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P5+- Enhanced Novel Samarium Niobate Ultralow-Loss Microwave Ceramics as Dielectric Resonator for X-Band Antenna Applications
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High efficiency, high frequency, high selectivity characteristics and low latency of dielectric resonator antennas (DRA) for high frequency are challenges which must be addressed simultaneously in 5G communication. To overcome these difficulties, new Sm(Nb1−xPx)O4 (SNP@x, 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) ceramics are prepared and demonstrated that P5+ effectively enhances microwave dielectric properties. Reduction of permittivity (ɛr) was co-dominated by the ionic polarizability of P5+ and the secondary phase SmPO4 with low ɛr. Quality factor (Q × f) was governed by two factors. Firstly, the secondary phase curbs micro-crack generation and propagation, thwarts electron migrationand diminishes leakage conduction loss. Secondly, the increased binding energy of P 2p enhances the electron binding by the nucleus, reduces the mechanism. High frequency selectivity (Q × f = 93,900 GHz) was obtained in Sm(Nb0.7P0.3)O4 ([email protected]) ceramic. Additionally, a cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) operating in the X-band was designed and fabricated using ultra-low [email protected] ceramic and a Rogers substrate, achieved a high gain (4.8 – 6.0 dBi) and efficiency (>90%) in the bandwidth region (10.903 – 11.482 GHz), improving the transmission and communication quality in communication system. This work expedites the evolution of dielectric ceramic and dielectric resonator antennas in high-frequency communications.Abstract
High efficiency, high frequency, high selectivity characteristics and low latency of dielectric resonator antennas (DRA) for high frequency are challenges which must be addressed simultaneously in 5G communication. To overcome these difficulties, new Sm(Nb1−xPx)O4 (SNP@x, 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) ceramics are prepared and demonstrated that P5+ effectively enhances microwave dielectric properties. Reduction of permittivity (ɛr) was co-dominated by the ionic polarizability of P5+ and the secondary phase SmPO4 with low ɛr. Quality factor (Q × f) was governed by two factors. Firstly, the secondary phase curbs micro-crack generation and propagation, thwarts electron migrationand diminishes leakage conduction loss. Secondly, the increased binding energy of P 2p enhances the electron binding by the nucleus, reduces the mechanism. High frequency selectivity (Q × f = 93,900 GHz) was obtained in Sm(Nb0.7P0.3)O4 ([email protected]) ceramic. Additionally, a cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) operating in the X-band was designed and fabricated using ultra-low [email protected] ceramic and a Rogers substrate, achieved a high gain (4.8 – 6.0 dBi) and efficiency (>90%) in the bandwidth region (10.903 – 11.482 GHz), improving the transmission and communication quality in communication system. This work expedites the evolution of dielectric ceramic and dielectric resonator antennas in high-frequency communications
Successful Distance Learning: Pedagogical Strategies for Teachers to Enhance Self-Regulated Learning
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Research on self-regulated learning (SRL) has shown that students who are capable of taking an agentic role in their learning process can use more appropriate learning strategies and preserve their motivation for learning, resulting in better academic performance. The importance of SRL is particularly emphasised in distance learning settings where a teacher’s timely support, namely scaffolding, can be limited. Because students with good SRL skills can manage tasks, plan work, and keep their motivation, they can better maintain their wellbeing in remote schooling. Hence, it has been argued that fostering distance learning requires educators to provide a supportive environment that facilitates students’ engagement in regulating their own learning.
Teachers can facilitate students’ self-regulation by enhancing students’ awareness of their learning processes and supporting them in monitoring and controlling their cognition, motivation, emotions, and behaviour. The critical element here is the teachers’ own understanding about the mechanisms of SRL. Prior research suggest that teachers become capable of designing learning tasks and implementing prompts to promote students’ SRL into their teaching after acquiring the adequate information and training. In this paper, we introduce a set of evidenced-based strategies, accompanied by a designated pedagogical framework, that have been developed to address the increased need for supporting teachers in developing students’ SRL skills in distance learning.
