Nnamdi Azikiwe University Journals
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Watermelon Rind Extract as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Acid media
No full textIn this work, the juice from watermelon rinds, known as watermelon rind extracts (WMRE), was extracted and employed as a potent corrosion inhibitor on mild- steel in 1 M HCl. An evaluation of WMRE\u27s ability to reduce mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl was conducted using gravimetric measurements. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to ascertain the chemical composition of WMRE, while GC-FID was used to investigate its phytochemical components. The scanning electron microscope (SEM and EDX) gave further information about the surface shape and configuration. The findings showed that an enhanced inhibition efficiency (from 50.32 to 88.41%) was attained by raising the inhibitor concentration (from 100 to 600 mg/l) at a modest operating temperature of 303 K. The organic functional groups responsible for the inhibitory activity were identified by the FTIR findings. Furthermore, GC-FID demonstrated that the mild steel was shielded from corrosive conditions by the active phytochemical components that were adsorbed on its surface and contained WMRE. The development of an adsorbed inhibitor protective layer on the steel surface was demonstrated by SEM and EDX analyses. Accordingly, the thermodynamic kinetic characteristics of WMRE adsorption on mild-steel surface sites follows the Frumkin > Langmuir > Temkin adsorption isotherm respectively
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System Based Statistical Optimization and Chemical Reaction Kinetics Modeling of Waste Cooking Oil Transesterification
No full textInvestigation into the application of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and the chemical kinetics modeling of the transesterification process for optimal base methanolysis of waste cooking oil (WCO) were carried out. Statistical performance indicators of ANFIS-GA technique were employed in determining a better predictive capability and economic conditions for the optimal production of fatty acid methyl esters from WCO obtained from refined palm olein. Modeling of various temperature effects on the transesterification kinetic reaction processes were used to obtain the rate constant and kinetics order of reaction. GC, AOAC, ASTM D standard methods were applied in the evaluation of the biodiesel fuel quality. The statistical indices that gave rise to WCOB optimal yield of 87.34% were (coefficient of determination, R2 = 0.9550, mean square error, MSE = 0.13657, sum of square error, SSE = 4.3734 and root mean square error, RMSE = 0.3697) at the integrated ANFIS-GA process input variables (methanol/oil ratio 3.97, reaction temp 52oC, catalyst loading 1.53 wt%, stirring speed 300rpm and reaction time 56 min). The transesterification kinetics order of the modeled process revealed first order with activation energy value and rate constant of 18.458kJ/mol and 0.1140 min−1 respectively. Application of the waste feedstock in biodiesel production is found to be viable with satisfied fuel quality of standard specification
Internal corrosion behaviour of Nigerian gas pipelines: a CFD simulation approach
No full textInternal corrosion poses a critical threat to the reliability and safety of oil and gas pipelines in Nigeria, contributing significantly to operational downtime, environmental hazards, and maintenance costs. This study investigates internal corrosion behavior within Nigerian gas pipelines, focusing on a segment of the Ajaokuta–Kaduna–Kano (AKK) corridor, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The simulation incorporates multiphase flow conditions, fluid composition (85% crude oil, 10% Natural Gas Liquids, 5% water and impurities), and operational parameters representative of Nigerian inland pipelines. Results reveal that high-velocity zones (12.91–16.14 m/s) and regions of elevated turbulence intensity (1.26–2.07 m²/s²) correlate with peak corrosion rates ranging from 0.13 mm/yr to 0.44 mm/yr. These findings identify flow-induced shear stress and localized turbulence as major drivers of uniform internal corrosion. Specific mitigation strategies are proposed, including targeted dosing of amine-based inhibitors (10–25 ppm) and optimized pigging operations at 2–3 month intervals. The study offers Nigeria-specific insights into corrosion dynamics and demonstrates the value of CFD modeling for proactive pipeline integrity management. Experimental validation is planned for future work to enhance the predictive reliability of the model
Environmental Impact and Optimization of Bio-Hydraulic Fluid from Biobased oil and Friction modifiers (Eggshell and Snail shell)
