Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journals
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Influence of Business Environmental Factors on Credit Repayment among Agricultural Cooperative Members in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
No full textPoor credit repayment rates often jeopardise the long-term viability of agricultural cooperatives, which are essential for providing credit in rural areas of Nigeria. Recent studies have theorised that business environmental factors could be responsible for the poor repayment rates. Against this backdrop, this study examined the effect of environmental factors of business on agricultural cooperative members’ credit repayment rate in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Using a descriptive survey design, data were obtained from a sample of 214 cooperative members and analysed using descriptive statistics and a multiple regression model. On the loan default rate, the results revealed that 50% of members paid back less than 20% of their loans, and 83.6% paid back 40% or less when they were due. Adverse business environment (β = 0.646; p = 0.032), natural disasters (β = 7.207; p = 0.004) and political and conflict circumstances (β = 2.498; p = 0.043) were significant predictors of repayment rate. The study recommends affordable insurance for agricultural cooperatives to mitigate consequences of natural disasters
EXCHANGE RATE DYNAMICS AND THE EFFECT ON BALANCE OF PAYMENTS IN NIGERIA: EVIDENCE FROM MIXED DATA SAMPLING MODEL
No full textThis study used both annual and monthly data to investigate exchange rate dynamics and its pass-through effect on balance of payments (BOP) in Nigeria over a period of 1980-2023. Data on total trade (TTR) and balance of payment (BOP) were annual data while data on exchange rate (EXR) and inflation (INF) were quarterly and monthly data respectively. The data were analysed using the mixed data sampling (MIDAS) model. Findings show that appreciation of exchange rate could, at different times, have both positive and negative impacts on BOP. That is, the impact of EXR on BOP is positive in the first and third quarters but negative in the second and the fourth quarters. Hence, the study establishes that exchange rate across the quarters has expected signs and are statistically significant except for the second quarter. The result further shows that inflation has a negative impact on BOP for a period of twelve months of every year investigated. The result shows that inflation is a drag on the Nigerian balance of payments. TTR has a positive and significant impact on BOP both in the short run and in the long-run. However, in terms of the sizes of the estimated coefficients, the impact of total trade on BOP is higher in the short run than in the long run. Based on the finding, the study recommends that the CBN exchange rate regime should pursue a stable and sustained exchange rate because internal and external performance of the nation hovers around exchange rate stability.  
ECONOMIC INDICES AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN NIGERIA
No full textEnergy consumption in Nigeria was observed to have been very low in spite of the nation’s abundant resource endowments. Successive administrations within the period churned out assorted policy measures aimed at improving energy access. This therefore, prompted an investigation of the impact of selected economic indices on energy consumption in Nigeria from 1990 to 2022. The study is anchored on the energy ladder theory in view of its suitability and central postulation that energy consumption is a function of economic indices. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method was employed to estimate the parameters of the model and the result revealed that economic growth, trade openness, urbanization and governance had positive impacts on the total energy consumption while energy prices and carbon emissions had negative impacts on the total energy consumption. The Granger causality tests revealed the presence of unidirectional causality running from renewable energy consumption to energy prices and also from trade openness to renewable energy consumption. Hence, the study concludes that Nigeria’s energy consumption is largely dominated by nonrenewable energy consumption. The study recommends that there should be removal of subsidy on fossil fuels and the proceeds channeled towards renewable energy resources. Also, should be investments on energy infrastructures to enhance accessibility, adoption of improved trade laws and stricter enforcement of the nation’s environmental laws. 
TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE BLUE ECONOMY: EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF TRADE, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH ON GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN NIGERIA
No full textThe concept of blue economy first introduced in 2010, highlights the use of marine resources for sustainable economic growth, jobs creation, marine health, and to improve living standards. However, climate change in form of global warming, ocean acidification, and lack of knowledge about the ocean resources posit serious challenges for sustainable blue economy. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the dynamic effect of greenhouse gas emissions, economic growth, trade openness and financial development on blue economy resources in Nigeria spanning the period from 1990 to 2022. The innovative dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (D-ARDL) model was employed to achieve this objective, while fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and canonical cointegrating regression (CCR) were applied for robustness check. The results of the dynamic ARDL model indicate that a rise in greenhouse gas emissions and economic growth raise blue economy resources both in the short term and in the long-run, Similarly, trade openness and financial development are positively linked to blue economy resources. Finally, the results from the FMOL and CCR models confirmed the findings of the dynamic ARDL model. Based on the findings, the study recommends that, government should encourage the promotion and preservation of the blue economy resources in Nigeria, while leveraging sustainable economy, trade and financial development and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, through the use of environmentally friendly aquaculture systems such as Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS), and organic aquaculture. These methods reduce environmental impact, improve fish health, and increase production efficiency. 
EFFECT OF FUEL SUBSIDY REMOVAL ON HOUSEHOLDS’ EXPENDITURE PATTERNS IN UMUAHIA
No full textFuel subsidy is a financial assistance provided by the government to reduce the cost of fuel for consumers, aimed at making fuel more affordable for the general population. Fuel subsidy removal policy is very responsive to the structure of households’ expenditure patterns and country’s level of development. This study therefore investigated how household expenditure pattern changes following the fuel subsidy removal especially in Umuahia metropolis. The study adopted quantitative research method and sample size of 212 respondents selected from the population. The data which were collected using a structured questionnaire and observation method was analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and correlation analysis. The findings showed that the overall spending of the households on food since the removal of fuel subsidy stood at 69.3%, indicating an increase in the overall spending on food. This result showed that the overall households spending on food increased since the removal of fuel subsidy without commensurate increase in the income of the households and triggered excruciating economic hardship on the residents. Based on the findings, the study recommends the implementation of targeted social welfare programs to support vulnerable households affected by fuel subsidy removal. 
IMPACT OF DOMESTIC INVESTMENT ON UNEMPLOYMENT RATE IN NIGERIA
No full textThis study examines the impact of domestic investment on unemployment rate in Nigeria from 1999 to 2023. The Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) was utilized to ensure that the objectives of the study were achieved. Data for the variables were sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin, National Bureau of Statistics and World Development Indicators. From the results of the study, domestic investment and gross domestic product growth rate are negatively related to unemployment rate in Nigeria, while institutional quality, inflation rate and government expenditure have positive impact both in the long and short run. Based on the findings of the study it is therefore recommended that investments in strategic sectors like manufacturing and agriculture should be promoted. The investments will improve productive capacity, thus promoting faster growth and lowering the rate of unemployment both in the short and long run
THE RIGHTS OF THE NIGERIAN CHILD AND THE ROLE OF COURTS:SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CHILDREN IN FOCUS
No full textChildren need support from every sector for their well-being and adequate development. The mentaland physical immaturity of the child requires that all stakeholders in the chain of the development ofthe child, as well as the pillars in the justice system, play an active role in the protection of the rightsof the child. The court as a pillar of justice and hope of the common man is very key in the quest forpromotion and protection of the rights of the child. There are categories of children who are veryvulnerable, and the role of the court in ensuring their human rights protection and adequatedevelopment is indispensable. The court is to ensure that it considers the best interest of the child inissues concerning the child in accordance to international standards. Using doctrinal methodology,the work discusses the different ways the court can through its judicial duties as provided under thelaw ensure adequate protection and development of some categories of children - adopted childrenand fostered children. The work found that these categories of child are in some cases subjected toexploitative labour, human trafficking, sexual abuse and molestation, maltreatment, denial to inheritproperty, and inability to live with their parents abroad due to irregularities in processes There areother cases of illegal adoption and child stealing etc. These situations expose the child to lack ofproper development. The paper calls for active judicial intervention on the cases of these specialcategories of children and severe punishment of perpetrators of crimes against these children