First, we have reviewed literature of SRL and motivation, deciding on our definition and theoretical model to develop a scientifically grounded pedagogical framework. We start by determining the different areas of learning that benefit from SRL support, then draw attention to different phases of SRL. Then, we suggest how educators can provide support for their students in these phases, particularly in distance learning settings. While acknowledging that it is challenging to teach in a distance environment, we shed light on the advantage of this unique setting that keeps students’ traces of actions. We conclude, by going back to the agentic role of the learner in distance learning settings, that scaffolding processes eventually help develop students’ SRL skills though gradually shifting pedagogical decision making from a teacher to the students themselves.Abstract
Research on self-regulated learning (SRL) has shown that students who are capable of taking an agentic role in their learning process can use more appropriate learning strategies and preserve their motivation for learning, resulting in better academic performance. The importance of SRL is particularly emphasised in distance learning settings where a teacher’s timely support, namely scaffolding, can be limited. Because students with good SRL skills can manage tasks, plan work, and keep their motivation, they can better maintain their wellbeing in remote schooling. Hence, it has been argued that fostering distance learning requires educators to provide a supportive environment that facilitates students’ engagement in regulating their own learning.
Teachers can facilitate students’ self-regulation by enhancing students’ awareness of their learning processes and supporting them in monitoring and controlling their cognition, motivation, emotions, and behaviour. The critical element here is the teachers’ own understanding about the mechanisms of SRL. Prior research suggest that teachers become capable of designing learning tasks and implementing prompts to promote students’ SRL into their teaching after acquiring the adequate information and training. In this paper, we introduce a set of evidenced-based strategies, accompanied by a designated pedagogical framework, that have been developed to address the increased need for supporting teachers in developing students’ SRL skills in distance learning.
First, we have reviewed literature of SRL and motivation, deciding on our definition and theoretical model to develop a scientifically grounded pedagogical framework. We start by determining the different areas of learning that benefit from SRL support, then draw attention to different phases of SRL. Then, we suggest how educators can provide support for their students in these phases, particularly in distance learning settings. While acknowledging that it is challenging to teach in a distance environment, we shed light on the advantage of this unique setting that keeps students’ traces of actions. We conclude, by going back to the agentic role of the learner in distance learning settings, that scaffolding processes eventually help develop students’ SRL skills though gradually shifting pedagogical decision making from a teacher to the students themselves
Synergetic Utilization of NdFeB Hydrochloric Leaching Residue and Crystalline Silicon Cutting Waste for Preparing Ferrosilicon Alloy and Recovering Rare Earth Elements
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NdFeB hydrochloric leaching residue (NHLR) is an iron-based solid waste generated from the NdFeB magnet scrap recycling process, containing 0.2 ~ 1.0 wt.% rare earth oxides encapsulated by the dense iron oxide phases. Traditional hydrometallurgical processes struggle to extract these trace rare earth elements effectively. Crystalline silicon cutting waste (SCW) is another solid waste originating from the photovoltaic industry, which is difficult to purify to solar-grade silicon purity (6N) due to its oxide layer. To achieve resource utilization, a synergistic process was proposed in this work to convert these two industrial wastes into ferrosilicon alloy and a reduction slag that is conducive to rare earth extraction. Experimental results reveal that the dense structure of NHLR can be effectively destroyed by the SCW and iron oxides were reduced at high temperatures. The particle size of the obtained ferrosilicon alloy is improved by decreasing the amount of SCW, increasing the reduction temperature, and extending the reduction time. Comparing to the initial NHLR, the leaching performance of rare earth elements in the reduction slag was enhanced. The leaching efficiency of cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), and neodymium (Nd) increased by 42.74, 12.47, and 12.64% respectively using low-concentration hydrochloric solutions. Moreover, the tailings after rare earth extraction are mainly calcium silicate, which can be used as raw materials for cement. Therefore, the present method achieves valorization utilization and “zero waste” treatment of two typical industrial solid wastes, contributing to the green development of the rare earth industry.Abstract
