Revistas Científicas de la Universidad de Deusto
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El Parlamento Abierto como mecanismo de rendición ético-social de cuentas en la discusión sobre la seguridad en México
No full textThe idea of openness, which invariably accompanies the purposes of an open government, reaches other institutional spaces such as parliament. In the midst of a crisis of representation due to the low levels of trust generated by this institution, the notion of an Open Parliament visualizes the challenge of giving way to deliberative schemes that allow co-creation with society. An Open Parliament is a mechanism of social accountability by bolstering the incidence of social actors. But by itself, social mobilization does not guarantee outcomes in which the common good is prioritized, since it also requires an ethical examination. This paper asks under what conditions an Open Parliament would be an effective mechanism for ethical- social accountability. This is done by analyzing the role played by the group Seguridad Sin Guerra in the discussion on security in Mexico, in which ethical issues such as responsability, representation and deliberation can be observed.Received: 11 diciembre 2019 Accepted: 20 abril 2020 Published online: 26 June 2020La idea de apertura que acompaña los propósitos del gobierno abierto alcanza otros espacios institucionales como el parlamento. Allí, en medio de una crisis de representatividad por los bajos niveles de confianza que genera esta institución, la noción de Parlamento Abierto se enfrenta al desafío de dar paso a esquemas deliberativos que permitan la cocreación con la sociedad. El Parlamento Abierto resulta un mecanismo de rendición social de cuentas al vehiculizar la incidencia de actores sociales. Pero por sí sola, la movilización social no garantiza desenlaces en los que se privilegie el bien común, siendo necesario un examen ético. Este artículo se pregunta bajo qué condiciones el Parlamento Abierto resulta un mecanismo efectivo de rendición ético-social de cuentas, analizando el papel del colectivo Seguridad Sin Guerra en la discusión sobre la seguridad en México, en cuyo caso pueden observarse consideraciones de sustrato ético como la responsabilidad, la representación y la deliberación.Recibido: 11 diciembre 2019Aceptado: 20 abril 2020Publicación en línea: 26 junio 202
Kasey McCall-Smith, Jan Wouters and Felipe Gómez Isa (eds). 2019. The Faces of Human Rights, Oxford: Hart Publishing. 356 p.
No full textOn the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, numerous initiatives were launched for its celebration, including events, conferences and publications, all seeking to commemorate its validity. Many of these publications, such as the one coordinated by Carol Proner, Héctor Olasolo, Carlos Villán Durán, Gisele Ricobom and Charlotth Back (2018), or the book directed by Carla Ferstman, addressed this tribute from the analysis of the evolution of the institutions and the normative body of the international system for the protection of human rights originating from the Declaration. However, among all of these, the publication coordinated by Kasey McCall, Jan Wouters and Felipe Gómez incorporates a different and necessary perspective. It reminds us that the milestone achieved with the Declaration was the result of the effort and struggle of many faces: men and women who, throughout history and from different parts of the world and backgrounds, made their contribution to the struggle for the freedom and dignity of people.Published online: 26 June 2020On the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, numerous initiatives were launched for its celebration, including events, conferences and publications, all seeking to commemorate its validity. Many of these publications, such as the one coordinated by Carol Proner, Héctor Olasolo, Carlos Villán Durán, Gisele Ricobom and Charlotth Back (2018), or the book directed by Carla Ferstman, addressed this tribute from the analysis of the evolution of the institutions and the normative body of the international system for the protection of human rights originating from the Declaration. However, among all of these, the publication coordinated by Kasey McCall, Jan Wouters and Felipe Gómez incorporates a different and necessary perspective. It reminds us that the milestone achieved with the Declaration was the result of the effort and struggle of many faces: men and women who, throughout history and from different parts of the world and backgrounds, made their contribution to the struggle for the freedom and dignity of people.Publicación en línea: 26 junio 202
Estandarización y mantenimiento del patrimonio lingüístico: consideraciones interdisciplinares preliminares desde un enfoque basado en casos
No full textOver the last few decades, emerging hybrid understandings of multilingualism and language belonging have contributed to a more inclusive perspective on language rights and policies. However, it is still debated how similar challenging views on language itself can also contribute to constructing inclusive policies of language maintenance, especially in a kaleidoscopic linguistic landscape such as that shaped by migratory phenomena. Against this background, this paper highlights a series of preliminary considerations regarding the interlocking dynamics among standardisation processes, language variation and international migration. Through an analysis of several relevant cases, it aims to identify how a hybrid understanding of language and its internal variation can contribute to a more effective, sensible and inclusive perspective on heritage language maintenance.
