Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journals
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Determinants of profitability in rice processing among women in Patigi, Kwara State, Nigeria
No full textRice processing is a vital economic activity for women in Patigi, Kwara State, Nigeria, providing employment and income opportunities. Rice processing activities, excluding milling, are traditionally performed by women in the study area. However, these women rice processors face various challenges that affect their profitability. This study examines the determinants of profitability among women rice processors in the study area. Multistage sampling was used in selecting 80 women rice processors for the survey. The analytical tools employed include descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The results from descriptive statistics revealed that most (75.6%) of the respondents were married, with a mean age of 36 years and 7years of processing experience. The results from regression analysis indicated that market access (0.031, p=0.002), cost of paddy per bag (-2.219E-5, p<0.001), and fixed costs (-1.746E-6, p=0.040) were statistically significant determinants of profitability, with an R-squared value of 0.729 and an F-ratio of 18.061 (p < 0.001). Specifically, the results indicate that a unit increase in market access is associated with a 3.2% increase in profitability, and equally a decrease of a unit of paddy cost could increase profitability by 11.87%. The findings suggest that improving market access, reducing costs, and providing training and capacity-building programs can enhance the profitability of women rice processors in Patigi. The study thus recommends training on marketing strategies, access to market information systems, bulk purchasing, and adopting cost-saving technologies to promote the growth of the rice processing industry in Nigeria.
 
Variability in egg production hormones across four chicken genotypes raised in humid tropical region of Nigeria
No full textEgg production in chickens is influenced by hormonal regulation, which varies across genotypes and environmental conditions. This study examines the reproductive hormonal profiles of four distinct chicken genotypes reared in the humid regions of Nigeria. The genotypes included three indigenous types: normal feather, frizzle feather, and naked neck, and an exotic breed, ISA Brown. A 4 × 2 factorial design laid out in a completely randomized design was adopted, involving 40 chickens, with ten individuals per genotype (5 hens and 5 cocks per genotype). The birds were reared under intensive management conditions, with controlled diets and standardized healthcare practices. Blood samples were collected at 34 weeks of age to analyze key reproductive hormones, including estradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and hierarchical cluster analysis using average linkage. Significant means were separated using Duncan multiple range test at a 95% confidence interval. The results demonstrated significant variations (p<0.05) in testosterone, progesterone, estrogen, and prolactin levels among the genotypes. Testosterone concentrations were highest in ISA Brown males, while progesterone and estrogen were significantly elevated in female birds, particularly in Naked Neck and Normal Feather genotypes. Prolactin levels varied widely, with higher concentrations observed in males of ISA Brown and Naked Neck genotypes. Despite the hormonal differences, LH and FSH levels did not show significant variations (p>0.05) across genotypes. The findings suggest that hormonal profiles play a crucial role in influencing egg production patterns, with specific genotypes exhibiting favorable reproductive traits
Diversity and composition of tree species in University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
No full textThis study assessed the diversity and composition of tree species of the University of Benin (UNIBEN) in Benin City, Nigeria. Tree characteristics such as diameter at breast height (Dbh) and height measurement were obtained during the field inventory. A complete inventory was carried out in five different sample plots at the University of Benin. Data collected were analysed using biodiversity indices such as Shannon-Wiener diversity index, important value index, dominance index, species evenness, and results were presented in means, percentages, charts, and tables. A total population of 666 trees distributed among 18 families and 41 species was identified, with Fabaceae (14.63%) and Meliaceae (14.63%) being the most dominant families and Tectona grandis being the most occurring tree species with a relative density of 61.11%. However, the diversity index 1.79 > 1 is an indication of moderate diversity. Also, the tree species dominance index of 0.39 was recorded. Hence, urban forests are rich in tree diversity and can provide diverse ecosystem services to their communities. To manage sustainably, an urban forest inventory should be regularly carried out