NdFeB hydrochloric leaching residue (NHLR) is an iron-based solid waste generated from the NdFeB magnet scrap recycling process, containing 0.2 ~ 1.0 wt.% rare earth oxides encapsulated by the dense iron oxide phases. Traditional hydrometallurgical processes struggle to extract these trace rare earth elements effectively. Crystalline silicon cutting waste (SCW) is another solid waste originating from the photovoltaic industry, which is difficult to purify to solar-grade silicon purity (6N) due to its oxide layer. To achieve resource utilization, a synergistic process was proposed in this work to convert these two industrial wastes into ferrosilicon alloy and a reduction slag that is conducive to rare earth extraction. Experimental results reveal that the dense structure of NHLR can be effectively destroyed by the SCW and iron oxides were reduced at high temperatures. The particle size of the obtained ferrosilicon alloy is improved by decreasing the amount of SCW, increasing the reduction temperature, and extending the reduction time. Comparing to the initial NHLR, the leaching performance of rare earth elements in the reduction slag was enhanced. The leaching efficiency of cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), and neodymium (Nd) increased by 42.74, 12.47, and 12.64% respectively using low-concentration hydrochloric solutions. Moreover, the tailings after rare earth extraction are mainly calcium silicate, which can be used as raw materials for cement. Therefore, the present method achieves valorization utilization and “zero waste” treatment of two typical industrial solid wastes, contributing to the green development of the rare earth industry
The Density–Health Connection in Urban Planning, 1920–1980
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This chapter examines multidisciplinary views on the effects of density on health between 1920 and 1980. This was an era in which the originally close connection between planning and public health became broken, but presumptions regarding the effects of density on health still influenced urban planning standards and ideals, contributing to a decline in urban densities. While progress in medicine and urban sanitation reduced density’s significance with respect to infectious diseases, the density problem also acquired new facets, for instance, in relation to stress-related diseases, ranging from blood pressure to mental ailments. The chapter argues that in the late 1960s and in the 1970s, the density issue was re-evaluated in many scientific disciplines, including epidemiology, and was particularly well scrutinized in environmental psychology and urban sociology. This re-evaluation strengthened pro-density trends in urban planning and allowed new kinds of thinking about density and urbanization in the coming decades.Abstract
This chapter examines multidisciplinary views on the effects of density on health between 1920 and 1980. This was an era in which the originally close connection between planning and public health became broken, but presumptions regarding the effects of density on health still influenced urban planning standards and ideals, contributing to a decline in urban densities. While progress in medicine and urban sanitation reduced density’s significance with respect to infectious diseases, the density problem also acquired new facets, for instance, in relation to stress-related diseases, ranging from blood pressure to mental ailments. The chapter argues that in the late 1960s and in the 1970s, the density issue was re-evaluated in many scientific disciplines, including epidemiology, and was particularly well scrutinized in environmental psychology and urban sociology. This re-evaluation strengthened pro-density trends in urban planning and allowed new kinds of thinking about density and urbanization in the coming decades
The Long-term Health Effects of Early Menopause
