OJS (University of Applied Sciences Velika Gorica)
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Trauma care in emergency situations: Organisation of medical response and local community resilience
No full textEmergencies such as natural disasters, industrial accidents, and mass trauma events demand a rapid, coordinated medical response to minimise morbidity and mortality. Effective trauma care hinges on structured protocols, accurate triage, resource optimisation, andinterdisciplinary collaboration.
Triage systems, including the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) protocol and Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START), prioritise patients based on injury severity, ensuring timely intervention. Haemorrhage control with tourniquets, and haemostatic dressings is critical for survival. Immediate access to diagnostic imaging, point-of-care testing and early blood transfusions enhance outcomes.
Hospital emergency plans must account for surge capacity, patient diversion, and intensive care unit preparedness. Trauma centres should implement damage control strategies, including resuscitative thoracotomy and early goal-directed therapy. The integration oftelemedicine allows specialists to provide real-time guidance, improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficiency.
Artificial intelligence (AI) and digital health tools enhance emergency response by optimising triage, predicting patient deterioration, and streamlining workflows. Cloud-based electronic health records and geographic information systems facilitate real-time data sharing and rapid deployment of medical teams.
Lessons from past crises highlight the need for systematic training, simulation exercises, and multi-agency collaboration. Disaster medicine courses equip healthcare providers with essential trauma management skills, and regular disaster drills strengthen healthcare system resilience and preparedness.
Sustainable emergency care requires adaptable response models, continuous resource monitoring, and refinement of strategies based on evidence-based practices. Investment in healthcare infrastructure, including trauma centres, mobile field hospitals, and helicopter emergency medical services is crucial for managing large-scale emergencies. In conclusion, timely emergency trauma care depends on well-coordinated medical responses, advanced technologies, and continuous training. Strengthening local community resilience through systematic preparedness is essential for mitigating the impact of future crises and safeguarding public health
Mathematical models in different potential crisis situations
No full textMathematics today is an unavoidable tool in almost all areas of science and technology of everyday life. Not only that it is unavoidable, but it has become essential in modelling dynamical phenomena of real-life situations. Today new interdisciplinary fields of science are rapidly evolving like mathematical biology, mathematical chemistry, mathematical economy, mathematical physics, mathematics for computer science, etc. The fields also help mathematics to evolve - many mathematical approaches got developed precisely because of challenges in its applications. Motivated by working at our University of Applied Sciences Velika Gorica, where we have both undergraduate and graduate modules that educate students about crisis management, we started investigating how mathematics is involved to crises at some deeper levels. We started exploring how mathematics models potential crisis situations.
The relationship between mathematics and crisis was investigated thoroughly by the Danish mathematician Ole Skovsmose. According to him, there are at least three connections between mathematics and crises: mathematics picturing a crisis, mathematics constituting a crisis and mathematics formatting a crisis. The first mentioned relationship is due to mathematics picturing different parts of our reality, and hence crises, using its models. A mathematical model is an abstract representation of a real-world system expressed through mathematical concepts and mathematical language. The purpose of mathematical modelling is to simplify complex processes and systems to better understand them, predict their future behaviour or optimize decisions. Mathematical models use mathematical formulas, equations, graphs or other mathematical structures. Mathematics constituting a crisis means that some reality processes that can end in critical situations do not exist without mathematical algorithms, like making transactions and decisions on the stock markets today. The crisis can happens due to misreadings and misusings of mathematics or maybe due to not understanding the process enough and hence not applying the appropriate models and approaches in specific situations. The third role where we say that mathematics formats a crisis is about how mathematics forms the view on crisis situations and hence forms how we approach and take action in these situations.
We reviewed books and papers from different areas where crisis might emerge, like epidemiology (disease spread), climate changes and economy (and finances) and cyber security to see which methods are used here. Among many others, we find that the common method used in mathematical models in these three areas are differential equations. Differential equations are often used to describe everyday dynamical processes, i.e. processes that change in time, and interactions of factors that are a part of these processes. Differential equations are mathematical equations that connect (unknown) mathematical functions and their derivatives, i.e. their rates of change. They are used to predict future states and hence prevent potential crisis situations. They belong to quantitative methods where one is interested more why and how some phenomenon works.
