Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journals
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STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK AND HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE AGBOMA FIELD, ONSHORE NIGER DELTA BASIN, NIGERIA.
No full textThis study presents an integration of seismic attributes and petrophysical analysis for the re-evaluation of the hydrocarbon potential of the Agboma Field, Onshore Niger Delta Basin, using 3-D seismic reflection data and a suite of geophysical well-logs. The Agboma Field has experienced a steady decline in hydrocarbon production at an average of 42% over the last five years. Understanding the trapping mechanisms, reservoirs’ vertical and lateral extent, quality and connectivity within the Agboma Field forms the basis for this research. The methods employed include lithofacies and petrophysical analysis of the well-logs, seismic-to-well tie, volume and surface attribute analysis, fault and horizon mapping, layer cake velocity model, time-depth conversion and prospect evaluation. The lithofacies analysis and correlation of the delineated facies show that the reservoirs vary in thickness and are laterally continuous across the field. Four hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs named AMR-1, AMR-2, AMR-3, and AMR-4; and one prospect reservoir named AM-Prospect reservoir which is the major contribution of this study were identified and correlated. Petrophysical analysis indicates that the sandstones generally have excellent reservoir quality with an average effective porosity of 26% permeability of 715 mD and hydrocarbon saturation of 74%. The AM-Prospect reservoir has a net-to-gross of 100% and is commercially viable for increased oil production within the Agboma Field with Stuck Tank Oil Initial In Place (STOIIP) of 341 MMSTB and 362 MMSTB for AM Prospect 1a and 1b respectively. The structural interpretation shows that the Agboma Field is characterized by four down-to-basin normal faults that compartmentalized the field into four blocks labelled blocks A to D. The reservoir structural map document fault-dependent and rollover anticlinal structural closures that show high RMS amplitudes conforming to structures in the undrilled blocks B and C and interpreted as AM Prospect 1a and 1b. The results of this studydemonstrate the importance of integrating petrophysics, seismic attributes and structural framework analysis in evaluating oldhydrocarbon-producingg fields for increased hydrocarbon production
RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION USING WELL LOGS AND SEISMIC INVERSION: A CASE STUDY OF CANEA FIELD, ONSHORE NIGER DELTA BASIN
No full textEffective reservoir management requires the identification of the reservoir and non-reservoir units so as to be able to enhance productivity and manage the reservoir properly. Identification of these reservoir and non-reservoir units (if any present) can be a great challenge with respect to the right techniques to adopt. The aim is to characterize reservoir using well logs and seismic inversion in order to identify reservoir and non-reservoir units so as to boost existing reserves. The objective involves the use of post-stack seismic data inversion in order to generate petrophysical volumes and well log data - gamma ray, resistivity, neutron and density logs to evaluate the acoustic impedance and petrophysical properties like porosity, water saturation and lithology. Range of values for CANEA_1 and CANEA_2 respectively in the three wells A, B and C were obtained for each start and end value from which the average petrophysical parameters were obtained. Well B was observed to have very high resistivity and low gamma ray value. Also recorded in Well B was very high hydrocarbon saturation (0.94(1-Sw) in CANEA_1 and 0.98(1-Sw) in CANEA_2) and low water saturation. Well C was seen to have not so favourable response of petrophysical properties having the highest water saturation (0.16(Sw) in CANEA_1 and 0.13(Sw) in CANEA_2). The reservoir units were identified, Shale serve as source rocks while the Sandstones in Wells A, B and C house the hydrocarbon reservoir rocks. The results obtained showed that well logs and seismic inversion can be used to identify reservoir and non-reservoir units so as to be able to increase productivity of these mature fields. However, a lot has been done as a result of the difficulty of determining reservoirs from well logs but the identification of reservoirs based on the conventional (oil and gas) and unconventional (shale) hydrocarbon is very important
COMPARISON OF SELECTED FOOD PRICES ACROSS THE STATES OF THE SOUTHEAST REGION OF NIGERIA USING Kruskal–Wallis (H) Test
No full textThis study investigated the prices of selected food items across the south eastern states of Nigeria, utilizing data obtained directly from the National Bureau of Statistics. The primary focus was on three food items: white garri (sold loose), agric eggs (medium–sized) and onion bulbs. It was observed that the collected datasets did not meet the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance. As a result, the Kruskal–Wallis (H) test, a non-parametric method particularly suited for comparing three or more independent groups, was employed for the analysis. The findings revealed significant variations in the prices of both white garri (sold loose) and onion bulbs across the southeastern states. Anambra State recorded the highest average price for white garri (sold loose), while Abia State had the highest average price for onion bulbs during the study period. In contrast, the analysis indicated no significant differences in the prices of agric eggs (medium–sized) among the states. This suggests a more standardized pricing structure for eggs, likely due to established supply chains and consistent production practices throughout the region
