Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journals
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Evaluating Agri-financing Effectiveness in Sustainable Agricultural Production: Implications for Catfish Farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria
No full textThe inaccessibility of credit by farmers has been identified as a limitation to sustainable agriculture. This study examined the effectiveness of Agricultural credit on the productivity of cat fish farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. Data collected from 150 respondents were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test and multiple regression. We confirm that only 46% of the farmers had access to credit, while, personal saving was the main source of capital for the cat fish farmers. Their average stock size, and output were 590, and 570 fishes respectively. A statistically significant difference existed between the stock size, output, casualties, and number of ponds of farmers that had access to formal credit and the farmers that had no access. Drivers of farmers’ output were marital status, sex, educational level, experience, and credit. Farmers’ access to credit was constrained by many factors. We recommend that Government and financial institutions should partner with legal aid organizations or government agencies to streamline the process of acquiring documentation to assist fish farmers in obtaining the necessary legal documents required for securing loans. Also, the fish farmers should form/strengthen cooperative groups among themselves to facilitate access to finance
Economics of Groundnut Marketing in Northern Taraba State, Nigeria
No full textThe study examined the economics of groundnut marketing in the northern part of Taraba State, Nigeria, with specific focus on Ardo-Kola and Zing Local Government Areas. The objectives were to describe the socio-economic characteristics of groundnut marketers, analyze the marketing margin, identify the marketing channels, and examine the constraints associated with groundnut marketing. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 184 respondents proportionally from the population of groundnut marketers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with descriptive statistics and the marketing margin model. Findings revealed that the majority (61%) of the respondents were female and married, with an average age of 42 years. Most (65%) had household sizes ranging from 6–10 persons, possessed formal education, and had between 6–10 years of marketing experience. The study further showed that 40% of respondents earned between ₦100,000 and ₦150,000 annually and sourced groundnuts directly from farmers. Analysis of marketing margins indicated that groundnut marketing is profitable, with Zing LGA recording a higher gross margin of ₦98,269.39 compared to ₦89,767.69 in Ardo-Kola LGA. Zing marketers also realized a higher net margin (₦31,446.14) than those in Ardo-Kola (₦23,938.05). The main constraint identified was inadequate access to storage and processing facilities, which reduces marketing efficiency and profitability. Based on these findings, the study recommends that government and development partners should invest in improved storage and processing infrastructure to reduce post-harvest losses and enhance value addition. Capacity-building programs should target female marketers to strengthen their business and record-keeping skills. Additionally, strengthening rural road networks and market linkages between producers and marketers will further enhance profit margins, while improving access to microcredit facilities will enable marketers to expand their operations and increase competitiveness
CAPITAL INFLOWS AND LIFE EXPECTANCY IN NIGERIA: DOES QUALITY OF INSTITUTIONS MATTER?
No full textThis study examines the relationship between capital inflows, institutional quality and life expectancy at birth in Nigeria for the period 1990 to 2023 under the two-gap theory and human capital theory. Central to most development goals is the need to better human life and wellbeing. Capital inflows on their part are necessary for providing additional funds needed to carry out economic activities. Human development was captured by one of its indicators which is life expectancy at birth. Capital inflows were measured by remittances, external debts and foreign aids. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique was employed in analysing the data. The empirical result showed that the selected capital flows jointly have significant impact on life expectancy at birth (human development) in Nigeria during the period under study. The study also indicates a discernible interaction between institutional quality and selected capital flows on human development in Nigeria. The study therefore concludes institutional frameworks complements the effect of capital inflows on human development in Nigeria, but has not been effective in averting the negative influence of capital inflows on human development in Nigeria looking at life expectancy at birth. The study recommends that Ministry of Budget and Planning should allocate adequate proportion of foreign aid and external debts to health-related projects which would ultimately enhance human development in Nigeria. Also, institutions should be made more effective to ensure accountability and efficient use of funds.  
DOES FISCAL POLICY HAVE ANY INFLUENCE ON INFLATION DYNAMICS IN NIGERIA?
No full textThe rate of inflation has consistently been rising over time. Fiscal policy’s role in regulating economic activities overtime using the instruments of taxation and public spending influences aggregate demand. Hence, this study examined how well fiscal policy influenced inflation in Nigeria, between 1986 and 2023. Specifically, the study examined the impact of government expenditure, tax revenue and fiscal deficit on inflation in Nigeria during the period. Using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique, the findings revealed that government expenditure, fiscal deficit and GDP growth rate had negative impact on inflation both in the long and short run, while tax revenue had positive impact on inflation. However, in the long run, only fiscal deficit was statistically significant while in the short run, fiscal deficit, government revenue and government expenditure were statistically significant. Based on the findings, it is recommended that government spending to productive activities should encourage because it will increase output and reduce inflation. 
EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF DEVALUATION OF NAIRA ON THE LIVELIHOOD OF HOUSEHOLDS IN KADUNA NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, NIGERIA
No full textThis study examined the effect of naira devaluation on the livelihood of households in Nigeria adopting a descriptive survey research design. The study was carried out in Kaduna North LGA of Kaduna State using a sample of 400 households selected through multistage sampling technique. The primary quantitative data were collected using a questionnaire, while data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. Findings from the results of the data analysis revealed that naira devaluation had significant negative effect on household expenditures in Kaduna North LGA of Kaduna State (β1 = -0.145, P < 0.01); and inflation rate had significant negative impact on household expenditures (β2 = 0.584, P < 0.01). The study also revealed that the main coping strategy employed by households in Kaduna North LGA to mitigate the economic challenges emanating from naira devaluation was adjusting the overall budget and spending habits of the household. Based on the findings, the study concludes that naira devaluation have significant negative effect on the livelihood of households in Kaduna North Local Government Area. The study recommends among others that government and policymakers should implement targeted interventions such as target cash transfers, subsidies for essential goods and services to cushion the impacts of naira devaluation on households’ welfare
HUMAN CAPITAL FLIGHT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA
No full textIn order for economic growth to be sustained, countries adopt every possible measure to retain their human capital – which has not been the case of Nigeria. This study examined the impact of human capital flight on economic growth in Nigeria from 1990 to 2022. Using the auto regressive distributed lag model, the findings of the study showed that human capital flight has no significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria in lag one and two. However, in the third lag, the reverse is the case. Human capital flight had a significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria during that period. More so, evidence from the Granger causality test showed that net migration does not Granger cause real GDP but RGDP Granger causes net migration. Also, unemployment does not Granger cause human capital flight, infrastructure Granger causes human capital flight, poverty rate Granger causes human capital flight but human capital flight and access to education does not have any causal relationship. Therefore, the study recommended among others that increased investment in infrastructural facilities in the country will reduce the rate of human capital flight vis-à-vis, economic growth of the country
FISCAL POLICY AND AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OUTPUT GROWTH IN NIGERIA
No full textThe quest for every government to maintain a stable and steady economic growth continues to mount great pressure on policy makers to design and implement adequate and effective policies to spur the activities of the real sector. This paper examined the impact of fiscal policy tools on agricultural sector output growth in Nigeria with annual data from 1980 to 2023. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique was employed for the analysis and the empirical results confirmed that government expenditure on agricultural sector and domestic capital formation had positive and significant effect on agricultural output. Value added tax had negative and insignificant effect on agricultural sector output. Other findings showed that exchange rate had a negative but significant impact on agricultural output in the short run while in the long run exchange rate had a positive and significant impact on agricultural output. Inflation rate had a negative and insignificant effect on agricultural output both in the short run and long run periods. Based on the findings, the paper recommends policies such as increase in government budget on agriculture as necessary and sacrosanct to expand the activities of the real sectors especially that of agricultural sector in order to meet the target of sustainable development goal two (ZERO HUNGER) and also to curb food insecurity through direct domestic production. 
BANK LEVERAGE DYNAMICS AND FINANCIAL FRAGILITY OF NIGERIAN BANKING SECTOR: EVIDENCE FROM PANEL VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIVE APPROACH
No full textThe study investigates the linkage between bank leverage and financial fragility of banking system in Nigeria, employing panel vector autoregression (PVAR) model on quarterly banklevel and industrywide panel data (2006–2023). Empirical findings from the study reveal the existence of nexus between bank leverage and financial fragility. The results demonstrate how bank leverage moderately reduces financial fragility among banks in Nigeria, thus suggesting a forward-looking supervisory oversight for the DMBs characterized with such a higher debt ratio. The policy implication from the study is that, in curbing the excessive risk-taking behavior of banks in Nigeria, the regulatory authorities should initiate punitive measures. These should entail treating a percentage of the banks’ excess credit above the sectorial limit as a charge against the eligible capital used in computing their capital adequacy ratio. Finally, the study advises Central Bank of Nigeria to sustain its ongoing policy of stabilizing Naira through curtailing DMBs’ credits to the private sector during the periods of wide fluctuations of foreign exchange rate or acute supply of foreign exchange
PARENTAL NEGLIGENCE IN NIGERIA: A LEGAL EXAMINATION OF DUTY, BREACH, AND LIABILITY
No full textThe family remains the foundational unit of society, with parents bearing the primary legal and moralobligation to nurture, protect, and provide for their children. In Nigeria, parental negligence hasemerged as a pressing socio-legal issue, manifesting in various forms such as abandonment, lack ofsupervision, failure to provide education, and exposure to harm. While legal frameworks exist todefine parental duties and prescribe consequences for breaches, enforcement gaps and societalcomplexities often hinder effective accountability. This research critically examined parentalnegligence in Nigeria, exploring the legal principles governing duty, breach, and liability. The paperinterrogated whether existing laws sufficiently deter negligence or require reform to enhance childprotection. Findings revealed that while Nigeria\u27s legal framework acknowledges parentalresponsibility, enforcement inconsistencies and socio-economic challenges undermine its efficacy.The study recommends strengthening legal mechanisms, enhancing public awareness,institutionalizing stricter enforcement protocols, and fostering inter-agency collaboration to ensurethat children’s rights and welfare remain paramount within the legal and social order
A LEGAL APPRAISAL OF CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS’ VIOLATIONS DURING ELECTIONS IN NIGERIA
No full textHuman rights violations, especially those related to civil and political rights, are common in manyAfrican nations, including Nigeria. In a democratic setting, elections are only meaningful to themajority of people because they allow the majority to choose the decision makers. This paperinvestigates whether Nigeria satisfies its commitments by using Nigeria as a case study tocomprehend State party implementation of the civil and political rights sections of the AfricanCharter. Its main goal is to evaluate the legality of civil and political rights violations that occurredduring the Nigerian elections. The paper adopts the doctrinal research method wherein primary andsecondary sources of information were relied upon. The core findings of this paper revealed thatcivil and political rights violations take on several forms; it ranges from procedural violations ofelectoral law (that may or may not intend to distort results) to the outright use of violence againstvoters. The paper consequently recommended for the re-orientation of politicians on their conductsduring elections and also committing them to taking responsibility for their actions by signing legaldocuments that they must accept electoral results peacefully or take just legal actions if they are notsatisfied