Received: 26 February 2020Accepted: 06 November 2020A lo largo de las últimas décadas, las perspectivas híbridas emergentes del multiculturalismo y la pertenencia lingüística han contribuido a una aproximación más inclusiva sobre los derechos lingüísticos y las políticas. Sin embargo, todavía se plantea cómo estimulantes puntos de vista similares sobre la lengua en sí pueden contribuir también a la construcción de políticas inclusivas de mantenimiento del idioma, especialmente en un paisaje lingüístico caleidoscópico como el generado por los fenómenos migratorios. Frente a este contexto, este artículo destaca una serie de consideraciones preliminares sobre las dinámicas interrelacionadas entre los procesos de estandarización, la variación lingüística y la migración internacional. A través del análisis de varios casos relevantes, tiene como objetivo identificar cómo una perspectiva híbrida del lenguaje y su variación interna puede contribuir a una más efectiva, sensible e inclusiva perspectiva sobre el mantenimiento del patrimonio lingüístico.
Recibido: 26 febrero 2020Aceptado: 06 noviembre 202
Análisis de la política de desarrollo social en el estado de Oaxaca, México 2013-2016. La economía social como propuesta
No full textThe present work has like general objective to analyse the results of the policy of Social Development in the State of Oaxaca, a review of the situation of social backwardness of the State in a period of time where the high rates of lag and its behaviour are observed. The social programs from 2013 to 2016 of the different instances were reviewed, the statistical program Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used, the results were obtained with the numerical measure of the local development indicators, it is concluded that the number of Cooperatives decreased from 2015 to 2018, which in 2015 the State of Oaxaca went to the first national place in social backwardness and in 2016 only 17.5% of the population is not poor and is not vulnerable, which has 43,200 people in extreme poverty, 380 municipalities maintained their level, 88 decreased and 98 increased their level of poverty, economic support granted to each region and its characteristics are presented. It is proposed to use the common form of organization of the inhabitants of the communities of the State of Oaxaca without extracting them from their social habitus, focused on economic activity through legal forms such as the cooperative, which would allow economic development respecting their ancestral form of social organization.Received: 14 August 2019Accepted: 24 February 2020Published online: 01 April 2020El trabajo tiene como objetivo general analizar los resultados de la política de Desarrollo Social en el Estado de Oaxaca, se realiza una revisión de la situación de rezago social y de los programas sociales de 2013 a 2016 de las diferentes instancias, se utilizó el programa estadístico Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) para el análisis de datos con la medida numérica de los indicadores de desarrollo local, se concluye que el número de cooperativas disminuyó del año 2015 a 2018, que en el año 2015 el Estado pasó al primer lugar nacional en rezago social y en 2016 sólo el 17.5% de la población no es pobre y no es vulnerable, tiene 43,100 personas en extrema pobreza, 380 municipios mantuvieron su nivel, 88 disminuyeron y 98 aumentaron, se presentan los apoyos económicos otorgados a cada región y sus características.Recibido: 14 agosto 2019Aceptado: 24 febrero 2020Publicación en línea: 01 abril 202
Multidimensional diagnosis and morbidity of the production cooperatives in Mexico: a descriptive and explanatory study of the opportunity areas of the cooperatives of the Oaxaca coast region
No full textEn este trabajo se describen las diez principales deficiencias o áreas de oportunidad que afectan el desarrollo de treinta cooperativas de producción de la Región de la Costa de Oaxaca en México, abarcando las dimensiones normativa-institucional, social, económica, administrativa, técnica y política a partir de considerar que los fenómenos de la realidad son multidimensionales. Asimismo, a partir del análisis de la literatura teórica reciente en el área de las Ciencias Sociales y Económico Administrativas, se identifican seis causas estratégicas externas de fondo de los problemas encontrados: 1) Excesiva precariedad económica de los socios cooperativistas; 2) Política educativa alienada, sin programas académicos para la economía social y el emprendimiento; 3) Deficiente arreglo normativo-institucional; 4) Deficientes y limitadas políticas públicas de apoyo a la economía social; 5) Desarrollo de una cultura individualista y oportunista en el supra-sistema, y 6) Educación formal escasa y no pertinente a las necesidades de la región.