GEOPHYSICAL EVALUATION OF COAL DEPOSITS IN PART OF NORTHERN ANAMBRA BASIN NIGERIA, USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY AND BOREHOLE DATA
No full textThis study integrates geophysical and borehole methods to evaluate coal deposits in part of the Northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria using vertical electrical sounding (VES) and 2D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) in conjunction with borehole data. The geoelectric survey reveals five to nine distinct lithological layers, comprising of sandy soil, clay, shale, sandstone, sandy shale, shaly sandstone, interbedded sandstone and shale bed and coal. The coal seam is embedded within the alternating sandstone and shale beds. Coal seam thickness ranges from 0.5 to 6.1 meters, with thicker deposits concentrated in the southwestern and northwestern regions. Geoelectric sections were correlated with borehole lithologic logs for subsurface validation and structural interpretation. Utilizing the relationship between resistivity and coal properties, the coal core samples obtained from borehole intersections were subjected to proximate and ultimate analyses, enabling the identification of high-quality coal zones. Overburden thickness varies from 5 meters in the east to 140 meters in the west, influencing mining method selection. Open-pit mining is feasible in the eastern section, while underground mining is preferable in deeper western deposits. Structural controls, including monoclines and potential faults, influence coal thickness and geoelectric layer continuity, while groundwater intrusion affects the coal seam resistivity and moisture content. The study also presents 2D resistivity models, which visually depict coal seam geometry, overburden variations, and groundwater-influenced zones. A total coal resource of approximately 23.86 million metric tonnes is estimated, with an overall strip ratio of 22.63. The study concludes that the identified high-quality coal zones with moderate overburden suggest viable extraction opportunities, while areas with deep overburden require strategic mining plans
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOILS DEVELOPED OVER ENUGU SHALE: IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND DURABILITY
No full textAssessment of engineering properties of soils developed over Enugu Shale for their sustainability, durability and workability for engineering construction is highly needed in this time of massive infrastructural development in Enugu and environs. Proper characterization will assist developers and policymakers to obtain the desired and sustainable engineering development in the study area. Thirty soil samples were collected from varying depth ranging from 0.5m to 1.0m. The collected soil samples were sent to laboratory to ascertain their engineering properties such as consolidation, permeability and shear strength. The consolidation test was determined through oedemeter test. Through the test, we obtained the values of compression index (Cc), coefficient of volume change (Mv) and coefficient of consolidation (Cv) which range from 0 – 0.25, 0 – 1.19m2/MN and 0 – 3.56m2/yr respectively. The coefficient of permeability ranges from 1.52 – 331.13m/yr. The shear strength parameters of cohesion and internal friction range from 1.42 – 38.08KN/m2 and 3.10 – 14.850 respectively. The results show that the study area is dominated with medium coefficient of volume change and the soils are poorly drained. The study area has good cohesion but low angle of internal friction and low to medium undrained compressive strength especially in the eastern part. These results imply that special foundation would be needed in the eastern part of the study area for the sustainability and durability of engineering structures in the area
Petrophysical Analysis of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the Calabar Flank for Reserves Estimation
No full textDespite the favourable geological settings of the Calabar Flank for hydrocarbon generation and accumulation, the lack of quantitative reservoir evaluation remains a limitation in the South-eastern part of Nigeria. This study applies petrophysical analysis to characterize reservoir quality and estimate hydrocarbon reserves in this region using well data (gamma ray, resistivity, density and sonic log) from selected wells, which were interpreted to derive key parameters such as gross sand, net sand, gross pay, net pay, porosity, water saturation (Sw), hydrocarbon saturation (Sh), net-to-gross ratio (NTG) and bulk volume of water (BVW). The results of this study reveal continuous reservoirs with gross sand and pay thicknesses of up to 879 ft and NTG values between 0.81 and 0.95, indicating high reservoir continuity and minimal shale intercalation. Porosity values of 0.37 reflect excellent pore space development, while water saturation remains a relatively low value of 0.09 and hydrocarbon saturation values as high as 0.91, highlighting significant hydrocarbon presence. Low BVW values further demonstrate effective hydrocarbon displacement. All analysed intervals were classified as oil-down-to (ODT) systems that indicate laterally continuous oil-bearing zones. These findings highlight Calabar Flank’s high-quality reservoir properties and its potential for substantial commercial hydrocarbon reserves. This study provides quantitative insights into reservoir behaviour, strengthens the understanding of hydrocarbon prospectivity within the region, and offers practical guidance for exploration and development strategies
EFFECT OF PHONICS READING METHOD ON PUPILS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN WORD RECOGNITION IN AWKA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA EDUCATION AUTHORITY