Today, more and more mathematical methods and tool are combined, both qualitative and quantitative, to create a unique appropriate approach to a specific interdisciplinary problem for which a solution is being sought. Differential equations are just one of them. Some of the other tools are machine learning, Markov Chains, linear programming, Monte Carlo simulations, graph theory, cryptography, game theory, …
In this paper we explain and further explore the three relationships of mathematics and crisis in disease spread and cyber security. We explain in more detail how differential equations are connected to our reality. We use concrete examples of differential equation models from the first three areas mentioned in the previous paragraph. Altogether, the aim of this paper is to show and convey to the wider audience how mathematics and crisis are connected and how mathematics, with its models, embodies relationships, dynamics and changes of the objects from different areas of the real world, with an emphasis on crises situations
Civil protection in earthquake risk management: Enhancing resilience and inclusivity in the City of Velika Gorica
No full textThe focus of this paper is on analyzing the measures, procedures, and key aspects of the civil protection system in the event of an earthquake in the City of Velika Gorica. The paper provides a thorough analysis of security standards, existing protection measures, and explores ways to improve the current system to enhance society's resilience to natural disasters. Additionally, particular attention is given to the history of notable earthquakes, with a focus on the recent catastrophic earthquakes of 2020 and their impact on the community.
The aim is to assess the development and feasibility of existing protection and rescue plans, which serve as the foundation for timely and effective responses in crisis situations. Well-developed plans reduce material damage and the number of casualties, enabling faster recovery of the community.
Within the scope of protection and rescue, the paper specifically addresses the alerting system, with an emphasis on its implementation for people with disabilities and other vulnerable groups. This aspect highlights the importance of inclusivity in crisis management to ensure the safety of all citizens.
The lessons learned from previous crisis events are of paramount importance for improving crisis management systems, as they allow for the extraction of positive aspects from past experiences, which aids in further refining plans and procedures. Based on these lessons, the paper proposes concrete recommendations for strengthening coordination among all stakeholders and further improving the civil protection system in future crises
Differentiation of Croatian companies by benefits as an aspect of employee compensation
No full textAbstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the differences in employee benefits compensation in Croatian companies during the COVID-19 pandemic and after its ending. Accordingly, an empirical study was conducted to analyze these differences, encompassing a population of employees from the public and private sectors in the Republic of Croatia. In this regard, the research sample consisted of seventy-two respondents aged 18 to over 60 years.
The research results are divided into four sections. The first section uses descriptive statistics to outline the general and demographic characteristics of the survey respondents. The second section presents findings on employee satisfaction with the benefits offered by their current employer and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in benefit options. The study concludes with an overview of respondents' opinions on the current landscape of available benefits in Croatian companies or by their employers. The analysis confirmed that the pandemic initiated changes in the structure of benefit programs. Furthermore, expanding the range of benefit options was found to positively influence overall employee satisfaction. Moreover, most respondents consider the availability of benefits to be a crucial factor when choosing an employer. However, a notable deficiency in flexible benefit programs was identified, underscoring the need to enhance and expand compensation offerings to include such benefits. Consequently, Croatian employers should consider adapting their benefit programs to more effectively meet employees' individual needs in the post-pandemic period.
One of the limitations of the study is its relatively small sample size.
Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought substantial changes to various aspects of business, including how companies manage human resources and structure compensation systems. In contemporary business environments, benefits have become an increasingly important element of compensation, representing indirect financial rewards provided by employers in addition to regular salaries. This trend is a result of accelerated changes in the labor market, where human resources have assumed a key role in achieving a company’s competitive advantage. Consequently, employers are increasingly focused on offering benefits that attract and retain quality employees while simultaneously enhancing their satisfaction and work efficiency. Satisfied employees perform better, contributing to the organization's overall success.
The introduction of additional benefit aspects during the pandemic allowed companies not only to address the specific needs of employees but also to maintain workforce motivation and satisfaction under crisis conditions. Many of these newly introduced elements of benefits packages have remained relevant even after the pandemic, underscoring their importance for research and analysis. Therefore, the primary intent of this study stems from recognizing the pandemic's impact on the priorities of both employers and employees as well as the need to understand employee motivation and satisfaction. Based on this, the research subject is to analyze the structuring and implementing benefits as a form of employee compensation in Croatian companies during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in 2024. Following the research subject, the basic hypothesis has also been formulated, and it reads as follows: The COVID-19 pandemic triggered changes in the availability of employee benefits in Croatian companies.
Data collection for this study utilized a combination of primary and secondary research. The primary research was conducted through a survey of employees in Croatian companies to gather insights into their attitudes toward benefits during the COVID-19 pandemic and in 2024. Additionally, this research provided an overview of Croatian companies' practices and identified differences in the application of benefits during the pandemic and in the following years. In connection with this and to apply empirical research, a survey questionnaire was developed consisting of 28 questions organized into four sections. The survey was administered online with a sample of 72 respondents between mid-June and late August 2024. The collected data were analyzed using description, analysis, synthesis, comparison, and generalization methods. Secondary research consisted of reviewing professional and academic literature on human resource management, employee motivation, and compensation systems, with a particular focus on benefits.
