Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journals
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Commercial and Trading Disputes under International Law: Analysing the Role of World Trade Organization
No full textIn 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) was established as the only international Organizationdealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its primary function was to ensure that trade flowsas smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. The WTO is built under the umbrella of WTO agreementswhich are often called WTO’s trade rules. At the heart of the system are the WTO’s Agreements, whichare the legal rules for international commerce. The WTO is an institution of globalization and has hadboth positive and potentially adverse effects on the world. The WTO\u27s efforts have positively increasedtrade expansion globally. Trading cannot go without attendant disputes. Disputes in the WTO arise whenone party adopts a trade policy measure or takes some actions that other party considers to beinconsistent with the obligations set out in the WTO agreements. This paper appraised the role of theWTO in settling these trade disputes. Specifically, the paper examined the WTO Dispute SettlementSystem, it identified the objectives of the system and whether or not the system allows for theactualization of these objective. The paper found out that WTO has a sophisticated and well detaileddispute resolution mechanism however, it made recommendations that the WTO should be moretransparent and open in their dispute resolution processes
An Overview of Conflicting Judgments of Appellate Courts in Election Litigation in Nigeria
No full textIf one is not confused by the series of glaringly contradictory judgments coming out of the 2023 general election petitiontribunals across the country, even up to the level of the appeal court, then one must be confusion personified. This isglaring in the various governorship election tribunals in almost all the 29 States where elections took place in March,2023.Forexample, in thecase of the Kano State governorship election petition, the judgment read in the courtroom wasdifferent from the one contained in the Certified True Copy obtained from the same court. As a result of thisdevelopment, one begins to wonder what happens to the concept of “judicial precedents.”Doctrinal method of legalresearch was employed in this work. In this article, attention would be focused on conflicting judgments of the appellatecourts in election litigation cases in Nigeria
Legalizing Euthanasia in Nigeria: Comparative Study of Law of Euthanasia in Netherland, Belgium and Canada
No full textEuthanasia, right to die or mercy killing has been the course for debate globally. Though conceived as an act ofmercy, intended to relieve a person who is sick and suffering from excruciating pain and agony and who has nohope of survival. It has been argued that legalizing it will mean tampering with the fundamental right to life of thecitizen. The patient who is the most affected continues to linger in tormenting pain because he cannot even dare endhis suffering via euthanasia as a result of its non-legalization in Nigeria. Some countries like Netherland, Belgiumand a host of others have seen the need to legalize it and have gone ahead to do so. However, irrespective of theconstitutional provisions of right to privacy, religion, liberty and freedom of thought and conscience, the principle ofautonomy and self-determination; Nigeria is still at loggerhead with legalization of euthanasia as a result of thelegal, moral and ethical dilemma presumed to be associated with it. Our penal laws explicitly criminalized any actleading to the death of a person, whether the person causing such death, has a good intention, is immaterial. Thispaper explores the concept of euthanasia, the arguments for euthanasia, challenges facing legalization ofeuthanasia and proposes the way forward for Nigeria. The methodology adopted in this research is doctrinalmethod, recourse being made on statutes, case laws, dictionaries and scholarly works on the subject. This work isconcluded by stating that in as much as medical science has not come to perfection, with the much of certainresearch already in existence, we can boldly advocate for the legalization of voluntary euthanasia in Nigeria withthe enactment of Voluntary Termination of Life Act. The study also recommends that the criteria listed under the Actmust be duly observed while palliative care fund (PCF) should be established in all hospitals in Nigeria in order toavoid its abuse. Involuntary euthanasia must be criminalized with a penalty of life imprisonment
Characterization of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) Accessions using Quantitative Traits
No full textAn experiment was conducted at the Crop Science and Horticulture Agricultural farm, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, to study the characterization of 5 mung bean accessions using quantitative traits.The five mung bean genotypes were :Tvr 72,Tvr73,Tvr98,Tvr77 and Tvr 8.The randomized complete block design experiment that was replicated 3 times showed a reasonable level of variations in the mung bean accessions. Tvr8 had the highest plant height (52.7cm) while Tvr73 had highest number of leaves (43). Tvr77(26) and Tvr8(25.9) had highest number of pods, highest number of seeds per pod(12.8) and (13.6) and also the longest pods(9.23) and (9.7) respectively. Traits like pod colour, seed colour, pigmentations are qualitative and were not affected by the environment. Tvr77 and Tvr8 accessions are therefore, recommended for use in mung bean seed production while Tvr73 is recommended for forage production. The findings from this Research can be used for the selection of genotypes for breeding purposes in mung bean