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Although the average age of menopause in western women is 50 years, 10% of women experience menopause between the age of 40 and 44 (early menopause) and 2 to 3% before the age of 40 (premature ovarian insufficiency). Although the etiology of early-onset menopause varies, it remains unknown in most cases. The most common reasons are genetic factors or chromosomal abnormalities, cancer treatment, bilateral oophorectomy, and autoimmune diseases. Early or premature menopause can negatively impact a woman's long-term health. There is strong evidence that these conditions increase the risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity, and premature mortality. There is comparatively little evidence, however, on other associated health risks or on their potential for mitigation by hormone replacement therapy (HRT). In this review, we examine the literature on the long-term health of women with early-onset menopause, particularly its effects on morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. At-risk women and their physicians should be aware of the age-related risks of menopause to avoid or mitigate negative outcomes.Abstract
Although the average age of menopause in western women is 50 years, 10% of women experience menopause between the age of 40 and 44 (early menopause) and 2 to 3% before the age of 40 (premature ovarian insufficiency). Although the etiology of early-onset menopause varies, it remains unknown in most cases. The most common reasons are genetic factors or chromosomal abnormalities, cancer treatment, bilateral oophorectomy, and autoimmune diseases. Early or premature menopause can negatively impact a woman's long-term health. There is strong evidence that these conditions increase the risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity, and premature mortality. There is comparatively little evidence, however, on other associated health risks or on their potential for mitigation by hormone replacement therapy (HRT). In this review, we examine the literature on the long-term health of women with early-onset menopause, particularly its effects on morbidity, mortality, and quality of life. At-risk women and their physicians should be aware of the age-related risks of menopause to avoid or mitigate negative outcomes
Features of Product Configurator for Industrialised House Building
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Modularisation is a critical element in the industrialisation of the construction industry. This is also a key precondition for prefabrication. Within modular construction, projects typically require adaptations to each module to manage the requirements of the customer, regulatory bodies, the construction site, and the specifics of the module placement within the building cause. The basic idea of configurators is to provide an interface for product choice management and a structured rule set for managing these customisations within the requirements. In this study, we examine the key demonstrable features of a configurator in the concept development and design phases of a house-building project. We organised a dedicated workshop for the development of the configurator. The workshop was held with eight participants from the construction industry across construction design disciplines and eight research-oriented participants. After the workshop, participants from the industry were sent a feedback form that allowed experts to highlight their individual views. Each industrial specialty highlighted its needs, which can be summarised through flexible layout plans that automate certain aspects of design. These plans need to be evaluable though KPIs’ and reports, which take into consideration layout distribution, costs, habitability considerations, and environmental impacts. The configurator was recognised as a potential way of incorporating these different requirements while considering the needs of the prefabrication process.Abstract
Modularisation is a critical element in the industrialisation of the construction industry. This is also a key precondition for prefabrication. Within modular construction, projects typically require adaptations to each module to manage the requirements of the customer, regulatory bodies, the construction site, and the specifics of the module placement within the building cause. The basic idea of configurators is to provide an interface for product choice management and a structured rule set for managing these customisations within the requirements. In this study, we examine the key demonstrable features of a configurator in the concept development and design phases of a house-building project. We organised a dedicated workshop for the development of the configurator. The workshop was held with eight participants from the construction industry across construction design disciplines and eight research-oriented participants. After the workshop, participants from the industry were sent a feedback form that allowed experts to highlight their individual views. Each industrial specialty highlighted its needs, which can be summarised through flexible layout plans that automate certain aspects of design. These plans need to be evaluable though KPIs’ and reports, which take into consideration layout distribution, costs, habitability considerations, and environmental impacts. The configurator was recognised as a potential way of incorporating these different requirements while considering the needs of the prefabrication process
