Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journals
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Predicting Coal Quality Using Electrical Resistivity and Chemical Techniques for Enhanced Resource Evaluation in Parts of the Northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria
No full textThe purpose of the study was to correlate resistivity signatures with coal quality parameters for possible enhanced resource evaluation. The method used vertical electrical sounding (VES) and 2D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) alongside coal samples, which were collected and subjected to chemical analysis to determine their percentage composition regarding proximate and ultimate analyses. The resistivity results, along with the borehole data, reveal five to nine lithological layers, including coal seams embedded within alternating sandstone and shale beds. Coal seam thickness ranges from 0.5 m to 6.1 m, with the thickest seams and mineable overburden observed in the western part of the study area. The geoelectric results also depict that the overburden thickness varies between 5 m and 140 m across the study area. A strong correlation was established between high resistivity values (>16,000 Ω-m) and high coal quality, characterized by low moisture (2.5-9.5%), low ash (2-16%), high fixed carbon (36-58%), and high calorific values (4400-6800 kcal/kg). The results depict that the lower resistivity zones were associated with lower-grade coal. The integrated results show that the study area possesses a total estimate of coal resources at 23.86 million metric tonnes, with an overall strip ratio of 22.63. The results show that low-sulfur zones (< 0.6) correspond to slightly high resistivity, implying minimal conductive sulfur-bearing compounds, while areas of higher sulfur (0.6-0.8%), higher oxygen content (11.4% - 14.4%), and higher ash content (16% - 34%) align with lower resistivity, highlighting zones requiring environmental monitoring. The study concludes that integrating electrical resistivity and coal sample analysis can serve as a reliable proxy for predicting coal quality and optimizing resource extraction strategies across the study area and the world at large
INFLUENCE OF CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT ON PUPILS’ ENGAGEMENT IN MATHEMATICS IN PANKSHIN LOCAL GOVERNMENT EDUCATION AUTHORITY, PLATEAU STATE
No full textThis study investigates the influence of the classroom environment on pupils\u27 engagement in mathematics in Pankshin Local Government Education Authority, Plateau State. The research was guided by two research questions and adopts a descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised of 527 public primary school teachers from the 15 public primary schools in Pankshin LGEA. The sample size of the study comprised of 150 teachers from the 15 public primary schools in Pankshin LGEA, using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using a 24-item structured questionnaire: Influence of Learning Environment on Pupils Engagement in Mathematics (ICLEPEM) on a 4-point Likert scale of Strongly Agree (4 points), Agree (3 points), Disagree (2 points) and Strongly Disagree (1 point). The instrument was validated for face and content validity by three experts, two from the Department of Early Childhood Care and Education and one expert from the Measurement and Evaluation unit of the Department of Educational Foundations at the Federal College of Education, Pankshin. Reliability was established using Cronbach\u27s Alpha, resulting to a reliability coefficient of 0.87 which shows that the instrument is reliable. The research questions were analysed using the mean statistics where a mean score of 2.50 and above indicated agreed and a mean score below 2.50 indicated a disagreed. Findings of the study revealed that classroom environment is important because it improves pupil’s critical thinking in mathematics and encourages active learning and participation among others. Findings also revealed that the influence of classroom environment on pupils’ engagement includes among others that it makes pupils enjoy mathematics lessons; it helps pupils to answer questions in mathematics class and makes pupils feel excited when solving mathematics problems in a well-arranged classroom. The study concludes that a well-maintained classroom environment and diversified teaching methods are crucial for fostering pupil engagement, particularly in mathematics. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that schools should actively engage parents and communities in supporting classroom environments by organizing workshops to educate parents about the importance of a conducive learning atmosphere and encouraging community involvement in school activities
BALZAC ET LES MIRAGES DE L’AMOUR DANS UNE SOCIETE EN MUTATION
No full textIn La Comédie humaine, Honoré de Balzac explores with remarkable acuity the illusions of love in a French society undergoing profound transformation in the 19th century. Through the prose works selected, Balzac depicts a world where love relationships are often conditioned by social, economic and political issues. For Balzac, love is not just a pure sentiment; it is frequently intertwined with ambition, power and the quest for status. The characters are often seduced by mirages, dreams of idealised love or illusory passions that clash with the harsh reality of social class and personal interests. This changing society, marked by the rise of capitalism and the bourgeoisie, profoundly alters relationships between individuals. Genuine feelings are often sacrificed in favour of material or strategic interests. Balzac shows that love can be both an engine of personal elevation and a source of bitter disappointment. His stories reveal the contradictions of an era when the ideal of love was confronted with the demands of a rapidly changing world, underlining the fragility of sentimental illusions in the face of social reality.