Recibido: 12 mayo 2020Aceptado: 17 septiembre 2020This paper describes the ten main and most frequent deficiencies or opportunity areas that affect the development of thirty cooperatives of the Oaxaca Coast Region in Mexico, covering the social, economic, administrative, technical and political dimensions more institutional rules from considering that the reality phenomena are multidimensional. Likewise, based on the analysis of the theoretical literature more recent of the Social, Administrative and Economic Sciences areas, are identified six underlying strategic external causes of the problems found: 1) Excessive economic precariousness of the cooperative members; 2) Alienated educational policy, without academic programs for social economy and entrepreneurship; 3) Deficient institutional arrangement; 4) Deficient and limited public policies to support the social economy; 5) Development of an individualistic and opportunistic culture in the supra-system, and 6) Formal education scarce and not suitable to the needs of the region.
Received: 12 May 2020Accepted: 17 September 202
Projeções, conexões e instrumentos do princípio cooperativo da educação, formação e informação no ordemanento português
No full textThe principle of education, training and information is a strategic principle in cooperatives. It is a condition for the applicability and effectiveness of other principles, namely the principle of democratic member control, voluntary and open membership, and the principle of interest for the community. It is a polyvalent principle, comprising the vectors of education, training and information, addressed to members, elected representatives, leaders, workers of the cooperative and the community. Education and training oriented to the civic, organizational and professional qualification of the cooperators, of the management and supervisory board holders, and the workers will contribute to a better understanding of the models of governance and supervision of the cooperative, strengthening the professionalization of the management and inducing the cooperators to participate actively in their cooperative, to deliberate correctly in the assemblies, to consciously elect its bodies and to control its performance. By addressing the general public, cooperative information allows the dynamic insertion of cooperatives in the community, making them aware of the nature and benefits of cooperation, thus enhancing conscious membership. In Portugal, this principle is projected in the legal status of cooperators, through the recognition of a right to participate in cooperative education and training activities, with the consequent obligation of cooperatives to organize such education, training and information activities, and for this purpose must constitute a reserve, which is absolutely indivisible, constituting one of the significant specificities of the legal regime of Portuguese cooperatives.
Received: 22 June 2020Accepted: 03 August 2020O princípio da educação, formação e informação é um princípio estratégico nas cooperativas, apresentando-se como uma condição de aplicabilidade e eficácia de outros princípios, nomeadamente o princípio da gestão democrática pelos membros, o princípio da adesão voluntária e livre e o princípio do interesse pela comunidade. Trata-se de um princípio polivalente, abrangendo os vetores da educação, formação e informação, tendo como destinatários os membros, os representantes eleitos, os dirigentes, os trabalhadores da cooperativa e a comunidade. A educação e formação dirigidas à qualificação cívica, organizacional e profissional dos cooperadores, dos titulares dos órgãos de administração e fiscalização, e dos trabalhadores contribuirão para a melhor compreensão dos modelos de governação e fiscalização da cooperativa, potenciando a profissionalização da gestão e induzindo os cooperadores a participar ativamente na sua cooperativa, a deliberar corretamente nas assembleias, a eleger conscientemente os seus órgãos e a controlar a sua atuação. A informação cooperativa, ao direcionar-se ao público em geral, permite uma inserção dinâmica das cooperativas na comunidade, sensibilizando-a quanto à natureza e benefícios da cooperação, potenciando, deste modo, adesões conscientes. Em Portugal, este princípio projeta-se no estatuto jurídico dos cooperadores, mediante o reconhecimento de um direito de participar nas atividades de educação e formação cooperativas, com a consequente obrigação de as cooperativas organizarem tais atividades de educação, formação e informação, devendo para o efeito constituir obrigatoriamente uma reserva, a qual se apresenta com caráter absolutamente irrepartível, constituindo uma das maiores especificidades do regime jurídico das cooperativas portuguesas.