Navigating the 5.0 Transitions: Strategic Management Insights from the HF/E Perspective
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This study addresses the necessity for strategic management in transitioning towards Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0. Currently employed key performance indicators (KPIs) are insufficient for these new paradigmatic transitions. The objective of this study is to align the metrics associated to these transitions with the goals of human factors and ergonomics (HF/E). This multi-source review complies the variety of national and international institutional sources of KPI data relevant to employee well-being and productivity, particularly in Finland. The findings reveal that while numerous KPIs exist, they often reflect past conditions and lack a comprehensive sociotechnical approach. To conclude, existing KPIs and policy frameworks are inadequate when examined from the HF/E perspective, advocating for a new strategic orientation to better manage the anticipated changes in work and societal patterns.Abstract
This study addresses the necessity for strategic management in transitioning towards Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0. Currently employed key performance indicators (KPIs) are insufficient for these new paradigmatic transitions. The objective of this study is to align the metrics associated to these transitions with the goals of human factors and ergonomics (HF/E). This multi-source review complies the variety of national and international institutional sources of KPI data relevant to employee well-being and productivity, particularly in Finland. The findings reveal that while numerous KPIs exist, they often reflect past conditions and lack a comprehensive sociotechnical approach. To conclude, existing KPIs and policy frameworks are inadequate when examined from the HF/E perspective, advocating for a new strategic orientation to better manage the anticipated changes in work and societal patterns
Erikoissairaanhoidon sopeutumisvalmennus pitkäaikaisesti sairastuneiden tai vammautuneiden kuntoutujien toimintakyvyn tukena
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Sairastuminen tai vammautuminen tuo muutoksia yksilön toimintakykyyn ja arjen toimintoihin. Sairastuminen vaikuttaa kuntoutujan lisäksi hänen läheisiinsä. Sopeutumisvalmennus auttaa kuntoutujaa ja hänen läheisiään sopeutumaan sairauden tai vamman tuomiin muutoksiin ja edistää kuntoutumista. Sopeutumisvalmennusta järjestävät Kela, järjestöt ja hyvinvointialueilla erikoissairaanhoito. Tässä katsauksessa kuvataan Pohjois-Pohjanmaan hyvinvointialueen alueella toteutetun Erikoissairaanhoidon sopeutumisvalmennus toimintakyvyn ja elämänlaadun tukena -tutkimushankkeen osatutkimus, joka koskee pitkäaikaisesti sairastuneiden tai vammautuneiden kuntoutujien toimintakykyä sopeutumisvalmennuksen alussa ja siinä vuoden aikana tapahtuneita muutoksia. Aineisto kerättiin 3/2020–3/2022 välisenä aikana sopeutumisvalmennuskursseille osallistuvilta aikuisilta kuntoutujilta (n = 52) WHODAS 2.0 36 -itsearviointimittarilla kurssin alussa sekä 12 kuukautta kurssin päättymisen jälkeen. Tutkimusaineisto analysoitiin määrällisin menetelmin SPSS-tilasto-ohjelmalla. Kuntoutujien arvioissa toimintakyvystään oli yksilöllistä vaihtelua ja osalla oli myös kohtalaisia tai huomattavia vaikeuksia useammalla aihealueella. Eniten vaikeuksia kuntoutujat arvioivat olevan arjen toiminnoissa sekä yhteisöllisessä osallistumisessa. Kuitenkin kuntoutujilla oli toimintakyvyn vaikeuksia arjessaan vain hieman tai ei lainkaan sekä sopeutumisvalmennuksen alussa että vuosi sen päättymisen jälkeen. Vähiten vaikeuksia kuntoutujat arvioivat vuoden seuranta-aikana itsestä huolehtimisessa sekä ymmärtämisessä ja kommunikoinnissa. Tulokset tukevat moniammatillista näkemystä, jonka mukaan sopeutumisvalmennuksessa on tärkeää integroida monialaista teoreettista tietoa kuntoutujien arkeen sekä lisätä tiedon ja vertaistuen avulla kuntoutujien osallisuutta omassa elinympäristössä ja yhteiskunnassa. Tulokset vahvistavat aiempia tutkimustuloksia, joiden mukaan psykososiaalisella ryhmäkuntoutuksella on myönteisiä vaikutuksia kuntoutujien toimintakykyyn. Jatkossa sopeutumisvalmennukseen osallistuvien kuntoutujien toimintakykyä tulisi tarkastella sairausryhmäkohtaisesti ottaen huomioon myös toimintakykyyn yhteydessä olevat taustatekijät. Lisäksi sopeutumisvalmennuksen vaikuttavuuden tutkiminen satunnaistetulla koe-kontrolliasetelmalla olisi jatkossa tarpeen.Abstrakti