Résumé Honoré de Balzac, dans La Comédie humaine, explore avec une acuité remarquable les illusions de l’amour au sein d’une société française en pleine transformation au XIXe siècle. À travers les œuvres en prose choisies, Balzac dépeint un monde où les relations amoureuses sont souvent conditionnées par les enjeux sociaux, économiques et politiques. L’amour, chez Balzac, n’est pas seulement un sentiment pur ; il est fréquemment mêlé à l’ambition, au pouvoir, et à la quête de statut. Les personnages se laissent souvent séduire par des mirages, des rêves d’amour idéalisé ou des passions illusionnées qui se heurtent à la dure réalité des classes sociales et des intérêts personnels. Cette société en mutation, marquée par l’essor du capitalisme et la montée de la bourgeoisie, modifie profondément les rapports entre les individus. Les sentiments authentiques se trouvent alors souvent sacrifiés au profit d’intérêts matériels ou stratégiques. Balzac montre ainsi que l’amour peut être à la fois un moteur d’élévation personnelle et une source de déceptions amères. Ses récits dévoilent les contradictions d’une époque où l’idéal amoureux est confronté aux exigences d’un monde en évolution rapide, soulignant la fragilité des illusions sentimentales face à la réalité sociale. 
THE QUAGMIRE OF STAMP DUTIES COLLECTION IN NIGERIA VIS-À-VIS OTHER JURISDICTIONS: A COMPARATIVE VIEW
No full textStamp duties in Nigeria have consistently generated over ₦1trillion in revenue annually, making it one of the government\u27s most reliable tax streams. However, recently there has been a logger head and or quagmire amongst the two government parastatals that is the NIPOST and FIRS on the appropriate authority designated for collection of stamp duties. The law has not helped matter as it was unclear on the exact body the function is conferred on. This work is aimed at examining the legality or otherwise of Nigerian postal authority collecting postal stamp and the powers of banking industry in Nigeria collecting stamp duty vis-à-vis its remit. The writer examined whether such situation is obtainable in UK, India, Ghana and South Africa. The writer also examined whether receipt is chargeable to stamp duty and its limitation if any and however made necessary recommendations
EXPANSION OF ECOWAS WHIMS FROM REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION TO HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS CASES: A CRITIQUE
No full textThe establishment of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) came into existence at a time of searching for a perfect economic performance and social stability led African leaders to seek integration and/or cooperation among their countries. The African economic integration steps derived considerably from the European experience, by way of institutional design, ideologies and theories that have formed the foundation of most arrangements. The ECOWAS established six institutions among which are ECOWAS Court of justice in order to interpret ECOWAS treaties and settle disputes among member States. However, in year 2005, human rights mandate was covered on this Court which transformed it into an international law court to handle human rights abuse cases within West African region. Since acquiring jurisdiction over human rights violation in 2005, the ECOWAS Court has issued numerous decisions condemning human rights violations by the member states of the Economic Community of West African States. To this end, this paper, while adopting analytical research methodology, examines the role of ECOWAS institutions in discharging their duties. The paper revealed that the new mandate and its initial objective of promoting economic integration in West African states have therefore generated a series of reactions in the sub-region, most especially in Nigeria
UNDERSTANDING THE ANAMBRA STATE’S ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, PROTECTION AND ADMINISTRATION LAW, 2024 IN THE CONTEXT OF PLASTIC POLLUTION CONTROL IN THE STATE
No full textThis paper examined the new environmental protection law of Anambra State, that is, the Environmental Management, Protection and Administration Law (EMPAL), 2024, with particular attention to its provisions on plastic wastes that has been rated as a major global environmental pollutant of the present day. The paper used the doctrinal research methodology with the analytic approach. The findings, amongst other things, were that this legislation streamlined the body of environmental legislations in the State and provided copiously for plastic pollution control through adequate legal specifications and the establishment of fitting institutions, like the Anambra State Waste Management Authority (ASWAMA), for this goal.