Digitalization of Forest Resources Management in Nigeria: A Review of Concept, Status, Challenges and Way Forward
No full textNigeria prioritizes the revitalization of forestry due to the abundance of forest resources in the nation and the various challenges that the forestry sector faces. Despite the significant proportion of forest cover, Nigeria has high rates of deforestation driven by factors such as urbanization, agricultural expansion, and other challenges including land degradation, illegal logging, and inadequate enforcement and monitoring. Nigeria can tackle long-standing issues with forestry management and advance toward sustainable development goals with the help of digitization. Digitalizing the management of forest resources has become essential for promoting sustainable practices and conservation initiatives. With the use of cutting-edge technologies like Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and data analytics, digitalization has the potential to significantly improve the management of Nigeria\u27s forest resources. These technologies allow for accurate mapping, real-time monitoring, and well-informed decisionmaking, which promote sustainable practices. Through the application of advanced technologies, forestry professionals can maximize resource use, minimize waste, and encourage sustainable practices. Sustaining a long-term ecological balance relies on this efficiency. Therefore, establishing long-term monitoring tools to track the advancement and efficacy of digitization initiatives over time is critical. Thus, long-term monitoring programs to track the progress and effectiveness of digitalization initiatives over time should be established. Adaptive management strategies that enable feedback loops, iterative improvements based on data monitoring and stakeholder feedback, and continual learning are paramount. Scholars, practitioners, and policymakers can contribute to advancing the understanding, implementation, and impact of digitalized forestry resources management in Nigeria, ultimately promoting sustainable development and environmental conservation efforts
Economics of Poultry Manure Use as Fertilizer in Imo State
No full textThe study was carried out in three agricultural zones notably Owerri, Okigwe and Orlu to evaluate the economics of poultry manure use as fertilizer in Imo State, Nigeria. A total of 240 respondents were randomly selected and interviewed from twelve local government areas drawn from the three zones. Data collected were on socio-economic characteristics, stock size and manure generation, poultry manure and environmental pollution and economic consideration of recycling poultry droppings. Structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Analytical tools used were descriptive statistics such as mean, frequency distribution and percentages. The result of the survey revealed that the dominant players in the poultry industry are those between the ages of 41-50 years implying that in future, there will be decline in productivity since youths are not actively participating in the business. The survey observed that 78.33% of poultry farmers in the state stores poultry manure within the farm premises which directly contributes to environmental pollution. Result also shows that 70.83% of poultry farmers recycle poultry manure into vegetable production while those with larger output sell the excess to crop farmers. The economic benefit of recycling poultry manure by farmers for economic prosperity is high (90.83%) and this is traced from its role in conservation agriculture and soil enrichment. The study therefore recommends the use of poultry manure by all farmers as Nigeria can conserve its foreign exchange by reducing its fertilizer importation up to 50%
Ecological, Behavioural and Morphometric Characteristics of the Giant Cricket (Brachytrupes membranaceus L.) in Oji River LGA, Enugu State, South East, Nigeria: A Prelude to Semi-intensive Rearing Technique
No full textEcological, behavioural and morphometric characteristics of the giant cricket (Brachytrupes membranaceus L.) in two towns (Awlaw and Achi) within Oji River Local Government Area of Enugu State, South east, Nigeria was investigated as a prelude to develop useful technique for semi- intensive rearing of the insect in simulated environment. Five hundred metres land area was marked out around the locations where the index trees were found in the two localities using line transect and the sites were used as study sites and visited once every week for three months Mid-March to June ending. The result showed ten species of trees that act as indicators of the presence of the cricket in the two towns. The burrows for male Brachytrupes membranaceus cricket were significantly higher in number and more in depth compared to that of females, but there was no significant difference on the burrow width for male and female burrows. The female though more robust in appearance, did not show any significant difference (P>0.05) in the body weight when compared to males. Of all the morphometric parameters assessed, only the pronotum length and femur length showed significance differences (P<0.05) between the male and female records. The ecological studies showed the possibility of rearing the cricket by simulating its natural milieu of Brachytrupes membranaceus in a netted outdoor environment (enclosing male and female) under laid with sandy soil at enough depth to give room for burrowing activities of Brachytrupes membranaceus and surrounded with its cherished tree species
