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ENUMERATION OF LICHEN BIOTA FROM DAVANGERE DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA
Get PDFLichens, which are symbiotic relationships association between cyanobacteria or algae and fungi and are considered as bio-indicators of the environment health. Lichen diversity is still poorly understood in many regions of India, including Karnataka's Davanagere district, despite its ecological importance. The aim of this study is to record the diversity of lichens found in Davanagere district with distinct habitats. We identified 26 lichen species from 16 genera and 8 families through methodical field surveys carried out in forest, semi-forested, agriculture, urban and rural areas. Crustose and fruticose lichens were the next most common growth forms, after foliose lichens. Dirinaria, Graphis, Lecanora, Parmotrema, Physcia, Pyxine and Ramalina are the most commonly available genera. The results establish a baseline for upcoming ecological and environmental monitoring research and offer fresh perspectives on the lichen biota of central Karnataka
Exploring Different Types of Artificial Intelligence Systems and Their Performance Outcomes
Get PDFArtificial Intelligence (AI) systems are classified into distinct types based on their capabilities, ranging from simple reactive machines to hypothetical self-aware entities. This paper explores four AI types—Reactive Machines, Limited Memory, Theory of Mind, and Self-Aware AI—analysing their applications, strengths, limitations, and performance through experimental results. Experiments in image classification, autonomous navigation, and text generation demonstrate the superiority of Limited Memory AI over Reactive Machines. The study also discusses challenges, ethical considerations, and future directions for AI development. By synthesizing empirical data and literature, this paper provides a comprehensive resource for researchers and practitioners aiming to understand AI’s diverse landscape
Seasonal Variations in Zooplankton Diversity and Water Quality Across Selected Freshwater Lakes in Northern India
Get PDFAquatic ecosystems, which include a wide variety of habitats such as lakes, rivers, ponds, and estuaries, are among the most intricate and ecologically varied environments on Earth. However, both natural seasonal changes and man-made stressors like pollution and habitat modification are posing a growing danger to these ecosystems. The seasonal diversity and distribution of zooplankton species in three freshwater lakes in northern India—Tilyaar Lake (Rohtak), Karna Lake (Karnal), and Tikkar Taal (Panchkula)—are thoroughly examined in this research. Four primary taxonomic groups—Copepoda (18 species), Rotifera (31 species), Cladocera (18 species), and Ostracoda (6 species)—accounted for the 73 zooplankton species that were discovered. The zooplankton diversity was highest during the pre-monsoon season and lowest during the monsoon season, most likely as a result of surface runoff and rainfall dilution effects. The species diversity was highest in Tilyaar Lake and lowest in Tikkar Taal, with Copepods predominating in Rohtak, Rotifers and Ostracods peaking in Karnal, and Cladocera being most prevalent in Panchkula. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Nitrate, Sulfate, Turbidity, and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) were among the physico-chemical parameters that showed substantial seasonal fluctuation in water quality analysis, with the majority of these parameters peaking during the Post-Monsoon season. The relationship between BOD levels and zooplankton abundance is inverse, indicating that a larger organic load during the winter months promotes more biological activity, which in turn affects community structure. The study emphasizes how crucial zooplankton are as bioindicators for evaluating aquatic health because of how sensitively their variety and density react to human inputs like sewage discharge and environmental changes. For the ecological monitoring and management of freshwater resources under the stresses of urbanization and climatic fluctuation, the study provides important baseline data on species composition, seasonal population dynamics, and water quality variations
Cardiospermum halicacabum derived MoO3 nanoparticles for Fluorescence sensing, DNA binding and Cytotoxicity Studies