Keywords: Plastic Pollution, Anambra State, Plastic Wastes, Environmental Management, Nigeri
BROKEN DIALOGUE, BROKEN PROMISES: LEGAL FAILURES AND THE COLLAPSE OF INSTITUTIONAL DUE DILIGENCE IN NIGERIA’S PUBLIC SECTOR
No full textThis paper critically examines the institutional and legal failures undermining the enforcement of labour standards and dispute resolution mechanisms in Nigeria’s public sector, with particular attention to the state’s obligations under international labour law. Drawing on the recurring breakdown of dialogue between government and public sector unions—such as the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU), the paper interrogates the systemic collapse of institutional due diligence, the non-implementation of collective agreements, and the ineffectiveness of existing dispute resolution frameworks. Although Nigeria is a signatory to core ILO Conventions, including Convention No. 87 and 98, the reality of state practice reveals a troubling gap between international commitments and domestic enforcement. The paper argues that this disconnect is not merely administrative but fundamentally legal and structural, rooted in ambiguous statutory provisions, institutional overlap, and a weak culture of compliance. Using doctrinal and comparative methodologies, the paper evaluates Nigeria’s existing labour dispute mechanisms under the Trade Disputes Act, the National Industrial Court framework, and the newly enacted Arbitration and Mediation Act 2023, exposing their inadequacies in providing timely and credible remedies. Further, the study draws lessons from international models such as the UK’s ACAS, South Africa’s CCMA, and the US FMCS, recommending the establishment of an independent national body for institutionalised mediation in the public sector. It concludes that without strategic legal reform and genuine commitment to social dialogue, Nigeria risks eroding both public trust and its international labour reputation. The paper contributes to the literature on labour law, institutional accountability, and legal reform in developing economies and proposes a model of dispute resolution that aligns with both constitutional obligations and global labour standards.
AN APPRAISAL OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES IN NIGERIA
No full textThe rise of corporate activity in Nigeria’s economic space has brought increased scrutiny of corporate conduct, particularly regarding criminal liability. Traditionally, the doctrine of corporate personality has shielded companies from criminal prosecution, especially for offences requiring mens rea (criminal intent). However, with the evolution of corporate law and increasing corporate malfeasance, there is a growing need to hold companies accountable for criminal acts. This study critically appraises the legal framework governing the criminal liability of limited liability companies in Nigeria. It aims to evaluate the adequacy of existing laws in attributing criminal responsibility to corporate entities and identify the legal and practical challenges hindering effective prosecution. Employing the doctrinal research methodology, the study relies on primary sources such as the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 2020, Criminal Code, and relevant judicial decisions, as well as secondary sources like scholarly articles and legal commentaries. The analysis reveals that while Nigerian law recognizes corporate criminal liability, enforcement remains problematic due to doctrinal inconsistencies, limited prosecutorial capacity, and the difficulty of imputing intent to artificial persons. The study also finds that penalties imposed on companies often lack deterrent effect, especially in cases involving large corporations. To address these challenges, the study recommends the adoption of clearer statutory provisions, the development of corporate criminal jurisprudence, enhanced prosecutorial strategies, and stricter penalties including corporate probation and director disqualification. It concludes that an effective regime of corporate criminal liability is essential not only for deterrence but also for fostering corporate responsibility and sustainable economic development in Nigeria
THE ROLE OF ARBITRATION IN RESOLVING COMMERCIAL DISPUTES: A STUDY OF NIGERIAN COURTS ATTITUDES TOWARDS ARBITRARY AWARDS
No full textCommercial contracts are legally binding agreements defining the expectations, rights, and obligations of parties in business transactions, including remedies for breach. Disputes arising from such contracts may be resolved through litigation, arbitration, or alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Litigation occurs in court, involving lawsuits, evidence presentation, and judicial rulings. Arbitration, by contrast, is a consensual process in which parties submit disputes to an agreed arbitrator or tribunal, and any resulting award is binding once accepted. ADR methods, such as mediation and conciliation, facilitates amicable settlements without legally binding decisions. With globalization and cross-border commercial activities expanding, relationships among businesses, investors, and states have become more complex. This complexity extends to dispute resolution and enforcement of decisions. Although arbitration is widely used for international commercial disputes, its effectiveness often depends on judicial recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. In other words, award creditors may rely on courts to secure the benefits of arbitration outcomes. This article examines arbitration’s role in addressing increasingly intricate, transnational commercial transactions and evaluates how Nigerian courts enforce arbitral awards. It also considers the judiciary’s attitude toward arbitration, assessing whether Nigeria provides a supportive environment for enforcing decisions that arise from these alternative dispute processes.