Sairastuminen tai vammautuminen tuo muutoksia yksilön toimintakykyyn ja arjen toimintoihin. Sairastuminen vaikuttaa kuntoutujan lisäksi hänen läheisiinsä. Sopeutumisvalmennus auttaa kuntoutujaa ja hänen läheisiään sopeutumaan sairauden tai vamman tuomiin muutoksiin ja edistää kuntoutumista. Sopeutumisvalmennusta järjestävät Kela, järjestöt ja hyvinvointialueilla erikoissairaanhoito. Tässä katsauksessa kuvataan Pohjois-Pohjanmaan hyvinvointialueen alueella toteutetun Erikoissairaanhoidon sopeutumisvalmennus toimintakyvyn ja elämänlaadun tukena -tutkimushankkeen osatutkimus, joka koskee pitkäaikaisesti sairastuneiden tai vammautuneiden kuntoutujien toimintakykyä sopeutumisvalmennuksen alussa ja siinä vuoden aikana tapahtuneita muutoksia. Aineisto kerättiin 3/2020–3/2022 välisenä aikana sopeutumisvalmennuskursseille osallistuvilta aikuisilta kuntoutujilta (n = 52) WHODAS 2.0 36 -itsearviointimittarilla kurssin alussa sekä 12 kuukautta kurssin päättymisen jälkeen. Tutkimusaineisto analysoitiin määrällisin menetelmin SPSS-tilasto-ohjelmalla. Kuntoutujien arvioissa toimintakyvystään oli yksilöllistä vaihtelua ja osalla oli myös kohtalaisia tai huomattavia vaikeuksia useammalla aihealueella. Eniten vaikeuksia kuntoutujat arvioivat olevan arjen toiminnoissa sekä yhteisöllisessä osallistumisessa. Kuitenkin kuntoutujilla oli toimintakyvyn vaikeuksia arjessaan vain hieman tai ei lainkaan sekä sopeutumisvalmennuksen alussa että vuosi sen päättymisen jälkeen. Vähiten vaikeuksia kuntoutujat arvioivat vuoden seuranta-aikana itsestä huolehtimisessa sekä ymmärtämisessä ja kommunikoinnissa. Tulokset tukevat moniammatillista näkemystä, jonka mukaan sopeutumisvalmennuksessa on tärkeää integroida monialaista teoreettista tietoa kuntoutujien arkeen sekä lisätä tiedon ja vertaistuen avulla kuntoutujien osallisuutta omassa elinympäristössä ja yhteiskunnassa. Tulokset vahvistavat aiempia tutkimustuloksia, joiden mukaan psykososiaalisella ryhmäkuntoutuksella on myönteisiä vaikutuksia kuntoutujien toimintakykyyn. Jatkossa sopeutumisvalmennukseen osallistuvien kuntoutujien toimintakykyä tulisi tarkastella sairausryhmäkohtaisesti ottaen huomioon myös toimintakykyyn yhteydessä olevat taustatekijät. Lisäksi sopeutumisvalmennuksen vaikuttavuuden tutkiminen satunnaistetulla koe-kontrolliasetelmalla olisi jatkossa tarpeen
Comment on “Effectiveness and safety of intra-articular interventions for knee and hip osteoarthritis based on large randomized trials: A systematic review and network meta-analysis (Pereira et al., 2025)”
No full textSecure Edge Intelligence in the 6G Era
No full textSummary
Future 6G networks are expected to enable smart and hyperconnected society where various digital services and applications will be ubiquitously available to the users. 6G networks will have diverse and strict requirements related to computation, communication, network, and resource, which may include ultralow latency, higher bandwidth, reliability, real-time data analytics, and intelligent decision-making among others. edge intelligence (EI) is among the potential technology enablers that can play a pivotal role in achieving these requirements for 6G networks. Since 6G networks will bring wider security threats landscape, their integration with the edge computing, artificial intelligence (AI) and other technologies will make them even more complex and highly vulnerable to various threats. Therefore, it is crucial to place strong, efficient, and intelligent security mechanisms for EI-enabled 6G networks. In this chapter, we discuss various potential security, privacy, and trust challenges for EI in the context of future 6G networks and briefly explore the relevant standardization activities.Summary
Future 6G networks are expected to enable smart and hyperconnected society where various digital services and applications will be ubiquitously available to the users. 6G networks will have diverse and strict requirements related to computation, communication, network, and resource, which may include ultralow latency, higher bandwidth, reliability, real-time data analytics, and intelligent decision-making among others. edge intelligence (EI) is among the potential technology enablers that can play a pivotal role in achieving these requirements for 6G networks. Since 6G networks will bring wider security threats landscape, their integration with the edge computing, artificial intelligence (AI) and other technologies will make them even more complex and highly vulnerable to various threats. Therefore, it is crucial to place strong, efficient, and intelligent security mechanisms for EI-enabled 6G networks. In this chapter, we discuss various potential security, privacy, and trust challenges for EI in the context of future 6G networks and briefly explore the relevant standardization activities