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Jednota ČsOL v Hodoníně
No full textČlánek popisuje dějiny organizace Československé obce legionářské v Hodoníně od jejích počátků do současnosti.The article is focused on history of Association of the Czechoslovak Legionnaires in town Hodonín from its beginning up to the present
Archetypal games generate diverse models of power, conflict, and cooperation
Get PDFInterdependence takes many forms. We show how three patterns of power generate diverse models for understanding dynamics and transformations in social-ecological systems. Archetypal games trace pathways that go beyond a focus on a few social dilemmas to recognize and understand diversity and complexity in a landscape of social situations, including families of coordination and defection problems. We apply the extended topology of two-person two-choice (2 × 2) games to derive simple archetypes of interdependence that generate models with overlapping opportunities and challenges for collective action. Simplifying payoff matrices by equalizing outcome ranks (making ties to show indifference among outcomes) yields three archetypal games that are ordinally equivalent to payoff structures for independence, coordination, and exchange, as identified by interdependence theory in social psychology. These three symmetric patterns of power combine to make an asymmetric archetype for zero-sum conflict and further structures of power and dependence. Differentiating the ranking of outcomes (breaking ties) transforms these primal archetypes into more complex configurations, including intermediate archetypes for synergy, compromise, convention, rivalry, and advantage. Archetypal models of interdependence, and the pathways through which they generate diverse situations, could help to understand institutional diversity and potential transformations in social-ecological systems, to distinguish between convergent and divergent collective action problems for organizations, and to clarify elementary patterns of power in governance
Disease network data for the pesticide fipronil in rat dopamine cells
Get PDFTranscriptome data were collected in rat dopamine cells exposed to fipronil for 24 h using microarray analysis. Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole pesticide that acts to inhibit gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), blocking inhibitory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Transcriptome data were subjected to pathway analysis and subnetwork enrichment analysis. We report that 25 mu M fipronil altered transcriptional networks in dopamine-synthesizing cells that are associated with Alzheimer's Disease, Huntington Disease, and Schizophrenia. Data analysis revealed that nerve fibre degeneration, nervous system malformations, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation were all disease processes related to the transcriptome profile observed in the rat neuronal cells. Other disease networks altered by fipronil exposure at the transcript level were associated with the mitochondria, including mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome and mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. These data, along with those presented in Souders et al. (2021), are significant because they increase understanding into the molecular mechanisms underlying human disease following exposures to neuroactive pesticides. These data can be reused to inform adverse outcome pathways for neurotoxic pesticides
«V každom dome ugoščajutsja gusjatinoj, pivom i kumyškoj» : pivo kak marker udmurtskoj kultury i etnoprinadležnosti
No full textEssencijej duchovnoj kultury udmurtskogo naroda dolgoje vremja javljalsja ritual. Obrjadovaja žizn' udmurtov objedinjaet čerty tradicionnoj jazyčeskoj very i prinjatogo pozdněje pravoslavija. Proveděnije ritualov silno otličajetsja daže na urovně sosednich děreven'. Dannaja statja posvjaščena elementu, kotoryj objedinjaet vsech udmurtov něsmotrja na geografičeskoje rasstojanije i prinadležnost' k vyžy (rodam) – pivu (sur). Etot napitok služil ně tolko bodrjaščim sputnikom pri ceremonijach, no obladal i glubokoj, magičeskoj funkcijej, osuščestvljajuščej svjaz s inym mirom. Cel dannoj stati – obratit' vnimanije na važnuju rol piva, kak drevněgo markera udmurtskoj etnoprinadležnosti na osnove analiza ritualov i obrjadov kalendarnogo cikla.For a long time, the essence of the spiritual culture of the Udmurt people was a ritual. The ritual life of the Udmurts combines the features of the traditional pagan faith and later adopted Orthodoxy. The performance of the rituals is very different even at the level of neighbouring villages. This article is devoted to an element that unites all Udmurts, despite the geographic distance and belonging to the vizhy (clans), which is beer (sur). This drink served not only as an invigorating companion during ceremonies, but also had a deep, magical function used for communication with another world. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the significant role of beer as an ancient marker of Udmurt ethnicity based on the analysis of rituals and ceremonies of the calendar cycle
Through selective activism towards greater resilience: the Czech Constitutional Court's interventions into high politics in the age of populism