Recibido: 22 junio 2020Aceptado: 03 agosto 202
Acceso a la justicia y empresas y derechos humanos: importante decisión del Tribunal Supremo del Reino Unido en el Caso Vedanta v. Lungowe
No full textAt the core of the problem of the relations of companies with human rights, one of the central ones in the concerns of the international community lies, as regards multinational corporations, in the responsibility of the parent companies for the activities of their subsidiaries in what is usually called the Global South. And closely linked to this, the possible access of those affected by such activities to the courts of the countries of origin of such parent companies. In its different sections, this study addresses this critical issue, developing a detailed analysis of what can be considered as the most outstanding contribution regarding the recent comparative jurisprudence, the United Kingdom Supreme Court ruling in the case included in the title. A new and pioneering way concerning the aforementioned access, full of interest in the technical-legal field and of great potential in practice and that has been giving rise to a broad doctrinal follow-up to which these pages want, in their measure, to contribute.Received: 06 April 2020Accepted: 09 April 2020Published online: 30 September 2020En el núcleo del problema de las relaciones de las empresas con los derechos humanos, uno de los centrales en las inquietudes de la comunidad internacional, radica en lo que atañe a las multinacionales, la responsabilidad de las matrices por las actividades de sus subsidiarias en lo que suele denominarse el Sur Global. Y vinculado íntimamente con ello, el posible acceso de los afectados por tales actividades a los tribunales de los países de origen de esas matrices. En sus distintos apartados, el presente estudio afronta esta cuestión capital, desarrollando un detallado análisis de la que puede considerarse aportación más destacable al respecto de la reciente jurisprudencia comparada, la sentencia del Tribunal Supremo británico en el caso que recoge el título. Una nueva y pionera vía respecto del citado acceso, plena de interés en el plano técnico-jurídico y de gran potencial en el orden de la práctica, que viene originando un amplio seguimiento doctrinal al que estas páginas quieren, en su medida, contribuir.Recibido: 06 abril 2020Aceptado: 09 abril 2020Publicación en línea: 30 septiembre 202
Recientes desarrollos en los litigios transnacionales empresas y Derechos Humanos: el caso Kiobel III
No full textVictims of corporate abuses encounter numerous obstacles to access justice; both from the State in whose territory the abuses have been verified and in the country of origin of the corporations. Recent decisions of the European Courts; such as the Dutch in the Kiobel III case; are opening a new path that; if successful; could be a very important step forward for the future of transnational litigation on business and human rights. Prior to those cases; the European courts; where the parent companies are domiciled or headquartered; opened their doors in cases of corporate abuses perpetrated by subsidiaries in third countries; based on the forum of necessity or the prohibition of access denial to justice; not finding another forum where victims could assert their rights. In the aforementioned cases; the courts accepted their competence understanding that they can know the abuses of matrix and subsidiaries; when there is a connection that allows the subsidiary to be attracted to the state of origin; supporting the existence of a unitary concept of company; where the matrix makes the decisions and strategies of all the companies that belong to the group and that; therefore; would be under their control.Received: 06 April 2020Accepted: 27 April 2020Published online: 30 September 2020Las víctimas de abusos corporativos encuentran numerosos obstáculos para poder acceder a la justicia, tanto del Estado en cuyo territorio se han verificado los abusos como en el país de origen de las corporaciones. Recientes decisiones de los tribunales europeos, como el holandés en el caso Kiobel III, están abriendo un camino novedoso que, de fructificar, podría suponer un avance muy importante para el futuro de los litigios transnacionales sobre empresas y Derechos Humanos. Previamente a estos casos, los tribunales europeos, aquellos donde las empresas matrices están domiciliadas o tienen su sede principal, abrieron sus puertas en casos de abusos corporativos perpetrados por las filiales en terceros países, basándose en el foro de necesidad o en la prohibición de denegación del acceso a la justicia, al no encontrar otro foro donde las víctimas pudieran hacer valer sus derechos. En los casos citados, los tribunales aceptaron su competencia entendiendo que pueden conocer tanto de los abusos de las empresas matrices, como de las filiales, cuando hay una conexión que permita atraer la filial al estado de origen, apoyando la existencia de un concepto unitario de empresa, donde la matriz toma las decisiones y las estrategias de todas las empresas que pertenecen al grupo y que, por tanto, estarían bajo su control.Recibido: 06 abril 2020Aceptado: 27 abril 2020Publicación en linea: 30 septiembre 202
