IUJ Repository (International Univ. of Japan)
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Whose Income Matters for Health in China? Examination of Relative Income Hypothesis
Get PDFWe are concerned about two potential problems of previous studies on the relative income hypothesis. First, previous studies assume that reference groups are geographically defined, because data are readily available for geographical reference groups. We examine non-geographical reference groups for the first time in the literature on the relative income hypothesis by utilizing subjective responses to the questions asking individuals to compare their own living standard with the living standard of others in multiple potential reference groups. The second motivation of our study is that previous estimates of the effect of relative income on health could be biased due to unobserved community characteristics that may be correlated with both health and the typical measures of relative income such as mean income and income inequality within communities. We address this potential bias by making use of township fixed effects. We show by comparing the results with and without township fixed effects that our subjective measures of relative income are unlikely to be correlated with unobserved community characteristics affecting health. Further, we address a potential weakness of our subjective measures of relative income by estimating individual dispositions (pessimism/optimism) and controlling for them in our empirical exercises. Our findings support the relative income hypothesis and reveal that relatives, villagers, and others in the same county would be important reference groups when people compare their living standard with someone else's.departmental bulletin pape
A report of evaluation systems of Japanese language education in Australian higher education from the perspective of language education
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Multidimensional Networks : Creating a New Framework of Organization Structure for Complex Strategies
Get PDFFirms today typically face and must coordinate multiple dimensions of competition. This paper extends the conventional notion of organization structure and recaptures it as an aggregation of differentiated networks specialized for multiple dimensions of strategic attention. Graph-theoretic languages commonly used for network representations are not sufficient to capture such aggregations. In this study, we develop an extension of directed graphs called modal graphs to represent and analyze the multidimensional complexity of organization structure. In modal graphs, elementary building blocks are coordination clauses, each of which is qualified by a strategic focus called a modality, a concept adapted from sentential modalities in modal logic. Individual networks of the firm's structure are then given by compositions of related coordination clauses. While modal graphs enable massively networked structures, it is still desirable to designate a dominant dimension as the conventional reporting hierarchy. We identify a class of modal graphs and develop soundness and completeness results for desirable reporting hierarchies with respect to this class. Namely, we construct a procedure and show that the procedure identifies only desirable reporting hierarchies (soundness) and all the desirable reporting hierarchies (completeness).departmental bulletin pape
Geographic Concentration of Manufacturing Industries in Japan : Testing Hypotheses of New Economic Geography
Get PDFThis paper investigates the changing geographical pattern of manufacturing industries in Japan between 1985 and 1995 and explores factors of their geographic concentration. A regression analysis is conducted to test some hypotheses that are derived directly from early models of the New Economic Geography (NEG). Regression results indicate that the geographic concentration of Japanese manufacturing industries seems to be determined by some combination of internal economies of scale, transportation costs, and factor intensity. However, inter-industry linkages are found to be an insignificant factor of geographic concentration. As posited by the NEG theories, Japanese manufacturing industries with larger internal economies of scale and smaller unit transportation costs tend to have a higher level of geographic concentration. Japanese manufacturing data also support the Heckscher-Ohlin theory: labor- or capital-intensive industries tend to have a higher level of geographic concentration.departmental bulletin pape
Inter-sectoral Interdependence and Growth in Vietnam: A Comparative Analysis with Indonesia and Malaysia
Get PDFThis study examines the sources of output growth in Vietnam during 1996-2000 using the national input-output (I-O) tables. It employs an extended growth-factor decomposition method, which is an extension of the standard growth-factor decomposition method, in which all industries are classified into the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. It also conducts a comparative analysis of Vietnam, Indonesia and Malaysia. The major source of Vietnam's output growth was the expansion of exports. The secondary sector played a key role in Vietnam's output growth, as its demand effects induced more than half of total output growth, contributing not only to the output growth of the sector itself but also of the other two sectors through inter-industry linkages. Malaysia's growth pattern was similar to Vietnam's, in which export expansion was the main driver of growth and the secondary sector led output growth. However, heavy industries played a more important role than light industries in Malaysia. Indonesia exhibits a markedly different growth pattern than Vietnam and Malaysia, as its tertiary sector was a more important driver of economic growth.departmental bulletin pape