No full textThe study investigated the effect of phonics reading method on pupils’ achievement in word recognition in Awka South Local Education Authority. The study was guided by two research questions and three research hypotheses. The study adopted a quasi-experimental x2 factorial research design. The population of the study comprised 4750 (2,350 female pupils and 2400 male pupils. 144 primary one pupils were randomly sampled using the multi-stage sampling procedure. The instrument used for data collection was structured questionnaire drafted by the researcher. It was titled Word Recognition Achievement Test (WRAT) Face and content validation of the instrument was established by three education experts. The reliability of the instrument was established using pilot study of twenty (20) primary one pupils in Awka South who were not part of the selected sample. Scores generated from the 20 pupils were applied to K – R 20 (Kuder Richardson) formula. The internal consistency co-efficient of 0.77 was obtained. Data collected were analyzed using mean while ANCOVA was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Findings revealed that female primary one pupil improved in their word recognition than their male counterpart. It was also found among others that the mean word recognition scores of those taught reading using phonics significantly improved the word recognition of primary one pupil when phonics method was used in than when whole language was used. The study recommended among others that curriculum planners should introduce the use of more than one approach of teaching to primary school curriculum in order to bring in learning experiences that would see both the male and female child exposed to different learning activities to ensure a healthy competition among the male and the female pupils
PARENTAL ATTACHMENT AS A CORRELATE OF PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS’ ACADEMIC AND EMOTIONAL ADJUSTMENTS IN ANAMBRA STATE
No full textThis study investigated parental attachment as a correlate of primary school pupils’ academic and emotional adjustments in Anambra State. Two research questions guided the study while two null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. A correlational research design was adopted for the study.The population of the study consisted of all the 37,190 primary five pupils in the 21 LGEAs in Anambra State. The sample size comprises 400 primary five pupils using the multi-stage sampling technique. Data for this study was collected by means of structured questionnaire. The first instrument was adopted and it is titled The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) developed by Parker, Tupling and Brown (1979) and the second instrument titled Questionnaire on Primary School Pupils’ Adjustment” (QPSPA) was developed by the researcher. The PBI has been shown to have satisfactory construct and convergent validity and to be independent of mood effects (Parker, 1983). QPSPA was validated through face and content validity. In the original study of Parker, Tupling and Brown (1979), the PBI possessed good internal consistency and re-test reliability. The three clusters of QPSPA was subjected to test of internal consistency using Cronbach Alpha method, and reliability values of 0.77, 0.78 and 0.81 were obtained. Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to answer research questions while linear regression was used to test null hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. The findings revealed that there is a strong positive relationship between parental attachment and primary school pupils’ academic and emotional adjustment in Anambra State. Based on the findings, it was recommended amongst others that primary schools in Anambra State should actively encourage and facilitate parental involvement in their children’s education. This can include regular parent-teacher meetings, workshops on effective parenting strategies, and providing resources for parents to support their children\u27s learning at home
L’AVENTURE AMBIGUË DU CHEIKH HAMIDOU KANE ET LE PARCOUR SCOLAIRE DE L’ENFANT AFRICAIN : L’INFLUENCE DE LA FAMILLE, DE L’OCCIDENT ET DE LA RELIGION
No full textThe nexus between the family dynamics and the training of the African child, particularly in his educational pursuit cannot be overemphasized. This aspect of the novel under study seems neglected in previous studies. Therefore, this article studies and analyzes Cheikh Hamidou Kane’s novel; L’Aventure ambiguë and brings to the fore the role of the family, the religion and the West in educational pursuit of an African child. Traditional education was interrupted in Africa at the onset of colonization. The colonial masters introduced their systems of education that replaced African traditional practices. In African societies, Senegal in particular, the family plays cultural, traditional and religious roles in the life of a child. These roles make a family the pillar of education and social stability. However, the pressure of modernity and westernization of Africa pose a major challenge against the traditional family structure. The objectives of this article therefore, include identifying and discussing the roles of the family in the educational pursuit and success of the African child. It also examines the impacts of family values on the child’s education as well as the conflict between family traditions and modern educational aspiration using Senegal as a principal case study in the novel. Qualitative research method is used and relies mainly on Bourdieu social theory. The results established that, family influence is not only useful but also indispensable to the educational success of the African child and the family must find an equilibrium between the preservation of African traditional education and that of the West.
