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Las fronteras de Asia. Estados y territorios en disputa
No full textThis article begins with the premise that the concept of the frontier when applied to the Asian context does not correspond to a simple line on a map but rather must be understood as vast regions of contested sovereignty that have evolved throughout history. European expansion across the globe brought with it the spread of its model of the sovereign state, a model that was formally established by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. This model, which dictates how the international community interacts, has been instrumental in shaping the global order as we know it. However, in Asia, this model has shown less adaptability, as it has been applied to a continent with its own complex system of relations between states, commonly referred to as the tributary system. This unique system, combined with the lack of legitimacy of certain borders drawn during the era of imperialism and the rise of powerful Asian nations, has transformed enormous territories—sometimes recognized as sovereign entities, such as the two Koreas, Pakistan, or Sri Lanka, and sometimes as large historical regions like Kashmir, Tibet, or Xinjiang—into mere borderlands or transition areas between neighboring great powers. To substantiate this assertion, the article delves into a review of various theories and concepts on history, geography, and globalization as presented by several key thinkers. Among these are Braudel, who is renowned for his theorization of long-term historical events; Zhu Zhenghui, who inspired the idea of the unfolding of history as a spiraling process; Robert D. Kaplan, a prominent advocate for the significance of geographical factors in shaping political realities; John Mearsheimer, known for his studies on realism in international relations; and Henry Kissinger, whose analysis of the World Order and the functioning of Westphalian nation-states continues to be influential. Additionally, the article considers the insights of Samuel P. Huntington, the visionary who predicted that culture, rather than economy or ideology, would become the driving force of future historical developments. Moreover, it examines the evolution of Francis Fukuyama’s thought, tracing his journey from the failed prophecy of the end of history to his current positions that emphasize how identity has emerged as the central axis around which twenty-first century politics revolves. With this rich theoretical background in place, the article proceeds to describe the geographical concept of what we are really talking about when we refer to Asia. It distinguishes between a geographical definition, a cultural one, and an essential definition. The latter encompasses the areas, civilizations, and nations that were born and developed outside the Mediterranean world, marking them as distinct from the Western-dominated sphere. It is within this geographical framework, which essentially corresponds to East Asia (characterized by Confucian civilization), South Asia (the Indic world), and Southeast Asia, that the aforementioned frontiers are delineated, giving us a clearer understanding of the regions in question. In the following section of the article, the specific causes and particular circumstances of each of these territories, which the author considers as frontiers of Asia, are meticulously presented. Five distinct border areas are identified and examined in detail: Firstly, we have the borders of China and India, which are divided into two main categories. On the one hand, there are “the conflict regions: Tibet, Xinjiang, Kashmir, and the Indian Far East (including Assam, Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, and Tripura)”. On the other hand, there are “the Himalayan States: Nepal and Bhutan”. In this context, a vast hot area is formed on both sides of the Himalayan range, where conventional border limits are often superimposed, sovereign legitimacy is frequently disputed, armed secessionist movements are commonplace, and where Bhutan’s stability stands out as the exception rather than the rule. Secondly, the article discusses “India’s (and China’s) borders”, which are composed essentially of the border marks left by the British Raj of India. These marks have since evolved into sovereign states that confront, to varying degrees, the Indian Union. The inherent hostility of Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka towards India has turned these three states into essential tools for the strategic advance of the People’s Republic of China against Delhi. Around the major ports of these three states, China, under the poetic name of the String of Pearls, has established a series of naval bases. These bases encircle India, enabling China to project its power over the Indian Ocean to the Persian Gulf, and ensuring a secure oil route to its territory, thereby highlighting