Results of OPI-normed syllabus planning
Get PDF本校では各レベルの到達目標の一つにOPIを取り入れている。そこで、上級レベルではその到達目標を達成するためにどのような授業計画を立てたか、ということと、上級コースに在籍した二名の学生に対してコースの初めと終わりに実施したOPIの結果について述べる。departmental bulletin pape
Expatriate learning : exploring how Japanese managers adapt in the United States
Get PDFWe present an exploratory study of how Japanese expatriates adapt to working in the United States over time. We view expatriate adaptation to a host culture through the lens of Experiential Learning Theory and learning style. Results of two studies, using quantitative and qualitative data, conducted in Japanese multinational corporations doing business in the United States reveal how learning style in Japanese expatriates changes over time and how Japanese managers differ from their US counterparts. Results suggested that Japanese managers become more concrete and more active in their learning styles over time spent in the United States, that larger expatriate cohorts are related to slower adaptation, and that language acquisition is related to concrete learning. Results also revealed that the learning style of expatriates changes in response to cultural demands and that the patterns of change do not necessarily reflect that of US managers. We suggest that Japanese managers do not directly assimilate into US culture but develop specialized modes of adaptation to their host culture. Results of the study are generalized into eight propositions to guide future research on expatriate adaptation to a host culture.departmental bulletin pape
Market Structure, Cost Pass-Through and Welfare with Differentiated Products
Get PDFIn this paper, we estimate a mixed logit model for the U.S. processed cheese market and implement cost pass-through simulations and related consumer welfare analysis under different regimes of competition. In the model, the curvature of demand is determined to a significant extent by the empirical distribution of consumers. This property reduces the prediction errors of cost pass-through caused by an erroneous assumption as to the functional form of demand. We find that, under collusion, the pass-through rates for all brands fall between 23% and 37% and under Nash price competition, the range of pass-through is 67% ~ 98%.departmental bulletin pape
Exchange Rate Policy and the Relative Distribution of FDI between Host Countries
Get PDFThis paper examines the FDI and exchange rates nexus in the context of one FDI source and two host countries. It focuses on the effect of exchange rates on the relative FDI inflows between the two host countries. The theoretical analysis shows explicitly that the relative FDI inflows are a function of the relative real exchange rate. In particular, if one host country devalues its currency against that of the source country more than the other does, FDI into the country will be expected to increase relatively while FDI into the other decrease. The theoretical inference is examined with Japanese FDI in China and ASEAN-4 (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand). The empirical results generally support the theoretical conclusion, suggesting that the real devaluation of the Chinese Yuan undercut FDI into the ASEAN-4.departmental bulletin pape
Dynamic Economic Analysis on Invasive Species Management : Some Policy Implications of Catchability
Get PDFThe problems of controlling invasive species have been emerging as a global issue. In response to these threats, some governmental programs have been proposed for supporting eradication. This article challenges this view by studying the optimal strategies of controlling invasive species in a simple dynamic model. The analysis mainly focuses on deriving policy implications of catchability in a situation where a series of controlling actions incurs operational costs that derive from the fact that catchability depends on the current stock size of invasive species. We analytically demonstrate that the optimal policy sequence can drastically change, depending on the sensitivity of catchability in response to a change in the stock size, as well as on the initial stock. If the sensitivity of catchability is sufficiently high, the constant escapement policy with some interior target level is optimal. In contrast, if the sensitivity of catchability is sufficiently low, there could exist a threshold of the initial stock which differentiates the optimal policy between immediate eradication and giving-up without any control. In the intermediate range, immediate eradication, giving-up without any control, or more complex policies might be optimal. Numerical analysis is employed to present economic intuitions and insights in both analytically tractable and intractable cases.departmental bulletin pape