Get PDFMoO3 nanoparticles were biosynthesised using Cardiospermum halicacabum leaf extract. Their structural and morphological properties were investigated through UV–visible DRS studies, photoluminescence, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, Energy-Dispersive X-ray analysis, X-Ray Diffraction, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy. O2-→Mo6+ transition was confirmed by the peak observed at 353nm in UV-Visible spectrum and the band gap was estimated as 2.48 eV. Mo-O-Mo bond was confirmed by the bands observed at 842 cm-1 and 475 cm-1 in FTIR spectroscopy. EDX spectra showed characteristic peaks of oxygen and molybdenum. XPS showed binding energies of 232.4 and 235.6 eV, which correspond to spin-orbit splitting of Mo 3d5/2 and Mo 3d3/2 respectively, which confirmed that Mo is present in +6 state. The particle size was determined to be 69 nm using XRD analysis. Effective fluorescence sensing of Pb2+ was observed with a detection limit 4.13x10-8 M. ct-DNA binding constant was calculated as 3.09 (mg/mL)-1 and 2.32 (mg/mL)⁻¹ using UV-Vis and fluorescence studies respectively. Cytotoxicity studies using A549 Human Lung cancer cell line showed IC50 value of 249.5 μg/m
Economic Impact of Fisheries and Aquaculture on Rural Livelihoods: A Review
Get PDFFisheries and aquaculture have emerged as critical sectors in shaping rural economies, livelihoods, and food systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. With global fish consumption rising and capture fisheries plateauing, aquaculture now plays an increasingly central role in meeting protein demands, generating employment, and supporting sustainable income in rural regions. This review explores the multifaceted economic impact of fisheries and aquaculture on rural livelihoods through a synthesis of peer-reviewed literature, institutional reports, and regional case studies.The findings demonstrate that aquaculture contributes significantly to rural household income—ranging from 20% to 50% depending on geography and production systems—and provides employment for millions directly and indirectly through input supply, production, processing, and marketing. Women are especially active in post-harvest and informal sectors, although their contributions often go unrecognized and undervalued in formal economic assessments. Additionally, aquaculture investments frequently lead to asset accumulation and rural infrastructure development, creating long-term socio-economic benefits.This review also identifies critical barriers such as access to finance, market integration, gender inequality, and vulnerability to environmental changes. It highlights policy interventions, technology adoption, and cooperative models that have demonstrated success in improving outcomes. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of inclusive, gender-sensitive, and climate-resilient aquaculture development strategies to enhance its role in rural transformation and poverty alleviation.By offering a comprehensive overview of economic contributions, employment dynamics, gender roles, and policy implications, this review provides valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and development practitioners working to leverage fisheries and aquaculture for rural development
PLANT GROWTH PROMOTION BY HALOTOLERANT ASPERGILLUS STRAINS
Get PDFThis study aimed to isolate, characterize, and evaluate halotolerant rhizospheric fungi from saline soils in Maharashtra, India, for their plant growth-promoting potential. Soil samples from four ecologically distinct sites—Lonar Lake, Mehrun Lake, Girgaon Coastal Region, and Surat Coastal Region—were analyzed for physicochemical properties (pH, EC, texture). Fungal isolates were obtained via serial dilution and plating on PDA with chloramphenicol, followed by halotolerance screening (2–14% NaCl). Among 20 isolates, 18 exhibited significant salt tolerance, with Aspergillus versicolor (F17) and Aspergillus proliferans (F20) showing the highest growth at 14% NaCl. Morphological, physiological, and molecular characterization (ITS sequencing) confirmed their identities.The isolates demonstrated multiple plant growth-promoting traits, including phosphate solubilization (F17: 11 cm halo; F20: 5 cm), zinc solubilization (F17: 12 cm halo; F20: 3 cm), ammonia production (F20: 7.8 μg/mL; F17: 7.2 μg/mL), nitrogen fixation (F20 > F17), EPS production (F17: 1300 μg/mL; F20: 1200 μg/mL), and IAA synthesis (F20: 7.8 μg/mL; F17: 7.2 μg/mL). In pot and seed germination assays, both fungi significantly enhanced wheat and maize growth compared to controls. F17-treated plants showed higher biomass (950 mg maize; 855 mg wheat fresh weight), while F20 improved root and shoot elongation (4.5 cm plant height in wheat).These findings highlight the potential of Aspergillus versicolor (F17) and Aspergillus proliferans (F20) as biofertilizers for saline agriculture due to their halotolerance, nutrient solubilization, and plant growth promotion
Exploration on impact of GA3 encapsulated silica nanoparticles (nSiO2) on seed germination and seedling vigour of ten months aged maize (Zea mays L.) varieties seeds.
