou pozici Geralda Gause a radikální utopismus Davida Estlunda. Argumentujeme, že cíle (= ideál) a prostředky k jeho dosažení (= cesta k ideálu) jsou provázanější, než by se ze samotného rozlišení mezi ideálem a cestami k němu zdálo. To zpochybňuje Estlundem zastávanou tezi, že nalézání ideálu je v principu nezávislé na zkoumání podmínek a překážek jeho dosahování. Ukazuje se, že klíčem k produktivnímu utopickému uvažování bude schopnost či možnost smysluplně využít různorodosti perspektiv, což nám říká cosi podstatného o povaze politické filosofie a její roli ve veřejné debatě. V závěru propojujeme naši argumentaci s obhajobou konvergenšního veřejného ospravedlnění, již jsme nabídli v jiném textu.Set against the background of the clash between ideal and non-ideal theorising in political philosophy, this review article outlines two complex approaches to the modelling of an ideal of justice. We reconstruct the moderately anti-utopian position championed by Gerald Gaus, who suggests we should give up the efforts to discover a conclusive truth about ideal justice, and confront it with David Estlund’s steadfast belief that unearthing some such ideal is nevertheless a preeminent philosophical goal. Utilising Gaus’s formalised model of what searching for an ideal of justice must encompass, we show why the formulation of the normative ideal depends on the very conditions of and obstacles to the achievement of such an ideal. Under conditions of normative pluralism which is ubiquitous in constitutional democracies, this means that the first desideratum of modelling an ideal should be outlining the ways of productively harnessing the diverse perspectives which populate any reasonably free society. Put bluntly, discovering an ideal requires giving up the philosophical search for the ideal. Ramifications for how best to construe the vocation of political philosophy as such are substantial: Rather than monologically digging deeper and deeper towards an elusive ideal of justice which tells us what we collectively ought to do, we need to figure out how to make cohabitation of contrasting worldviews possible, perhaps even enjoyable. We conclude the article by linking the argument to a defence of convergence public justification we offered in a previous paper
Odraz tragédie obce Lidice v protektorátním, britském a americkém tisku
Get PDFZpráva o zničení Lidic šokovala obyvatele všech kontinentů po celém světě a jméno Lidic zůstalo dodnes celosvětově známé. Účelem této studie je interpretovat velmi významné období v dějinách českých zemí z hlediska jejich historického vývoje, a také z pohledu soudobých protektorátních médií, ale rovněž na základě obrazu britských médií a z hlediska české historie a amerického tisku. Studie má interdisciplinární charakter, neboť se týká nejen oblasti historické vědy, ale i historie a zároveň navazuje na mediální studia. Studie byla provedena s pomocí obsahové analýzy, komparativní historické analýzy a analýzy diskurzu. Nejvíce nás zajímá, jak bylo reflektováno zničení Lidic v médiích a jaké aspekty byly předmětem zvláštního zájmu, jakým způsobem bylo místní obyvatelstvo zobrazováno a jaké charakteristické rysy byly obyvatelům Lidic přisuzovány.The news of the destruction of Lidice shocked people of all the continents throughout the world and the name of Lidice has remained globally known until today. The purpose of this study is to interpret a very important period in the history of the Czech Lands from the point of view of the contemporary Protectorate media, but also from the viewpoint of the British and American press. The study is interdisciplinary as it relates not only to the field of historical sciences but at the same time it is linked to media studies. The analysis was carried out with the help of content analysis, comparative historical analysis and discourse analysis. At the core of our interest here is the way the reflection of the destruction of Lidice was presented by the media, what aspects were of particular interest, in what way the local population was depicted and what characteristic features were attributed to Lidice inhabitants
Per il testo di Vita nuova XXV, 3-7
