IUJ Repository (International Univ. of Japan)
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An Extended Marketing Paradigm for Implementing Supply Chain
Get PDFThe purpose of this study is to examine the shortcomings of the existing marketing paradigm and to identify the extended role of marketing in successful implementation of the supply chain management. The study is basically a 'theoretical prescriptive' one, which is mainly based upon the review of representative literature from relevant disciplines such as marketing, strategic marketing management, strategic management and supply chain management. The study explores the generally accepted paradigms of marketing and associated criticisms, distinguishes supply chain orientation from market orientation, and the marketing management from supply chain management, and discusses the augmented role of marketing in the successful implementation of supply chain management. The study concludes that marketing organizations have gradually become network organizations and that the aggregation of all components of the value system needs not only conceptual and organization skills but also the skills to negotiate mutually beneficial returns for the contributions of all participants. Thus, the market orientation should be collaborated with the supply chain orientation and the marketing mix should be enriched with the supplier and customer relationship management for successful integration of the network to gain sustainable competitive advantage. The major contribution made by this study is the comprehension it spawns for marketing managers to realize that the traditional paradigms of marketing- market orientation, dyadic exchange relations and marketing mix- themselves along are no longer sufficient in dealing with customers in the network context, that unique structural properties of supply chain demand the market orientation shift away from the dyadic exchange paradigm towards the building of long term relationships with suppliers and channel members, and that linkage capabilities have the ability to gain sustainable competitive advantage.departmental bulletin pape
Promotion of Eco-Products and Environmental Regulation with Learning-by-Doing
Get PDFThis paper studies a dynamic model of eco-product planning, where an eco-product supplied by a single producer is differentiated from a conventional product generating negative externalities, and the production technology of the eco-product is characterized by learning-by-doing. The result states that the learning effect causes the eco-product to be more promoted and brings about more favorable outcomes on social welfare. This study also examines how the environmental regulation on the conventional product, associated with a price distortion, affects the promotion of the eco-product, consumer surplus, the single producer's profit, and negative externalities. It is shown that the impact of the environmental regulation is similar to that of a rise in the learning effect. Furthermore, whether or not the environmental regulation should be adopted is highly dependent on the degree of the learning effect. In the presence of a large learning potential, the environmental regulation may not only promote the eco-product effectively but also improve social welfare through intensifying the learning effect.departmental bulletin pape
Public Debt and Economic Growth in an Aging Japan
Get PDFThis paper examines the effects of the demographic change and the government debt policy in Japan on economic growth and economic welfare, particularly by taking into account the existing public pension scheme as well as national medical expenditure through the existing public health insurance, where a computable overlapping generations model is used within a general equilibrium context. One of the main results of this paper is that the tax burden (GDP) ratio will increase up to about 36%, and the social security burden (GDP) ratio will increase up to 23.3% in 2050, even though the government tries to have a positive primary balance by 2010. The ratio of public health insurance benefits to GDP is expected to increase at 1% every 10 years, and the ratio will be around 9.6% in 2050. The 2004 public pension reform will successfully result in a 13 point decrease in the contribution rate from 36.44% to 23.53%, and reduce the social security burden (GDP) ratio by about 8 points from 23.27% to 15.02% in 2050, compared with the benchmark case.departmental bulletin pape
Tax Inefficiency, Public Debt Stabilization, and Monetary Policy Arrangements in Emerging Economies
Get PDFPublic debt stabilization has been considered important in the recent trend of institutional reforms of monetary arrangements in emerging economies. One crucial issue separating emerging from developed economies is that emerging economies often face serious inefficiency associated with tax collection, such as corruption, reducing the capability of controlling the primary budget balance as well as the entire public debt. This paper studies the relationship between tax-related inefficiency and public debt stabilization under two designs of monetary policies: inflation targeting and discretionary monetary arrangements. The result is that such inefficiency not only induces a higher level of public debt in the steady state but also reduces the adjustment speed for public debt stabilization, irrespective of monetary arrangements. This study also shows that the discretionary monetary arrangement enhances the adjustment speed for public debt more effectively, but which monetary arrangement is more effective in reducing the long-run level of public debt is highly dependent on the degree of tax-related inefficiency. In particular, the discretionary monetary arrangement could induce a higher level of public debt compared to the inflation targeting arrangement when the degree of tax-related inefficiency is either small or large enough.departmental bulletin pape
A New Measurement of Tax Progressivity
Get PDFThere have been some studies on the measurement of tax progressivity since the innovative works of Suits (1977) and Kakwani (1977). These measurements essentially rely on the idea of the Lorenz distribution of income and tax burden and the Gini concentration of inequality. Instead of such a traditional idea, this paper proposes a new measure of tax progressivity based on the relative volatility of tax revenue vis-a-vis income. The advantage of our approach is to make it possible to assess the degree of tax progressivity and to do international comparisons without any specific information about the distribution of the income and tax burden. All we need is macro data, which is a lot easier to obtain than micro data. This paper also discusses some international comparisons using the new measurement.departmental bulletin pape
Foreign Direct Investment and Exports : the Experiences of Vietnam
Get PDFWe examined the implementation statuses of a total of 5,919 foreign direct investment projects approved by the Vietnamese Ministry of Planning and Investment since 1988, and compiled a database of actually disbursed FDI in Vietnam. The database covers FDI flows into Vietnam from 23 countries from 1990 to 2004. Using the data, we analyzed the impact of FDI on the exports of Vietnam with gravity equations. The empirical results demonstrate that FDI is one of major factors driving the rapid export growth of Vietnam. A one per cent increase in FDI inflows will be expected to give rise to 0.25 per cent increase in exports. The results are robust under different specifications.departmental bulletin pape
Discourse analysis of teacher comments : A longitudinal study of L2 writing classes
Get PDFSince written response is a central aspect of composition pedagogy in both first (L1) and second (L2) language courses, it is crucial to develop and apply well-defined models of teacher commentary which are grounded in theory and empirical data. However, although research on response in both L1 and L2 settings has yielded a number of intriguing findings, there is little crossover between the two fields. This study aims to bridge this gap by applying the analytical framework used in a previous study of L1 composition classrooms (Clements, 2004) to longitudinal data drawn from two sections of a L2 composition course. Results show that while both instructors followed a number of patterns in the ways that they commented across drafts, their comments varied in ways that reflected their individual commenting styles.departmental bulletin pape
Measuring Market Power in a Dynamic Oligopoly Model : The Dallas-Forth Worth Milk Market Case
Get PDFWe derive a dynamic structural model based on a dynamic supergame model and measure market power for the Dallas-Forth Worth milk market in the U.S. In particular, we analyze the cyclical behavior of firm conduct and evaluate bias in static market-power measures in a unified manner by deriving and estimating a dynamic first-order condition for profit maximization. We find that firm conduct in the Dallas-Forth Worth milk market is countercyclical against demand shocks and expected future cost shocks. We also demonstrate that the conduct parameter in a static model underestimates true market power if firms' behaviors are posited by a dynamic supergame.departmental bulletin pape
Willingness to Pay for Service Attributes in the Japanese Digital Content Market
Get PDFWe estimate a mixed logit demand model for the Japanese digital content market and measure willingness to pay for service attributes. We find that the willingness to pay for an extra unit of service quality ranges from 62 Yen to 83 Yen per month. Meanwhile, the switching cost, a measure of disutility from switching to other service providers is estimated as 340 Yen ($3) per month, which is approximately the same as the current monthly subscription fee.departmental bulletin pape