the strategic importance of these borders. Thirdly, the article analyzes “the borders of China and Japan: the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan”. In this case, we encounter three administrative entities that are artificial in nature, a direct consequence of the Cold War’s end and the ideological clash between communism and capitalism. Despite the passage of time, these entities have been frozen in this new era, largely due to the secondary effects of China’s rapid rise. On one side, we have the two sovereign states resulting from the artificial division of the Korean nation, and on the other, the remnants of the Republic of China, which are artificially sustained in Taiwan thanks to the difficulty of crossing the Strait that separates the island from mainland China, coupled with American military and economic support. These three territories, whose mere existence as independent states in law (in the case of the two Koreas) or in fact but not in law (in the case of Taiwan), represent historical anomalies. Japan has played a crucial role in shaping this status quo, first as a counterbalance to communism and then as a counterweight to China’s growing influence. It is important to note, however, that this area represents China’s frontier with the West, where powerful Japan serves as a key component of the American strategy, possibly acting as the foremost American gendarme against East Asia. Fourthly, and in what could be considered an extension of the previous frontier, we have “China’s borders with Southeast Asia: the South China Sea”. The key issue in this region is the dispute over the boundaries defined by the so-called nine-dash line map, on the basis of which China claims sovereignty over the entire South China Sea, stretching from the Straits of Malacca to Taiwan. The article examines China’s frictions with all the littoral countries in this region, with Japan and the United States playing significant roles in these ongoing disputes, further complicating the geopolitical dynamics at play. Finally, in fifth place, the article analyzes “the borders of China and Russia: Mongolia”, where the border between the former Tsarist and Chinese empires, over time, has evolved into a transition area between the new emerging Chinese power and the broader Western world. This analysis sheds light on the historical and contemporary significance of this frontier. In conclusion, the article argues that the future of humanity may very well hinge on the power and legitimacy struggles currently unfolding along these Asian frontiers. Particular emphasis is placed on the events surrounding Taiwan and the South China Sea, which are identified as the true front-lines of what appears to be an emerging new cold war, looming on the horizon and poised to shape global affairs in the years to come.El presente artículo parte de la premisa que el concepto de frontera aplicado al espacio asiático no se corresponde con el de una línea en el mapa, sino que debe aplicarse a extensas regiones de soberanía cuestionada a lo largo de la historia. La expansión europea por todo el mundo llevó aparejada la difusión de su modelo de estado soberano, nacido en la Paz de Westfalia (1648), a través del cual se relaciona entre sí la comunidad internacional. Sin embargo, ese modelo ha mostrado en Asia una menor capacidad de adaptación al aplicarse sobre un continente que poseía un sistema de relaciones entre estados propio, el llamado sistema tributario. Ello, combinado con la falta de legitimidad de algunas fronteras dibujadas por el imperialismo y con el auge de las grandes potencias asiáticas ha convertido a enormes territorios, en ocasiones reconocidos como soberanos (como, por ejemplo, las dos Coreas, Pakistán o Sri Lanka, en ocasiones grandes regiones históricas como Cachemira, Tíbet o Xinjiang) en meras fronteras o áreas de transición entre las grandes potencias colindantes.
Para demostrar la validez de esta afirmación, el presente artículo revisa las teorías y los conceptos sobre la historia, la geografía y la globalización de, entre otros, autores como los de Braudel, en su teorización de los periodos de larga duración en el tiempo de los hechos históricos; Zhu Zhenghui como inspirador de la idea del despliegue de la historia en espiral; Robert D. Kaplan, como apologeta de la importancia del factor geográfico; John Mearsheimer y sus estudios sobre el realismo en las relaciones internacionales o Henry Kissinger y sus análisis sobre el orden mundial y el funcionamiento de los estados nación westfalianos. Además de todo ello, sin dejar de lado a Samuel P. Huntington, el visionario que anunció como la cultura, y no la economía ni la ideología, sería el motor de la historia futura y Francis Fukuyama, en su evolución desde la fallida profecía del fin de la historia hasta sus posicionamientos actuales donde resalta como la identidad se ha convertido en el eje estructural de la política del siglo XXI.