Get PDFNel capitolo XXV della Vita nuova, digressione teorica sulla poesia in volgare e sulla sua storia, che per certi aspetti si avvicina ad alcuni passi del De vulgari eloquentia e del Convivio, la tradizione presenta in modo compatto due errori: al § 1 «sustanzia intelligentia», che Michele Barbi corregge con «sustanzia intelligente» mentre Guglielmo Gorni propone di correggere con «sustantia ‹separata da materia, cioè› intelligentia»; al § 9 viene attribuita al «secondo de lo Eneida» una citazione che appartiene invece al terzo libro: Barbi, che pure corregge, non nasconde il dubbio che possa trattarsi di un errore d’autore; Gorni promuove invece a testo la lezione dei manoscritti, scelta che sarà accolta anche da Donato Pirovano, in quanto probabile lezione d’autore. A un esame attento, all’interno dello stesso capitolo anche un terzo passo, con carattere di glossa, presenta elementi di problematicità all’interno del contesto testuale in cui è collocato. Nell’articolo si discuterà di tale questione, si cercherà di spiegarne la genesi e si valuterà l’opportunità di un eventuale intervento di restituzione testuale che risolverebbe l’aporia.In chapter XXV of the ‘Vita Nuova’, which is a theoretical digression on poetry in the vernacular and its history, that in some respects comes close to a few passages of the ‘De vulgari eloquentia’ and the ‘Convivio’, the textual tradition presents two errors in a compact way: in § 1 «sustanzia intelligentia», which Michele Barbi corrects with «sustanzia intelligente», while Guglielmo Gorni proposes to correct with «sustantia ‹separata da materia, cioè› intelligentia»; in § 9 a quotation is attributed to the «secondo de lo Eneida» which belongs instead to the third book: Barbi, despite of correcting the text, does not hide his doubt that it may be an author’s error; Gorni, on the other hand, promotes the reading of manuscripts to text, a choice that will also be accepted by Donato Pirovano, as this is likely the author’s reading. Upon careful examination, also a third passage within the same chapter, which is likely to be a gloss, looks troublesome within the textual context in which it is placed. In the article, this issue will be discussed, an attempt will be made to explain its genesis and the opportunity of a new textual restitution that would resolve such aporia will be evaluated
Ospravedlnění, nebo ontologie? Aneb proč je filosofování o pojmu lidských práv užitečné
Get PDFText kriticky reaguje na článek Marka Káčera Načo sa trápiť s otázkou existencie ľudských práv? (ČPVP 4/2020). Argumentuji, že autorova snaha o vyhnutí se filosofickým kontroverzím spojeným s pojmem lidských práv narazí na stejný typ problémů, s nimiž se potýkají přístupy, jež chce pragmatickým obratem překonat. Nosným neshledávám ani justifikační opření pragmatismu o údajný celosvětový překrývající se konsenzus stran praxe lidských práv. Poukazem na neúplnost právně-centralistického pohledu na lidská práva a zdůrazněním jejich sociálně-morálního podhoubí pak zpochybňuji i související tezi, že jako lidstvo jsme se pro lidská práva díky jejich všeobecné užitečnosti již „rozhodli“, a tudíž není více důvod hledat jejich hlubší ospravedlnění.This is a critical response to Marek Káčer’s article Why Should we Bother with the Question of Existence of Human Rights? (this journal, No. 4/2020). I argue that the author’s attempt to set philosophical controversies about the concept of human rights aside will encounter the same set of problems that have occupied the approaches he wishes to supersede with his pragmatic turn. Related, I do not find convincing the justificatory bedding of his pragmatism in the supposed global overlapping consensus on the practice of human rights. By explaining the incompleteness of legal-centralistic view of human rights and highlighting the social-moral prerequisites of legal rules, I also cast doubt over the claim that “we” as humanity have already “decided” for human rights, which supposedly renders any deeper justification unnecessary
Mythologizing the face mask : How protective covers became political during the fine-dust and COVID-19 crises in South Korea
Get PDFThis study aimed to demonstrate how South Korean news media routinized and sensationalized the face mask amid two recent public health crises: the fine-dust crisis and the COVID-19 epidemic. News media appropriated the mythologized meaning of the face mask as a symbol of individual safety during the two crises. This study analyses news articles to answer three questions: (1) How was wearing the face mask mythologized as a routinized practice in days of uncertain risk? (2) How was the face mask politicized as a mythologized sign indicating China as an external threat? and (3) How was the face mask politicized as a symbolic code of the government’s responsibility for the crisis? Once signified as the primary means of individual protection in the context of Korean risk society, the face mask became politicized amid the shortage of the face mask. Placed in the context of the recent disastrous crises in Korea, China was identified as the culprit not only in the epidemic but also in the shortage of the face mask. The meaning of China as an external threat was continuously strengthened when the South Korean government opted out of the entry ban on Chinese citizens. The last analytic part presents how news media politicized the epidemic by associating the face mask crisis with the Korean government