The empirical findings supported the primary hypothesis, with 59.7% of respondents indicating that the COVID-19 pandemic had initiated changes in employee benefit offerings within Croatian companies, while 19.4% disagreed. Furthermore, 32% of respondents reported that they still have access to benefits introduced during the pandemic whereas 15% expressed dissatisfaction in this regard. However, results regarding access to flexible benefit programs were notably disappointing, with only 9.7% of respondents indicating availability, while 90.3% reported the absence of such options
Automated analysis of SSL/TLS certificates and network communication security in compliance with the Cybersecurity act
No full textNetwork communication security is a fundamental aspect of protecting information and communication systems, with SSL/TLS certificates playing a crucial role in ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of data on the internet. However, inadequate implementation, the use of outdated protocols, and expired certificates pose significant security threats. This paper explores the possibilities of automated analysis of SSL/TLS certificates to detect security weaknesses, including the use of insecure encryption algorithms, untrusted certificate authorities, and vulnerable protocols. From a technical perspective, the paper presents a Python-based tool that enables rapid and systematic identification of encryption-related issues. From a legal standpoint, the study examines the obligations of organizations under the Cybersecurity Act, the NIS2 Directive, and the GDPR, which require the implementation of technical and organizational measures to safeguard network and information systems. Special emphasis is placed on the legal consequences of insecure encryption, including regulatory sanctions and organizational liability in cases of security breaches. The goal of this paper is to investigate how automated SSL/TLS certificate analysis can assist organizations in meeting legal requirements and improving network communication security
Integrative Approaches to Urban Security: The City of Zagreb’s Strategy for the period 2025-2030 and the Role of Community-Based Prevention
Get PDFThe paper provides an overview of the strategic approach to urban security using the example of the City of Zagreb and recent international research, to present methodological frameworks and the social and scientific contributions of the urban security concept. By outlining the development process of the Urban Security Strategy for the City of Zagreb for the period 2025–2030, this paper explores key security challenges in contemporary urban environments, including crime, cyber threats, climate risks, and citizens' perceptions of safety. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of an integrated approach, community participation, and the role of local prevention councils. Urban security is increasingly recognized as a crucial component of the sustainable and resilient development of European cities. This approach is encouraged by EU recommendations on strengthening local resilience and risk management. Each city should develop local policies that ensure safe living conditions and an improved quality of life for its citizens. In this context, particular importance is given to prevention councils within city districts as key actors in identifying community needs and implementing safety measures at the level of local self-government. The Urban Security Strategy of the City of Zagreb defines local and regional self-government units as responsible for specific measures, with an obligation to integrate them into local regulations, annual plans, and budgets. The Strategy was adopted by the City Assembly of Zagreb and published in the Official Gazette of the City of Zagreb No. 40/24. The City of Zagreb implements its authority through local and district self-government bodies and municipal administrative services, enabling the implementation of comprehensive and integrated security policies. In this way, the alignment of security measures with local needs and development priorities is ensured.
The Urban Security Strategy of the City of Zagreb incorporates both horizontal and vertical coordination, connecting local stakeholders with national security frameworks.
Keywords: urban security, City of Zagreb, prevention, prevention councils, perception of safety, integrated governance, citizen participation
Mass Casualty Incidents and Healthcare System Challenges: Capacity Adaptation and Emergency Medical Coordination
Get PDFMass casualty incidents (MCIs) put enormous pressure on healthcare systems, requiring a fast and well-organized response. These events, such as large-scale accidents, natural disasters, and pandemics, lead to a sudden increase in critically injured patients, demanding quick hospital capacity expansion, effective triage, and coordinated emergency medical services. One of the biggest challenges is ensuring hospitals can accommodate many patients without compromising care quality. This requires opening additional treatment areas, using mobile medical units, and transferring stable patients to other facilities to free up critical care beds. Ensuring a steady supply of essential medical resources, such as ventilators, surgical equipment, and blood products is crucial for effective response.
Triage is essential in prioritising care and using resources efficiently. Standardised triage systems, supported by digital tools and artificial intelligence, can help medical teams quickly assess injury severity and decide on the best course of action. Wearable monitoring devices can track patients' vital signs, allowing for better transport and hospital admission decisionmaking.
Effective emergency coordination depends on strong communication between hospitals, emergency responders, and government agencies. Using digital platforms and real-time data sharing ensures faster decision-making and better resource allocation. Helicopter transport and mass evacuation protocols can improve patient distribution, reducing strain on individual facilities.
Technology plays a growing role in MCI management. AI-driven systems can predict patient influx and help distribute medical supplies more efficiently. Geographic information systems can map affected areas, guiding emergency teams to where they are most needed. Electronic health records allow quick access to patient information, ensuring seamless care transitions between medical teams.