Evaluation of the efficacy of Aframomum melegueta and Piper guineense for controlling Callosobruchus maculatus in Vigna unguiculata
No full textThis study evaluates the insecticidal effects of two plant powders, Piper guineense and Aframomum melegueta, on the mortality and emergence of Callosobruchus maculatus, a significant pest of stored beans. Using a completely randomized design (CRD), different concentrations (0 g, 5 g, 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g) of the plant powders were applied to 100 g samples of black-eyed peas. Mortality rates were recorded daily for seven days. Data collected was subjected to descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. Piper guineense exhibited a remarkable insecticidal effect, achieving 100% mortality across all concentrations by Day 6. In contrast, Aframomum melegueta showed a more gradual effect, with the highest concentration (20 g) reaching only 93.33% mortality by Day 7. Additionally, P. guineense completely suppressed the emergence of adult weevils at 5 g and 15 g concentrations, while A. melegueta achieved only moderate suppression at higher concentrations. Piper guineense recorded higher average mortality at 15 g (73.33%) and 20 g (67.62%) compared to A. melegueta (57.14% and 56.67%, respectively), though these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Notably, P. guineense completely suppressed adult weevil emergence at some concentrations, highlighting its practical potential as a natural insecticide for managing C. maculatus in stored beans and supporting its use in sustainable pest control strategies
Trace element profiling in wood residue and lignin extracts of Ficus exasperata (Vahl.) using atomic adsorption spectrometer technique
No full textTrace element profiling analyzes the concentration and distribution of essential minerals and micronutrients within plant biomass. This study examined the inorganic constituents of Ficus exasperata by profiling its Milled-Wood Residue (MWR) and Extracted Lignin (EL). Three trees aged 18, 20, and 25 years were felled from the Arboretum of the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, Ibadan. Their merchantable lengths were 3.78 m, 3.50 m, and 3.60 m, with diameters at breast height of 15.8, 18.46, and 20.05 cm, respectively. Discs were collected at the base (10%), middle (50%), and top (90%) along the sampling height. Lignin extraction and silica (Si) content were determined using standard procedures. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was employed to quantify manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu). Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance. Results revealed that Si, Mn, and Pb were absent in EL but Si was 6.11% in MWR at the top wood. Calcium exhibited the highest concentration (68.89%) at the mid-wood in MWR, while EL recorded 10% at the top. Al, Mg, and Pb had the lowest contents, ranging from 0.01–0.05%. These findings establish a baseline elemental profile of Ficus exasperata MWR and EL, indicating its potential for applications in pulp production, bioenergy generation, and sustainable material technologies
An Overview of the Frontiers of Customary Arbitration under the Idoma Native Law and Customs
No full textModern arbitral process seems to have lost the simplicity that arbitration enjoyed. It has become more complex, more legalistic, and more institutionalized just like litigation which it seeks to alternate. Despite these shortcomings, customary arbitration which predates modern arbitration with fewer technicalities seems to have been relegated to the background. The inconsistent court judgments on the validity or otherwise of customary arbitration including recognition and enforcement of customary arbitration make the problem even worse. Also, the position of the Supreme Court on customary arbitration is a sharp contrast to modern arbitration regulated by the Act1or contained in an agreement especially commercial agreement wherein once an award is made it is final, and binding and parties have no right to rescind the gentle man agreement having subscribed thereto is more challenging. This article intends to promote customary arbitration as a preferable alternative to litigation and other adjudicatory procedures in Nigeria, especially the customary arbitration being practiced under the Idoma native law and Customs. The methodology adopted in this research is doctrinal as both primary and secondary data as well as internet sources were consulted. An overview of the Customary Arbitration under the Idoma native law and customs revealed that courts in the communities where this customary arbitration is being practiced are hardly congested. And the Idoma people are more interested in settling disputes under the Idoma customary arbitral panel than before the regular courts. This article recommends that the grassroots or other communities in Nigeria should be encouraged to adopt similar method of dispute resolution to decongest the regular courts and to facilitate fast and easy access to justice.