Con este bagaje teórico se describe cual es el concepto geográfico de lo que realmente hablamos al referirnos a Asia y se exponen las causas circunstancias particulares de cada uno de aquellos territorios considerados por el autor como fronteras de Asia. Concluyendo, finalmente, que el futuro de la humanidad se encuentra muy, posiblemente, en juego en la disputa de poder y legitimidades actuales en estas fronteras de Asia con una relevancia especial en lo que ocurra en torno a Taiwán y el Mar de China Meridional
Evidencias tafonómicas y biomoleculares de termoalteración y formación de los depósitos óseos de peces dulceacuícolas en el sitio arqueológico San Pedro de la Depresión Momposina, Colombia
No full textThe historical fish biodiversity use of human populations in the Colombian Caribbean has left record at most archaeological sites in the region. This research analyzes the taphonomic and biomolecular evidence of thermoalteration and the formation of freshwater fish bone deposits used by an indigenous community at the San Pedro archaeological site of the Momposina Depression during the 7th century AD. There is evidence of the use of migratory species such as Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum, Prochilodus magdalenae, and Ageneiosus pardalis, as well as resident taxa such as Hoplias malabaricus and Caquetaia kraussii, whose skeletal remains show evidence of burning, carbonization, and calcination after consumption, generating color changes, fragmentation, cracking of osteonic systems, degradation of contained aDNA in the bone matrix, collagen polymerization, and the hydroxyapatitecrystal fusion. After burning, a pattern of remains from discarding and collecting was found in ceramics, charcoal, and aquatic archaeofaunal deposits, generating iron diagenetic incorporation in the samples and the adhesion of sedimentary concretions by leaching processes. The stratigraphic sequences and the formation of archaeological deposits document a series of changes in taxonomic composition and relative abundance of bone remains in association with the region’s hydroclimatic regime. El uso histórico de la biodiversidad de peces llevado a cabo por las poblaciones humanas que han habitado el Caribe colombiano se ha registrado en la mayoría de yacimientos arqueológicos de la región. En esta investigación se analizan las evidencias tafonómicas y biomoleculares de termoalteración y formación de los depósitos óseos de peces dulceacuícolas aprovechados por una comunidad indígena en el sitio arqueológico San Pedro de la Depresión Momposina durante el siglo VII d.C. Se evidencia el aprovechamiento de especies migratorias como Pseudoplatystoma magdaleniatum, Prochilodus magdalenae y Ageneiosus pardalis, y taxones residentes como Hoplias malabaricus y Caquetaia kraussii, que presentan evidencias de quema, carbonización y calcinación posterior a su consumo, generando cambios de color, fragmentación, agrietamiento de los sistemas osteónicos, polimerización del colágeno, fusión de los cristales de hidroxiapatita y degradación del ADNa contenido en la matriz ósea. Posterior a la quema, se encontró un patrón de descarte y acopio de las evidencias en depósitos de cerámica, carbón y arqueofauna acuática generando la incorporación diagenética de Hierro en las muestras y la adherencia de concreciones sedimentarias por procesos de lixiviación. Las secuencias estratigráficas y la formación de los depósitos arqueológicos documentan una serie de cambios de composición taxonómica y abundancia relativa de restos óseos en asociación al régimen hidroclimático de la región
La configuración territorial del Paraguay independiente. Disputas jurisdiccionales con la provincia de Corrientes (1810-1850)
No full textThe fragmentation of the South American territory following the process of independence generated jurisdictional disputes between native countries. This new scenario means that the Governments that emerge mark their sovereignties, generating border disputes. In this article we will study the southern borders of Paraguay, close to the province of Corrientes, a region that gave rise to disputes that turned into conflicts, such as the cases involving the possession of Apipé Island, the area called the Tranquera de Loreto, and the population of the missionary territory, conflicts all of which will result in diplomatic and military disputes. These questions reveal the process of territorial formation of the Paraguayan State, taking into account the territory as a state element, essential for institutional formation. The documentary collections of the Archives of the City of Asunción (Paraguay) and the province of Corrientes (Argentina) show the vicissitudes of a predominant issue in the consolidation of Paraguayan territorial jurisdiction in the first part of the 19th century.La fragmentación del territorio sudamericano, después del proceso independentista, forjó disputas jurisdiccionales entre los países nacientes. Este nuevo escenario hizo que los Gobiernos emergentes marcasen soberanías, generándose disputas fronterizas. En este artículo se estudiarán las fronteras australes del Paraguay, lindantes con la provincia de Corrientes, región que fue escenario de cuestiones litigiosas que derivarán en conflictos armados, como los casos por la posesión de la isla Apipé, el dominio de la zona denominada tranquera de Loreto, o el poblamiento del territorio misionero, problemas todos ellos que derivarán en disputas diplomáticas y militares. Estas cuestiones ponen al descubierto el proceso de formación territorial del Estado paraguayo, que tuvo en cuenta al espacio jurisdiccional como elemento estadual, complemento indispensable para la conformación institucional. Los fondos documentales del Archivo Nacional de Asunción (Paraguay) y los del Archivo General de la Provincia de Corrientes (Argentina) muestran las vicisitudes de una cuestión predominante en la consolidación de la jurisdicción territorial paraguaya en la primera parte del siglo XIX