Get PDFWith technocratic populist Andrej Babiš leading the Czech government coalition, the country has experienced some democratic backsliding. In contrast to its Hungarian and Polish counterparts, however, the Czech Constitutional Court has been spared from executive capture. This article argues that resilient constitutional courts may act as one of the key safeguards against illiberal populism. We demonstrate that resilient constitutional courts are products of an institutional framework, which prevents court-packing by loyal allies of populist leaders, and of courts’ activities that increase their reputation with the public, thus making political attacks against them overly costly. We argue that the Czech Constitutional Court has exercised an approach of selective judicial activism that focuses on keeping political competition fair while avoiding involvement in controversial socially transformative judicial decision-making which would outrage large parts of the population. Moreover, by acting as a guardian of fair political competition, the Court contributed to the further fragmentation of the political landscape, which in turn prevented the accumulation of political power, and hence the Court shielded itself from political attacks.With technocratic populist Andrej Babiš leading the Czech government coalition, the country has experienced some democratic backsliding. In contrast to its Hungarian and Polish counterparts, however, the Czech Constitutional Court has been spared from executive capture. This article argues that resilient constitutional courts may act as one of the key safeguards against illiberal populism. We demonstrate that resilient constitutional courts are products of an institutional framework, which prevents court-packing by loyal allies of populist leaders, and of courts’ activities that increase their reputation with the public, thus making political attacks against them overly costly. We argue that the Czech Constitutional Court has exercised an approach of selective judicial activism that focuses on keeping political competition fair while avoiding involvement in controversial socially transformative judicial decision-making which would outrage large parts of the population. Moreover, by acting as a guardian of fair political competition, the Court contributed to the further fragmentation of the political landscape, which in turn prevented the accumulation of political power, and hence the Court shielded itself from political attacks
Environmental protection in the Constitution of the Czech Republic
Get PDFThis article aims to analyse the constitutional order of Czechia and the decision-making practice of the courts to define the legal means of environmental protection at the constitutional level. The aim is also to provide the reader with an essential insight into environmental protection in Czechia at the constitutional level so that the legal regulation and decision-making practice can be compared with other countries.Tento článek si klade za cíl analyzovat ústavní pořádek České republiky a rozhodovací praxi soudů s cílem vymezit právní prostředky ochrany životního prostředí na ústavní úrovni. Cílem je také poskytnout čtenáři základní vhled do ochrany životního prostředí v Česku na ústavní úrovni, aby bylo možné právní úpravu a rozhodovací praxi porovnat s jinými zeměmi.This article aims to analyse the constitutional order of Czechia and the decision-making practice of the courts to define the legal means of environmental protection at the constitutional level. The aim is also to provide the reader with an essential insight into environmental protection in Czechia at the constitutional level so that the legal regulation and decision-making practice can be compared with other countries
Reversing the Past : Municipal Splits in Slovakia After 1989
Get PDFThe research on territorial reforms on the local level has so far focused on municipal amalgamations. However, less is known about municipal splits – a phenomenon that is less frequent, but that occurred in several European countries in recent decades. This paper deals with municipal splits in Slovakia after 1989, and it examines a set of factors that supported municipalities in their effort to obtain independence. The findings show that the massive wave of splits that began shortly after 1989 was primarily motivated by the aim of reversing the consequences of the amalgamation that had been conducted by the Communist regime. Hence, the question of identity was the main trigger leading to municipal splits. On the other hand, the analysis found that economic factors had only a limited role in the establishing of new municipalities in Slovakia
Nitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (nitrophenols, nitrocatechols, nitrosalicylic acids) in ambient air: levels, mass size distributions and inhalation bioaccessibility