No full textThis work investigated the use of eggshells and snail shells as bio-friction modifiers compared to graphite in formulating bio-hydraulic fluids from palm oil, to improve environmental sustainability. Glycerol was produced through the transesterification of palm oil and characterised using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Graphite, eggshells, and snail shells were characterised using X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Three samples of separately formulated bio-hydraulic fluids from graphite, eggshells, and snail shells were characterised to ascertain the values of the pour point, flash point, viscosity, and biochemical oxygen demand. The functional groups of the bio-hydraulic fluids were identified using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and optimised using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The GCMS analysis of glycerol identified key chemical constituents (including dihydro-2-methyl-3-furanone, neopentyl glycol, and linoleic acid) essential for lubricity. The XRD analysis revealed eggshells and snail shells possessed mineralogical properties (calcite and aragonite respectively), confirming their suitability as friction modifiers. FTIR spectra of the bio-hydraulic fluids identified key functional groups (alkanes, heteroatoms) demonstrating suitability for hydraulic applications. The optimised bio-hydraulic fluid viscosity and its process conditions were given as: dynamic viscosity 34.78, 31.95, 33.48 cP; glycerol/methanol ratio 20:20:20; eggshell dosage 0.6/0.6/0.6 g; temperature 60/60/60°C; and time 30/30/30 min, for graphite, eggshell, and snail shell respectively. Achieving predictive accuracy (R² ≈ 0.99), with a margin of error of less than 5%, shows that the quadratic model generated is accurate in prediction. The physicochemical properties of the formulated fluid were: pour point -44.8, -41.7, -40.5°C; flash point 257, 249, 246°C; biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 8.23, 8.04, 8.11 ppm, for graphite, eggshell, and snail shell respectively. The formulated bio-hydraulic fluids perform better in pour point, flash point, and BOD compared to mineral-based fluids, while matching bio-based fluid standards for viscosity. These properties, validated by ASTM standards, confirm the potential of palm oil, eggshell, and snail shell as sustainable eco-materials for hydraulic fluid applications
A Scoping Review on Technical Evaluation of Electromagnetic Field Emission In 5G Wireless Network and their Effects for Improved Performance
No full textThis paper focuses on the technical evaluation of electromagnetic field emission in 5G wireless network. The technological advancement due to wireless communications and the generation of 5G mobile technologies can influence the health risks connected with the radio frequency (RF) emissions of a 5G network. In this paper, the effects of radiation emission in cellular base stations are highlighted and possible solutions that can reduce the menace are discussed. Most transmitters in the base stations are placed near to residential buildings or commercial premises which exposes human being to electromagnetic radiation. The deployment of 5G generation will provide improvement in communication system with ability to handle a larger number of connected devices than 4G generation at average speed of about 1Gbps. In conclusion, electromagnetic field (EMF) can be evaluated by electric and magnetic components to analyze the metrics which characterize 5G exposure in the power density (PD), electromagnetic field and specific absorption rate (SAR)
Effect of Garlic Fortified Drinking Water on Intestinal Parasites and Egg Laying Performance of Japanese Quail (Cortunix cortunix japonica)
No full textThis study investigated the effect of garlic fortified drinking water on intestinal parasites and egg laying performance of quails. Forty-five point-of- lay Japanese quails (Cortunix cortunix japonica) were randomly allocated to three treatments; T1 which served as the control had no test ingredients while T2 and T3 had 2g of aqueous garlic filtrate added to 1 litre of drinking water daily and 5g of the dewormer ((Bactro-expeller) added to 1 litre of their water at the 3rd and 5th week of the experiment respectively. . Each treatment had fifteen quails, with three replications of five quails per replicate in a completely randomized design experiment. Intestinal mucosae of the quails were determined before and after the administration of the of the test materials. The trial lasted for eight weeks during which period the laying performance of the quails were monitored. Results showed presence of of intestinal parasites (93.75% Capillaria spp) for quails subjected to garlic treated water as well as 6.25% Ascaridia spp for the control group while the dewormer (Bactro-expeller) treated group had no intestinal parasite record. There was no significant (P<0.05) effect of treatments on the external egg quality parameters. The study concluded that exposing Japanese quails to garlic fortified water had no detrimental effect, rather it improved egg laying performance. Garlic treated drinking water however, did not show desirable effect on the control of intestinal parasites as to the dewormer treated water
Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of African Giant Snails Fed Varying Levels of Mixed Aspilia africana and Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal
No full textThis study investigated the growth performance and carcass characteristics of the African giant snail (Archachatina marginata) fed varying inclusions levels of Aspilia africana and Moringa oleifera leaf meals. A total of forty-eight snails were used for this experiment which was carried out for eight weeks at the Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science Teaching and Research Farm, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Ifite-ogwari. Feeding trial comprises four treatment groups: one control (0% mixed leaf meals) and three experimental groups with 5%, 10%, and 15% inclusions of mixed leaf meal. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used, and each treatment was replicated three times with four snails per replicate. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the result and significantly different means were separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results indicated that snails on the 10% inclusion diet (T3) demonstrated significantly (P<0.05) higher total weight gain and average daily weight gain (18.67 g, 0.33 g/day) respectively compared to other treatments. Other growth parameters measured were not significantly different. Result showed that all parameters measured on carcass characteristics were not significantly different across the treatments. In conclusion, study showed that mixed leaf meal can be incorporated into snail diets without adverse effects. It was therefore recommended that 10% mixed leaf meal (T3) be included in the diets of African giant snails for better total weight gain and average daily weight gain
Assessment of Stress Management For Women Poultry Farmers in Aguata and Awka Agricultural Zones of Anambra State, Nigeria
No full textWomen poultry farmers play a critical role in food production in Nigeria, yet they face significant challenges that impact their mental and physical well-being, productivity, and the sustainability of their operations. The study described the socioeconomic characteristics of the women poultry farmers; identified the sources of stress among the respondents; ascertained the perceived effects of these on the respondents; and identified the coping mechanisms employed by the farmers to manage the stress. The study collected data from 60 respondents using questionnaire and interview schedule. Socio-economic characteristics of the respondents revealed that average age of the farmers was 37 years, with 58.33% of the respondents married and mean household size of 5 persons. The respondents had mean flock size of 76 birds and mean income of N200,500. Most farmers had attended 7-12 years of education (55%) and 51.67% accessed credit. About 80% of farms were family-owned, and 55% of respondents were members of cooperative society. The study identified major stressors as disease outbreaks (100%), unpredictable weather conditions (95%), feed price fluctuations (91.67%), market unpredictability (88.3%) and tedious waste disposal (81.67%). The major coping mechanisms adopted by the respondents were seeking support from family (73.33%) and diversification of farming activities (76%). Women poultry farmers in the study area face significant stress ranging from disease outbreak to exhaustion and effective stress management strategies will significantly alleviate their stress and enhance productivity. The study recommends for financial support through subsidies and grants, trainings, and provision of mental health services for the farmers
INTERROGATING THE CAUSES AND MOTIVATIONS OF IPOB’S ARMED STRUGGLE IN MERIDIONAL NIGERIA 2012-2024
No full textThe intrinsic drivers of Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) movement in Southeastern Nigeria are examined in this study through a mixed-methods approach. By combiningthe methods, the studyintegrates both contextual viewpoints and statistical analysis. Qualitative data were obtained via semi-structured interviews with stakeholders to comprehend their motivations and experiences. Quantitative data were gathered through structured surveys measuring public feelingsconcerning injustice and self-determination, utilizing a Likert scale for nuanced responses. The study, grounded in social identity theory, included a sample of 385 respondents, determined via Cochran\u27s formula to ensure statistical validity. Data analysis combined thematic analysis with quantitative methods, employing the Karl Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the modified student’s t-test to assess correlations and significance. Findings indicate strong links between historical narratives, security dynamics, and ideological motivations. The study emphasizes the need for dialogue and community development to promote stability in Southeastern Nigeri
TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
No full textThis study examined the nature of the relationship that exists between talent management and organizational performance in manufacturing firms in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study was anchored on Resource Based Theory (RBT). The research used the cross-sectional research design to plan for the study. The population of the study were selected from different departments in the organizations. The sample size was one hundred and seven eight (178) workers which was arrived at using Taro Yamane (1967) formula. Data were collected using structured questionnaire from the random sampled workers of the selected manufacturing firms in Anambra State. The reliability of the measuring instrument was tested using Cronbach Alpha. The data were presented using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation co-efficient and regression analysis) were used in testing the hypotheses. The study revealed that there was a positive significant relationship between the dimensions of talent management (talent attraction, talent development, talent retention) on organizational performance dimensions (job satisfaction, employee loyalty, and employee commitment) respectively. The study recommended that manufacturing firms should exhibit objectivity in recruitment process, offer the right reward, provide job security, and invest in staff welfare so as to increase the chances of attracting highly talented employees