Todo cambia, nada cambia. Desafíos de la geopolítica actual
No full textReview of: Brochner, Gabriela; Pinto Tortosa, Antonio Jesús; Sansó-Rubert Pascual, Daniel (dir.), ¿Hacia un nuevo telón de acero? 30 años de geopolítica en la posguerra fría, Valencia, Tirant Humanidades, 2023, 376 pp.Reseña de: Brochner, Gabriela; Pinto Tortosa, Antonio Jesús; Sansó-Rubert Pascual, Daniel (dir.), ¿Hacia un nuevo telón de acero? 30 años de geopolítica en la posguerra fría, Valencia, Tirant Humanidades, 2023, 376 pp
Por ser familia de ellos la mataron: Vicenta-Rosa Ferreres Soriano, la primera fusilada de la provincia de Castelló
No full textThe purpose of this article is to delve into the long shadow of Franco’s repression by carrying out a case study: the Melià-Ferreres family from Benicarló (Baix Maestrat, Castelló). By studying their past and the murder of their mother Vicenta-Rosa in 1938, we aim to demonstrate the arbitrariness and lack of scruples of Franco\u27s military justice system and how, together with their collaborators, they managed to destroy an entire family unit. We also aim to vindicate the figure and the life trajectory of Vicenta-Rosa. El propósito de este artículo es ahondar en la larga sombra de la represión franquista realizando un estudio de caso: la familia Melià-Ferreres de Benicarló (Baix Maestrat, Castelló). Estudiando su pasado y el asesinato de la madre Vicenta-Rosa en 1938 pretendemos demostrar la arbitrariedad y falta de escrúpulos de la justicia militar franquista y como con sus colaboradores, consiguieron destrozar a todo un núcleo familiar. También reivindicar la figura y la trayectoria vital de Vicenta-Rosa.
El Patrimonio Cultural y las Humanidades Digitales: historia, debates, proyectos y controversias
No full textReseña de: Peirats Navarro, Anna Isabel y José Antonio Calvo Gómez (coords), Humanidades Digitales y Patrimonio Cultural. Proyectos y tendencias, Valencia, Tirant Humanidades, 202
Una aproximación multidisciplinar a la sostenibilidad desde las ciencias humanas
No full textReseña de: Trapaga Monchet, Koldo y L. Alberto Polo Romero (eds.), Historia, sociedad y medio ambiente: la sostenibilidad. Madrid, Sílex, 2022. 271 pp. ISBN: 978-84-19077-50-
Queriendo ser más que una hija pequeña: un recorrido por las discontinuas relaciones entre España y Paraguay en el siglo XIX
No full textReview of: Scavone Yegros, Ricardo, La hija pequeña de la Madre Patria: España y la República del Paraguay en el siglo XIX, Asunción, Editorial Tiempo de Historia, 2024, 221 pp.Reseña de: Scavone Yegros, Ricardo, La hija pequeña de la Madre Patria: España y la República del Paraguay en el siglo XIX, Asunción, Editorial Tiempo de Historia, 2024, 221 pp.“La hija pequeña de la Madre Patria. España y la República del Paraguay en el siglo XIX”,aborda a história das relações entre o Paraguai e a Espanha desde a independência paraguaia até ao final do século XIX. Este processo é crucial para o posicionamento político a nível internacional do Paraguai e para a compreensão da história das relações internacionais entre Espanha e América Latina. São detalhadas as dificuldades do Paraguai em ser reconhecido como país soberano, os primeiros contactos diplomáticos e os obstáculos culturais e políticos durante as negociações, no contexto do Rio da Prata. Por fim, analisa-se a documentação sobre os acordos e o reconhecimento oficial do Paraguai por parte de Espanha, bem como as suas consequências. É uma obra essencial para compreender a história diplomática do Paraguai e a sua relação com a Espanha no século XIX
La adopción abierta, una nueva perspectiva sobre la adopción: causas de su implantación y régimen jurídico
No full textOpen adoption is presented in Law 26/2015, of July 28, as an important novelty in the legal system, which allows, if the circumstances so advise, to preserve the relationship between the adopted minor and his or her family of origin. This modality, which could, a priori, be interpreted as an unknown figure in Spain, is provided with numerous guarantees, based on the protection of the superior interests of the child.La adopción abierta se presenta en la Ley 26/2015, de 28 de julio, como una importante novedad en el ordenamiento jurídico, que permite, si las condiciones así lo aconsejan, preservar la relación entre el menor adoptado y su familia de origen. Esta modalidad, que podría, a priori, ser interpretada como una fi gura desconocida y de compleja integración en España, está prevista de cuantiosos mecanismos de garantía, en base a la protección del interés superior del menor