On thermal stability of nanocrystalline Ag–Cu-S powders
Get PDFThe nanocrystalline semiconducting compounds based on the AgCuS system are considered as low-cost candidates of thermoelectric materials with improved thermal stability. The nanocrystalline Ag–Cu—S powders were prepared from metal nitrates and sulphur powder in tetraethylene glycol (TEG) solvent by reductive agent NaBH4. The crystallite sizes of the observed phases were in the range between 60 and 80 nm. The chemical compositions of the as-received samples were analysed by the ICP-AES method and their phase compositions were evaluated by XRPD. The investigation was supplemented by DSC and in situ HTXRD thermal analysis. A more detailed in situ experiment was performed for a sample containing ternary phases. The nucleation and growth of silver micro-wires were first observed on the substrate involving ternary phases at isothermal heat treatment. The formation of silver wires and semi-conductive ternary thermoelectric phase (stromayerite τ3) is explained by observed phase transformation. The obtained results are complemented by microscopy (LM, SEM, TEM)
Driving locus of control : The Czech adaptation
Get PDFObjectives. This study attempts to introduce the Driving Locus of Control (DLoC), a method focused on the internal or external source of attribution of the driving behaviour, to the Czech context. This study also relates DLoC to attitudes towards autonomous vehicles (AVs). Participants and setting. Out of the general population, 59 inquirers personally interviewed (CAPI) 1 065 respondents (49% women) in the age range between 15 and 92 years (M = 50, SD = 17). The respondents were sampled via multistage random sampling procedure, based on the list of addresses in the Czech Republic. Hypotheses. The authors hypothesised to replicate the original two-factor structure of the DLoC Scale and that the higher levels of internal DLoC result in not considering the improvement in traffic safety as the AVs replace human drivers. Statistical analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to analyse the factor structure of DLoC Scale. Hypotheses related to the empirical validity of the method were assessed via structural equation modelling. The reliability of DLoC Scale was calculated in terms of internal consistency (McDonald coefficient). Results. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed reasonably good support for structural validity of the one-dimensional DLoC-CZ15 factor model (χ2 = 426.967, df = 90, CFI = 0.964, TLI = 0.958, SRMR = 0.066, RMSEA = 0.065). In addition, the one-dimensional DLoC-CZ15 factor model showed acceptable internal consistency - ω = 0.9 (95% CI [0.89, 0.91]). The structural equation modelling found a relationship between DLoC and some of the items capturing attitudes towards AVs, too. Study limitations. The analysed data were obtained via interviews between respondents and inquirers. As a result, the study does not contain indicators of empirical validity measured by a methodologically different approach, such as an observation of driving behaviour
Prilog proučavanju češko-srpskih veza : Česi i Srbi iz austrougarskih zemalja u prvoj srpskoj dobrovoljačkoj diviziji na frontu u Dobrudži
No full textNi u češkoj ni u srpskoj javnosti nije dovoljno poznata činjenica da su češki vojnici i posebno oficiri učestvovali u borbenim dejstvima prve srpske dobrovoljačke divizije na frontu u Dobrudži. Srpske vlasti su u Rusiji pokušale da osnuju izbegličku vojsku iz redova zarobljenih Srba iz austrougarske vojske, koja bi tokom savezničkih kampanja operisala na Balkanskom poluostrvu i čiji bi zadatak bio da doprinese oslobođenju okupirane zemlje. Tako je u Odesi početkom 1916. godine počelo formiranje srpske dobrovoljačke divizije. Mnogo zarobljenih Čeha je odlučilo da stupi u ovu novoformiranu srpsku vojsku, pošto su im ruski organi branili da pristupe, namerno veoma sporo formiranoj, češkoj jedinici u Kijevu. Česi su se u srpskoj diviziji borili u Dobrudži protiv bugarskih i nemačkih jedinica. Studija se temelji na uspomenama čeških oficira-dobrovoljaca i na arhivskoj građi. Kako u uspomenama, tako i u građi nalazimo tonove razočaranja prilikama u diviziji, posebno posle razbijanja divizije u borbama u Dobrudži. Češki oficiri-dobrovoljci se žale na bezosećajno ponašanje srpskih visokih oficira prema svojim vojnicima, na prisilno vrbovanje srpskih, ali i hrvatskih vojnika u ruskim zarobljeničkim logorima, na batinanje i druge kazne i uopšte na nedostatak demokratskog duha. Ove činjenjice nisu u srpskoj istoriografiji dovoljno poznate. To je bio jedan od razloga što se većina čeških dobrovoljaca ispisala iz redova divizije. Kasnije su ti borci zauzimali istaknute položaje u čehoslovačkim legijama formiranim u Rusiji i te položaje su zadržali i po povratku u otadžbinu.The