Get PDFNitrated monoaromatic hydrocarbons (NMAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment and an important part of atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) and brown carbon. They are ecotoxic and with underresearched toxic potential for humans. NMAHs were determined in size-segregated ambient particulate matter collected at two urban sites in central Europe, Ostrava and Kladno, Czech Republic. The average sums of 12 NMAHs (Σ12NMAH) measured in winter PM10 samples from Ostrava and Kladno were 102 and 93 ng m−3, respectively, and 8.8 ng m−3 in summer PM10 samples from Ostrava. The concentrations in winter corresponded to 6.3–7.3% and 2.6–3.1% of HULIS-C and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), respectively. Nitrocatechols represented 67–93%, 61–73% and 28–96% of NMAHs in PM10 samples collected in winter and summer at Ostrava and in winter at Kladno, respectively. The mass size distribution of the targeted substance classes peaked in the submicrometre size fractions (PM1), often in the PM0.5 size fraction especially in summer. The bioaccessible fraction of NMAHs was determined by leaching PM3 samples in two simulated lung fluids, Gamble’s solution and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). More than half of NMAH mass is found bioaccessible, almost complete for nitrosalicylic acids. The bioaccessible fraction was generally higher when using ALF (mimics the chemical environment created by macrophage activity, pH 4.5) than Gamble’s solution (pH 7.4). Bioaccessibility may be negligible for lipophilic substances (i.e. log KOW > 4.5)
Perfekcionistická kritika liberalismu veřejného rozumu : Argumenty neliberálních perfekcionistů
Get PDFPříspěvek zkoumá vztah liberalismu veřejného rozumu a jednoho, historicky důležitého, pojetí neliberálního perfekcionismu. Liberalismus veřejného rozumu vždy usiloval o podporu ze strany různých komprehensivních doktrín, a proto se nabízí otázka, zda se mu to může podařit také u perfekcionistických autorů patřících k tomistické tradici. Za tímto účelem článek nejprve vymezuje základní pojmy, jež užívá, tj. liberalismus, perfekcionismus a liberalismus veřejného rozumu. Následně ve dvou krocích tematizuje, proč zástupci tomistické tradice musí nakonec odmítnout liberalismus veřejného rozumu. Nejprve si všímá jejich kritiky neuspokojivých metafyzických předpokladů liberalismu, aby následně rozebral problematický vztah přirozenoprávních a veřejných důvodů. Článek nabízí odpověď na nepříliš často tematizovanou otázku, proč zástupci této alternativní tradice budou považovat liberalismus veřejného rozumu za nepřijatelný.The paper examines the relationship between public reason liberalism and one, historically important, conception of illiberal perfectionism. Public reason liberalism has always pursued the backing of various comprehensive doctrines, and therefore the question comes about as to whether it can also succeed in this with perfectionist authors belonging to the Thomistic tradition. Towards this goal, the author first delineates the basic concepts that he analyzes in the article – namely, liberalism, perfectionism and public reason liberalism. He subsequently elaborates in two steps why it is that the representatives of the Thomistic tradition must ultimately reject public reason liberalism. He first notes their critique of the unsatisfactory metaphysical assumptions of liberalism so that he can then break down the problematic relationship between natural law reasons and public reasons. The article offers an answer to the rarely asked question of why the representatives of this alternative tradition ultimately consider public reason liberalism to be unacceptable
Katolické výhrady vůči liberálnímu chápání svobody a sociálního řádu
Get PDFČlánek je příspěvkem do opakujících se debat o (in)kompatibilitě katolické a liberální tradice. Všímá si rozdílů mezi konceptuálními základy těchto tradic, tj. pojmů jako svoboda, či šířeji, sociální řád. V první části rozebírá důležité doktrinální prvky liberální a katolické tradice. V druhé části se soustředí na význam pojmu svoboda v těchto dvou tradicích.This article is a contribution to the recurrent debates on the (in)compatibility between Catholic and liberal tradition. It focuses on the differences between these traditions concerning their conceptual foundations: liberty and, more extensively, social order. In the first part, the article characterizes the most important doctrinal elements of liberal and Catholic political theory. In liberal tradition, the emphasis is upon normative and ontological individualism and the primacy of individual liberty. Catholic social ontology offers a rich understanding of social order where it differentiates between partnerships and communities. This is linked to the specific conceptualization of the common good which is more robustly conceived than in its liberal counterparts. In the second part, the article delineates the different meanings of liberty in contemporary liberal political theory. It demonstrates that the Catholic tradition unambiguously prefers the positive concept of liberty. Next, it dialectically moves to the concept of autonomy. Some versions of autonomy are closer to the Catholic tradition than others, but overall, the Catholic conception is based on a richer metaphysical foundation that links liberty with participation in the common good. The article culminates with D. C. Schindler’s metaphysical criticism of the basic building blocks of liberal thought, which explains the reasons why the liberal conception of the common good cannot accommodate its Catholic counterpart