Long-term preparedness is key to strengthening healthcare system resilience. Regular training, simulation drills, and disaster response education for healthcare workers improve response efficiency. International collaboration in emergency planning, shared protocols, and resource exchanges enhance global readiness for future crises.
MCIs require a proactive approach integrating medical, technological, and logistical strategies. By improving triage methods, strengthening communication networks, and investing in healthcare infrastructure, medical systems can respond more effectively and save more lives. Future efforts should focus on better preparedness, advanced predictive tools, and stronger international cooperation to minimise the impact of mass casualty events
Media Coverage of the Migrant Crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina: How the Narrative Shapes the Perception of Mixed Migration
Get PDFThe migrant crisis in Europe, which has been ongoing since 2015, has not passed by Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). It is estimated that between the beginning of 2018 and the beginning of 2025, more than 150,000 irregular migrants have passed through BiH on their way to European Union (EU) countries as their final destination. BiH has been faced with an increased influx of migrants or mixed migration flows, which has brought a variety of challenges and problems. The relevant institutions were not sufficiently prepared to respond to this crisis, and political actors imposed not only crisis communication, carried by the media, but also a sense of (de)stabilization and (in)security through a securitization approach. The question is whether the concept of securitization has prevailed in the media space, whether these issues have caused problems at the domestic level, and to what extent has it influenced the general perception of citizens about this phenomenon in Bosnia and Herzegovina? The aim of this paper is to analyze the statements of BiH political actors on mixed migration flows in BiH in the period from 01.07.2020 to 30.06.2021, the year in which the largest number of migrants resided in BiH, and the research included an analysis of 20 BiH media and their 1,065 publications
Enhancing Crisis Readiness Civil Protection Exercises and Public Awareness in the City of Zagreb
Get PDFIntroduction
This paper examines how civil protection exercises and public awareness initiatives contribute to improving the City of Zagreb’s preparedness for emergency situations. The city regularly conducts exercises involving all relevant stakeholders to assess the effectiveness and coordination of emergency services in crisis scenarios. Additionally, public education campaigns play a crucial role in enhancing community resilience by equipping citizens with the knowledge and skills necessary to respond effectively to emergencies.
Methodology
The research is based on an analysis of civil protection exercises conducted in Zagreb, focusing on two major drills held last year: one simulating a radiological incident and another involving the rescue of multiple individuals from a complex of three large buildings. Data was gathered from official reports, expert evaluations, and observations of exercise performance. Furthermore, the study incorporates insights from real-life emergencies, such as an earthquake and a severe storm, to evaluate how past experiences have shaped current preparedness strategies. Public education efforts were also analyzed through participation levels and effectiveness in raising awareness about disaster response measures.
Main Results
Findings indicate that civil protection exercises significantly contribute to improving coordination, decision-making speed, and operational efficiency among emergency services, including medical teams, firefighters, and law enforcement. While exercises help identify shortcomings in response strategies, real-life emergencies have further exposed gaps in inter-agency coordination and resource management. The study highlights the importance of continuous training and system improvements to address these challenges. Additionally, public awareness initiatives have proven effective in educating citizens about emergency preparedness, though further engagement and outreach efforts are necessary to enhance overall societal resilience. The combination of structured exercises and public education is essential for strengthening crisis readiness in the City of Zagreb.
Magdalena Combaj
Sector for Civil Protection and Security
 
Improving the Sustainability of Agri-food Supply Chain in Croatia with a Focus on Food Processing and Storage
Get PDFThe agri-food supply chain in Croatia has received growing attention due to its essential role in ensuring food security, public health and sustainability. In light of increasing climate variability, disruptions in global markets, and the need for sustainable development, strengthening the efficiency and resilience of the domestic food supply system is becoming a national priority. This paper explores ways to improve the organization of agricultural processing and storage in Croatia, with a particular emphasis on identifying optimal locations for new food storage facilities. It considers key factors such as the geographic distribution of agricultural production, seasonality, transportation networks, and logistical efficiency. The analysis addresses important challenges related to supplier coordination, transportation, and the distribution of goods across regions. It also takes into account uncertainties in supply and demand, reflecting real-world variability and risk. The results indicate that significant operational improvements are possible, including potential cost savings of up to 4.1%. These improvements could lead to more stable, sustainable, and efficient food distribution systems, particularly in rural and underdeveloped areas. By offering a strategic approach to planning investments in storage infrastructure and food logistics, this research supports national goals related to rural development, food independence, and environmental sustainability. The insights provided can assist policymakers and stakeholders in making informed decisions that enhance the long-term resilience and effectiveness of the Croatian agri-food sector