fact that Czech soldiers and especially officers participated in the combat actions of the first Serbian volunteer division on the front line in Dobruja is not well known in the Czech or Serbian public. Serbian authorities tried to set up a refugee army in Russia. The army was to be formed from the ranks of captured Serbs from the Austro-Hungarian army and would operate on the Balkans during the campaigns of the Entente Powers and whose task would be to contribute to the liberation of the occupied country. Thus, in the beginning of 1916, the formation of the Serbian volunteer division began in Odessa. To the Serbian Volunteer Division entered a large number of Czech prisoners of war, especially officers, as the Russian authorities prevented them from joining deliberately very slowly formed Czech division in Kiev. With the Serbian division they fought in Dobruja against the Bulgarian and German troops. The study is based on written memories of Czech officers and on archival sources. Both in the memoirs and in the sources we find tones of disillusionment with the conditions in the Serbian division, especially after the defeat in Dobruja. Czech volunteers complained about high-ranking Serbian officers and their mistreatment of ordinary soldiers, the forcible recruitment of Serbian but also Croatian prisoners of war from Russian prison camps, harsh physical punishment, and a lack of democratic spirit 1 in the division. These facts are not very well known in Serbian historiography. This is one of the reasons why a large part of the Czech volunteers left the Serbian division. Many of them later occupied prominent positions in Czechoslovak legions formed in Russia and retained these positions after returning to their homeland
Donelaitis be Rézos ir Neselmano - autentika ar sintetika?
No full textPaskaitoje iš naujo aptariamos teorinės Donelaičio "Metų" kompozicijos bei kūrinio rišlumo tyrimų prieigos: analizuojamos konkurencinės Liudviko Rėzos ir Georgo Nesselmanno "Metų" rišlumo koncepcijos bei siūlomas naujas požiūris, paremtas paradigminių izotopijų teksto rišlumo konceptu.V přednášce se kryticky rozebírá teoretické přístupy ke kompozici a narativní koherenci "Ročních dob" Kristijonase Donelaitise: po zevrubné analýze starších přístupů reprezentovaných Ludwigem Rhesou a Georgem Nesselmannen se prelegent přiklání k nové interpretaci, založené na konceptu paradigmatické izotopie tohoto textu.The lecture deals with the problem of the cohesiveness of Donelaitis's "The Seasons" by deconstructing conceptual approaches of Ludwig Rhesa and Georg Nesselmann and shifting the theoretic description of the cohesiveness towards the concept of paradigmatic text isotopies
Obrázky z balkánského bojiště. Výstava fotografií z deníku nadporučíka c. k. armády Hynka Doležala z let 1914-1918
Get PDFVýstava na základě fotografií z válečného deníku českého nadporučíka Hynka Doležala a komentářů autora výstavy představuje tažení XIX. sboru rakousko-uherské armády Balkánem. Všímá si přitom i dobových etnografických záležitostí, je doplněna trojrozměrnými předměty jak etnografického, tak vojenského charakteru, většinou ze sbírek autora výstavy. Jako kritický katalog výstavy slouží kniha vydaná autorem výstavy ve spolupráci Muzea Brněnska a Matice moravské v roce 2019, nazvaná Deník nadporučíka c. k. armády z let 1914-1918. Obrázky českého důstojníka Hynka Doležala z Balkánského bojiště Velké války (Brno 2019)v níž je vojenské tažení podrobněji vysvětleno a kde jsou zveřejněny také fotografie z výstavy. Záštitu nad výstavou převzala velvyslankyně Bosny a Hercegoviny, která byla osobně přítomna na vernisáži, a hejtman Jihomoravského kraje.Exhibition based on photographs from the war diary of the Czech senior lieutenant Hynek Doležal and comments from the author of the exhibition. It represents a war campaign led by the XIX Corps of the Austro-Hungarian Army in the Balkans. He also notices the period ethnographic peculiarities of the Balkans. It is complemented by three-dimensional objects of both ethnographic and military character, mostly from the collections of the author of the exhibition. A catalog about the exhibition was published - a book published by the author of the exhibition in cooperation with the Museum of the Brno Region and the publishing house Matice moravská. It is called The Diary of a Senior Lieutenant of the Austro.Hungarian Army from 1914-1918: Czech officer Hynek Doležals Photographs from the Balkan Theater of the Great War (Brno 2019). In this publication, the military campaign is explained in more detail, and it also publishes photographs that make up the exhibition. The exhibition was sponsored by the Ambassador of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who was personally present at the opening, and the Governor of the South Moravian Region