Résumé Le lien entre la dynamique familiale et la formation de l’enfant africain, surtout dans son parcours éducatif ne peut pas être sous-estimé. Cet aspect du roman d’étude semble être négligé dans les études précédentes. Donc, cet article étudie et analyse le roman L’Aventure ambiguë de Cheikh Hamidou Kane en soulignant le rôle de la famille, la religion et l’occident dans l’éducation de l’enfant africain. L’éducation traditionnelle a été interrompue en Afrique par la colonisation. Les colonisateurs ont introduit leurs systèmes éducatifs qui remplacent les pratiques africaines. Dans les sociétés africaines et surtout sénégalaise, la famille joue un rôle central dans la vie de l’enfant. Cette société est imprégnée de valeurs traditionnelles et religieuses où la famille est le pilier de la stabilité et de l’éducation de l’enfant. Cependant, les pressions de la modernité et de l’éducation occidentale posent des défis aux structures familiales traditionnelles. Les objectifs de cet article consistent à identifier en examinant les rôles de la famille dans le parcours et la réussite scolaire de l’enfant africain. Elle examine aussi les valeurs familiales affectant l’éducation de l’enfant et le conflit entre les traditions familiales et les aspirations éducatives modernes en utilisant le Sénégal comme principal sujet d’étude. Cet article utilise la méthode qualitative et s’appuie sur les théories sociologiques de Pierre Bourdieu. Le résultat établit que l’influence de la famille est non seulement utile, mais indispensable pour le succès de l\u27enfant et que la famille doit trouver un équilibre entre la préservation de la tradition scolaire africaine et de l\u27éducation moderne. 
DES ÉTAPES FONDAMENTALES DE L’APPRÉCIATION LITTÉRAIRE DES TEXTES DONNÉS
No full textThe desire to convey any message in a communication, whether oral or written, is a major task in everyday life; especially in academic discourse. There is a strong relationship between language and literature. This relationship is stylistics. An author\u27s style plays a very important role in decoding his message, motif, feeling, or purpose of a communication. Therefore, in this paper, we will attempt to demonstrate the task of a reader in the critical study of a text. We provide two examples of the critical explanation of specific texts purposively selected to introduce students to this academic art. Regarding intellectual training in recent time, it is evident that the study of a given text has become a very relevant exercise. Therefore, this study concludes that it is necessary to teach learners the technique of literary appreciation, and that is why we present the task of a reader in the critical study of a given text in this work.
Résumé La volonté de faire comprendre le message d’une communication; soit à l’oral soit à l’écrit est une tâche pertinente dans les discours quotidiens; particulièrement, le côté académique.Il existe un rapport solide entre la langue et la littérature. Ce rapport est la stylistique. Le style d’un auteur joue un rôle très important pour décoder le message, le motif, le sentiment ou le but d’une communication. Donc, dans cette communication, nous allons essayer de démontrer la tâche d’un lecteur à propos d’une étude critique d’un texte. Nous donnons deux exemples de l’explication critique de textes particuliers pour initier les étudiants à cet art académique. A propos de la formation intellectuelle de nos jours, il est évident que l’étude d’un texte donné soit devenue un exercice très pertinent. Alors, cette étude conclut que c’est nécessaire d’enseigner aux apprenants la technique de la critique littéraire et voilà la raison pour laquelle nous vous présentons la tâche d’un lecteur dans une étude critique d’un texte donné à travers ce travail.