Get PDFIn nanotechnology, a particle is defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit with respect to its transport and properties. Nanoparticles can serve as ‘magic bullets’, containing plant growth regulators, herbicides, chemicals or genes, which target plant parts to release the content. The use of silica nanoparticles in the growth of plants and for the breaking dormancy, improve seed germination and increasing the vigour of maize seed. The present study was aimed evaluating that effect of GA3 encapsulated silicon nanoparticles (SiO2) comparative efficiency of invigoration technology on seed germination and early seedling growth of maize varieties. The ten month aged seeds of six maize varieties, along with seven invigoration treatments i.e. control, nanosilica 8g/l, GA3 100 ppm, 100 ppm GA3 encapsulated nanosilica, 125 ppm GA3 encapsulated nanosilica, 150 ppm GA3 encapsulated nanosilica and 100 ppm PEG encapsulated nanosilica. D-765 maize variety had significantly maximum value for seed quality parameters including standard germination percentage (77%), seedling length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index- II, speed of germination, index of synchrony germination, Relative growth index, mean germination time, germination value, germinable energy, mean daily germination and peak value. The nano-invigorated ten month aged seeds of maize variety D-765 invigorated with 150 ppm GA3 encapsulated nanosilica showed highest value for standard germination percentage (88%) and other seedling quality parameters. It was concluded that GA3 encapsulated nanosilica (nSiO2) has produced better seed germination potential and seedling growth, as they are able to penetrate seed coat and delivery of GA3 in seed embryo
A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY ON HEART DISEASE PREDICTION USING MACHINE LEARNING AND DEEP LEARNING APPROACHES
Get PDFGlobally, the death rate is increased by one of the major conditions named heart disease (HD). This HD greatly impacts the global healthcare systems. For the purpose of enhancing outcomes of the patient and reducing medical challenges, the early detection (ED) and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is crucial. Then, the implementation of the artificial intelligence (AI), namely machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques have revolutionized the predictive modelling of HD. A comprehensive insights regarding the recent developments in HD prediction with the application of the machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms, including logistic regression (LR), decision trees (DT), support vector machines (SVM), random forests (RF), neural networks (NN), convolutional NN (CNN), and long short-term memory (LSTM) models was offered in this study. Here, the commonly utilized datasets, feature selection (FS) strategies, data pre-processing approaches are all examined in this study. Then the study also analyses the assessment metrics that will helps in determining the accuracy (ACC) and dependability of the predictive models (PM). The benefits, drawbacks, and efficacy of every model is identified by the comparison of models. This survey also facilitates in resolving issues like data imbalance, model interpretability, privacy issues, and practical deployment limitations. Recommendations regarding future directions, like explainable AI, federated learning (FL), and the integration of multi-modal (MM) health data was also offered in this study, and it may help the experts in creating more clinically valuable and dependable prognostic tools. This comprehensive survey contributes the scholars and professionals in creating intelligent systems for HD diagnosis and risk assessment. So, this comprehensive survey is beneficial
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND AUTONOMOUS ROBOTIC SURGERY: INNOVATIONS, CHALLENGES, AND REGULATORY PATHWAYS
Get PDFArtificial intelligence (AI) in a surgical robotic system is currently revolutionizing the contemporary health sector because of its high performance, lower invasiveness, and better patient outcomes. In this review, we examine the historical process, current capabilities, and the future of AI-guided and autonomous robot surgery, including some of the major milestones between the prototypes, including PUMA and ROBODOC, and the latest, such as da Vinci and Mako systems. It explores the benefits of AI-powered surgery, such as in-time support to decision-making and decreasing fatigue in surgeons, and sheds light on the prominent drawbacks and obstacles, including financial barriers, bias in data, security exposure, and other ethical concerns. The paper uses the previously collected data retrieved from the MAUDE database at the FDA and recent histories of recalls to discuss device malfunctions, adverse events, and regulatory classification of the autonomy levels of the surgical process. It also discussed the regulatory, moral, and policy frameworks to be put in place to ensure that there are safe applications of autonomous systems in the civilian world and the military world. Finally, the review highlights the significance of technological progress with effective monitoring, guarantees safety, accountability, and patient reliance, in the age of intelligent surgical robotics
RECENT ADVANCEMENT IN PEDIATRIC MEDICAL DEVICE DEVELOPMENT AND APPROVAL OF USFDA
Get PDFThe challenge in pediatric medical device development known as FDA barriers can be elaborated by the impacts of the characteristics and regulatory, ethical, and financial barriers in view that physiological and developmental aspects of children and adults vary. Although babies and children are some of the most frequently monitored patients, there are not many devices on the market, which are child-specific in terms of design, testing, and approval. This review discusses recent progress in the area, e.g., 3D printing of individualized devices; the existence of pediatric-specific biomarkers that allow early diagnosis of the diseases; innovations of critical care and near-infrared spectroscopy, and the development of smart ventilators. It also outlines the major regulatory pathways that have been used by the U.S. Food and drug administration (FDA) to approve pediatric devices, and such include the 510(k) premarket notification, Premarket approval (PMA), De novo designation, and humanitarian device exemption (HDE). These actions are part of a continuous progress towards the reduction of the innovation gap in pediatric care and more effective medical devices used with children