Solving the Problem of Delay in Adjudication of Cases in Nigeria through Artificial Intelligence (AI)
No full textThe Nigerian judiciary is often criticized for its inefficiency, with cases sometimes taking years, if not decades, to resolve. Nigerian judiciary faces numerous challenges, including delays in case resolution, a backlog of cases, and inconsistencies in judicial decisions. This has led to eroding of public confidence in the judicial system. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a new phenomenon in adjudication of cases in Nigeria. Globally, AI has gradually transformed various sectors, including the legal system. The society where we are living is dynamic and as a result, Nigerian legal system must thrive to cope up with this new development in other not to be left behind in adapting to Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the adjudication of cases. Artificial Intelligence (AI\u27s) integration into the legal sphere involves the use of technology to analyze legal data, predict case outcomes, automate routine legal tasks, and even assist in judicial decision-making. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to address these challenges by optimizing case management, improving access to justice, and reducing the time required for case resolution. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the Nigerian legal system holds significant potential for enhancing the efficiency and accuracy of legal proceedings. The writer adopted doctrinal methodology in writing this article. The primary objective of this paper is to explore the potential integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the Nigerian judicial system, to solve the problem of delay in the dispensation of justice in Nigeria
An Appraisal of the Legal Framework for Combatting Insecurity in Nigeria
No full textInsecurity is a significant challenge that Nigeria has been grappling with for many years, affecting the safety and well-being of citizens and hindering the nation\u27s development and progress. This study adopts the doctrinal method of research to explore a legal approach to addressing insecurity in Nigeria, focusing on the constitutional provisions and legal frameworks that govern the government\u27s responsibilities in maintaining security, protecting lives and property, and promoting the welfare of its citizens. The Nigerian Constitution establishes the government\u27s duty to ensure national unity, protect the integrity of the nation, and promote the social welfare of its citizens. The Constitution also addresses the establishment and maintenance of the armed forces and the police. By analyzing constitutional provisions and other legal frameworks, this study offers insights into how Nigeria can tackle insecurity through effective governance and adherence to the rule of law. It highlights the need for coordinated efforts between the government, security agencies, and society at large to address the root causes of insecurity, including socio-economic and political inequalities. The findings of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the constitutional principles and legal mechanisms that can be leveraged to enhance security and promote a peaceful and prosperous society. The study concludes with recommendations for policy and legislative reforms aimed at strengthening the legal framework and improving the government\u27s ability to address insecurity effectively
Restorative Justice in the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission
No full textThe Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), established in South Africa, is a model for other TRCs because it addresses the injustice, reparations, and healing processes that took place during the postapartheid era in South Africa, which has been classified as a crime against humanity. It is critical to consider how restorative justice is applied and the kinds of remedies it might provide for South Africa. The victims, their families, society, and the country can benefit from restorative justice. Restorative justice seeks to bring about healing by viewing trauma as a social problem that everyone in society must deal with rather than an individual issue since trauma is a common experience that is collectively shared. This paper uses the doctrinal research methodology to employ restorative justice in resolving the education conflict in postapartheid South Africa. The Bantu Education Law during the apartheid regime in South Africa severely limited black people’s right to an education. This resulted in a generation-long conflict that is challenging to resolve, one that has also had an impact on future generations. Restorative justice, which was tried in South Africa after apartheid, provided an avenue to resolve this conflict and provided the only way to start talks that would lead to positive peace. The simplest definition of restorative justice’s fundamental tenet is “repairing damage, replacing it, or compensating it
Freedom of Thought, Conscience, and Religion in Nigeria: Constitutional Guarantees and Jurisprudential Gaps
No full textThis paper critically examines the legal framework governing the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion in Nigeria. Rooted in Section 38 of the 1999 Constitution (as amended), these rights are fundamental to personal dignity, democratic stability, and religious pluralism. Despite their constitutional and international legal recognition, enforcement remains uneven in Nigeria’s multireligious society. Tensions persist due to the coexistence of secular constitutional law and Sharia-based criminal codes in several northern states, particularly regarding the criminalization of apostasy and blasphemy. Adopting a doctrinal legal research methodology, the paper analyses constitutional provisions, relevant statutes, case law, and international instruments. It reviews key judicial decisions, including Medical and Dental Practitioners Disciplinary Tribunal v Dr. John Emewulu Okonkwo and Lagos State Government & Ors v Miss Asiyat Abdul Kareem & Ors, which affirm individual autonomy and religious freedom, contrasted with Provost, Kwara State College of Education, Ilorin & Ors v Bashirat Saliu & Ors, where institutional religious identity prevailed. Contemporary challenges such as religious discrimination, violence, weak institutional safeguards, and the targeting of non-believers are assessed within the broader context of Nigeria’s international obligations under the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Comparative references to India, South Africa, and the United States further illuminate these tensions. The paper concludes by advocating for legislative clarity, judicial activism, stronger rights enforcement mechanisms, and a renewed constitutional commitment to secularism as essential for safeguarding religious liberty in Nigeri