Arable Crop Farmers’ Perception of Rising Food Prices in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
No full textThe study examined arable crop farmers’ perception of rising food prices in Bayelsa State. The objectives were factors causing high cost of food prices, effect of food price hike and farmers’ perception of rising food prices in the study area. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 110 respondents from 11 communities. Data were collected using structured questionnaire. The objectives were achieved using frequency, percentages, mean and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The hypotheses were tested at 5% level of significance. Findings showed that transportation cost ( = 4.68), high cost of inputs ( = 4.36), climate change ( = 4.35), reduction in currency value ( = 4.24) and insufficient storage facilities ( = 3.93) were the factors causing high cost of food prices in the study area. The result also revealed that food insecurity ( = 4.25), increased debt ( = 4.11), hunger and malnutrition ( = 4.06) and reduced profit ( = 3.45) were the effect of food price hike on the living conditions of arable crop farm households. Majority of the respondents had a very negative perception ( = 4.44) of rising food prices. It was concluded that majority of the respondents had a very negative perception of rising food prices. Hence, the study recommends that government should provide adequate infrastructure such as good roads in order to reduce the high transportation costs that constituted a major cause of high food prices in the study area
Analysis of marketing margin and marketing efficiency of fresh coconut (Cocos nucifera) marketing in Onitsha North South LGA, Anambra State, Nigeria
No full textThe study examined analysis of marketing margin and marketing efficiency of fresh coconut marketing in Onitsha South LGA, Anambra State, Nigeria. The study specifically described socioeconomic characteristics of coconut marketers, marketing channels and volume of trade among the channels, net returns, marketing conduct and constraints associated with coconut marketing in the study area. Multistage sampling procedures involving purposive and random sampling methods were used to select respondents (marketers) for the study. Findings from socioeconomic characteristics showed that female 63.75% are more in coconut marketing. This implies that the enterprise is gender based in the study area. Findings on marketing channels and volume of trade shows that the fruits has three channel through which it reaches the consumer. The first stage is where producer/supplier sells to intermediate who sales to final consumer which recorded the highest volume of trade (43%) among the channels. Findings on net returns showed that net return per Naira invested was 1.77%. The implication of this is that for every one Naira invested in the enterprise, 1.77k was generated as profit. This implies that coconut marketing is profitable in the study area. Findings on marketing conduct shows that size of coconut (61.25%) was a criteria used as purchase strategies from suppliers. Findings on constraints showed that over stayed coconut is the major constraints. Marketing prices of certain food and fruits should be looked into by government and stakeholders and stakeholders should device a means to carry coconut to minimize wastage associated with transport e.t.c were recommended
Chemical and Sensory Properties of Stiff Dough Produced from Blends of Water Yam and Black Bean Flours
No full textThis research aims to make stiff dough from water yam and black turtle bean (Akidi) flours and ascertain the quality attributes. The water yam was peeled, sliced while in water, oven dried at 60℃ for 4 h and milled into flour while the black bean was sorted, divided into two equal parts one part was soaked for 5 h while the other was boiled for10 mins and thereafter oven dried at 65 ℃, dehulled and milled into flour. The flour samples were blended at different ratios of water yam to black turtle bean, 100 % water yam flour (WY) served as control, 90:10 (WB1), 80:20 (WB2), 70:30 (WB3), 60:40 (WB4), 50:50 (WB5), 90:10 (WS1), 80:20 (WS2), 70:30 (WS3), 60:40 (WS4) and 50:50 (WS5). The proximate, anti-nutritional and consumer acceptability were assessed. The nutritional compositions of the product all showed significant differences. The flours\u27 proximate composition revealed the following ranges of results: 1.84 to 5.20% ash, 0.61 to 1.87% crude fat, 0.72 to 2.17% crude fibre, 2.57 to 8.17% moisture, and 71.35 to 81.95% carbohydrate. The antinutritional compositions showed that boiling reduced the phytate and tannin contents to 0.05 mg/100g and 0.06 mg/100g while soaking caused a significant reduction (p<0.05) in the saponin and oxalate contents to 0.06 mg/100g and 0.02 mg/100g respectively. Stiff dough prepared from soaked sample WS1(90:10) had the highest overall acceptability. These findings suggests that water yam/black turtle stiff dough can meet the nutritional demands of the populace. This study provides an alternative way of utilizing water yam and black turtle bean thus preventing post-harvest losses and ensuring eradication of protein energy malnutrition and proper food security