Sustainability Reports and Vigilance Plans: Exploring New Ways to Fight Corporate Impunity
No full textEl propósito de este trabajo es seguir avanzando en el tema de las Empresas y los Derechos Humanos, área temática que ha adquirido mucha trascendencia en las relaciones transfronterizas y que puede plantear nuevas líneas de investigación actualmente poco exploradas. En este artículo reflexionamos sobre el potencial que tiene la nueva política de transparencia empresarial, propiciada por las normas relativas a la obligación de la publicación de la información no financiera, prácticas de esclavitud moderna o de planes de vigilancia. Las obligaciones de vigilancia y de reporting, podrían permitir superar las barreras de derecho mercantil para lograr un concepto unitario de grupo empresarial y por tanto responsabilizar a la matriz por falsear la información y por no haber controlado debidamente las actividades de las empresas que pertenecen a su grupo. Al mismo tiempo, estos deberes podrían abrir nuevos foros para otras empresas y para los consumidores afectados por la falsedad u omisión de la información presentada. Un paso, útil, necesario y complementario para poner fin a la impunidad de estos entes transnacionales.Recibido: 07 abril 2020Aceptado: 24 mayo 2020Publicación en línea: 30 septiembre 2020The purpose of this work is to continue advancing the topic of Business and Human Rights, a thematic area that has acquired much importance in cross-border relations and that may pose new lines of research currently underexplored. In this article we reflect on the potential of the new policy of corporate transparency, fostered by the rules regarding the obligation to publish nonfinancial information, modern slavery practices or vigilance plans. Monitoring and reporting obligations could help to overcome commercial law barriers to a unitary concept of corporate groups and therefore make the parent company responsible for misrepresentation and failure to properly control the activities of companies belonging to its group. At the same time, these duties could open up new forums for other companies and for consumers affected by the misrepresentation or omission of the information presented. This is a useful, necessary and complementary step to put an end to the impunity of these transnational entities.Received: 07 April 2020Accepted: 24 May 2020Published online: 30 September 202
Fair Trade in the Framework of Public Procurement
No full textEl presente estudio analiza la contratación del sector público como instrumento decisivo para promover unas relaciones de comercio más justas y contribuir así al respeto de los derechos humanos. La Ley de Contratos del Sector Público de 2017 permite incluir los criterios de Comercio Justo en el pliego de prescripciones técnicas particulares, en los criterios de adjudicación del contrato y/o en las condiciones de ejecución del contrato. Ahora bien, el alcance de la contratación pública, como instrumento para la consecución de un comercio que respete los principios vinculados al Comercio Justo, dependerá del compromiso adquirido por cada ente contratante en su política de contratación de bienes y servicios.Recibido: 06 abril 2020Aceptado: 10 mayo 2020Publicación en línea: 30 septiembre 2020The present study analyzes public procurement as a key tool to promote fairer trade relations and contribute to respect for human rights. Spanish Public Procurement Law of 2017 allows the Fair Trade criteria to be included in the specifications of particular technical requirements, in the contract award criteria and / or in contract performance conditions. However, the scope of public procurement, as an instrument to achieve a trade that respects the principles related to Fair Trade, will depend on the commitment acquired by each contracting entity in its policy of procurement of goods and services.Received: 06 April 2020Accepted: 10 May 2020Published online: 30 September 202