THE MENACE OF FULANI HERDSMEN: A LEGAL APPRAISAL OF TERRORIST ACTIVITIES AND ITS SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
No full textThe Fulani Herdsmen menace in Nigeria presents a momentous security challenge having evolvedinto terrorism evidenced in destruction of agricultural lands, very violent attacks on family,communities and loss of lives and infrastructure such as schools, water supply and so on. These actswhich prior were reported scantily and seasonally have transformed into a constant and continuousorganized and more violent action differing from traditional farmer-herder conflict involving the useof violence and intimidation against civilians, thereby asserting fear on the residents of the regionunder attack, hence meeting the actions of terrorism. The pattern of attack depicts a design to instillfear and force communities to abandon their ancestral land. The menace which is evident in manystates of Nigeria currently threatens national security and aggravates humanitarian concernsbecause it is carried out with sophisticated weapons. It is coordinated and systematic and is aimedat destroying farmlands and killing of members of the local population. The Fulani Herdsmenmenace introduces existential implications for Nigeria economy and the state, it therefore requiresa comprehensive approach which include urgent implementation of the anti-terrorism law bysecurity agency and policy implementers
INTEGRATING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION INTO INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW: ADDRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT IN CONFLICT ZONES
No full textThe intersection of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and climate change is an emerging area oflegal concern. As climate change exacerbates environmental degradation and resource scarcity, itsimpact on conflict zones becomes increasingly apparent. IHL, traditionally focused on protecting humanlife, dignity, and the environment during armed conflict, must evolve to address the complexenvironmental challenges posed by climate change. This paper explores the existing IHL framework forenvironmental protection, primarily through the lens of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions,which includes provisions such as Article 35(3) and Article 55, prohibiting the use of warfare methodsthat cause long-term, severe damage to the environment. While these provisions provide some protection,they are limited in addressing the indirect and cumulative effects of climate change. The paper highlightsthe challenges of applying IHL to the environmental impacts of modern warfare, such as resource-drivenconflicts, migration, and climate-induced displacement. It also proposes legal reforms to strengthenIHL’s responsiveness to climate change, including incorporating explicit references to climate-relatedenvironmental harm, enhancing enforcement mechanisms, and establishing new legal instruments toaddress environmental damage exacerbated by warfare. Ultimately, the paper argues for a moreintegrated approach to climate change and IHL, ensuring better protection for vulnerable populationsand ecosystems in conflict zones. The paper concludes by emphasizing the need for internationalcooperation to build resilience and reduce environmental damage during and after conflict
BALANCING MIGRANTS’ RIGHTS AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA: CONSTITUTIONAL IMPERATIVES AND LEGAL BOUNDARIES
No full textThe growing movement of migrants into and within Nigeria has intensified the challenge of reconciling the constitutional protection of migrants’ rights with the demands of national security. The 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria guarantees certain rights to all persons, including non-citizens, yet national security concerns have prompted policies and practices that sometimes conflict with these guarantees. This article critically examines the constitutional imperatives and legal boundaries guiding this balance, drawing attention to the intersection between human rights obligations and state security prerogatives. The study adopts a doctrinal legal research methodology, relying on primary sources such as the 1999 Constitution, the Immigration Act,2015, subsidiary legislation, and judicial decisions, complemented by secondary sources including scholarly commentaries, policy papers, and comparative jurisprudence. The analysis reveals that while the legal framework provides a robust constitutional foundation for the protection of migrants, broad discretionary powers vested in immigration and security agencies frequently undermine due process, leading to arbitrary detention, deportation, and other rights violations. The article recommends statutory reforms to limit discretionary powers, strengthen judicial oversight, and institutionalize independent monitoring mechanisms. It concludes that a sustainable approach to national security in Nigeria must be anchored on respect for constitutional guarantees, adherence to the rule of law, and alignment with international human rights standards