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A CONCISE REVIEW OF MOSQUITO MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND CONTROL MEASURES
Get PDFMosquito-borne diseases affect millions of people annually across more than 100 countries, posing a significant global public health challenge. Preventing human–mosquito contact remains a critical component in the control of these vector-borne illnesses. Concerns over the environmental and health impacts of synthetic insecticides have led to a paradigm shift towards the use of botanical alternatives. Plant-derived compounds, which are biodegradable and environmentally friendly, have emerged as one of the safest and most sustainable options for mosquito and insect vector management. This review highlights the current role of botanical products as green pesticides within Integrated Mosquito Management (IMM) programs. While preliminary findings indicate the promising potential of phytochemicals as effective mosquitocides, there remains a need for further development in the extraction, isolation, and standardization of bioactive herbal compounds to ensure consistent efficacy and safety
EXPLORING THE ANTHELMINTIC POTENTIAL OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA AND ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA EXTRACTS AND THEIR SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS
Get PDFHelminth infections represent a significant global health concern, particularly in developing nations, contributing to malnutrition and other ailments. The rise of resistance to synthetic anthelmintics underscores the urgent need for alternative treatment strategies. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and anthelmintic efficacy of crude extracts from Azadirachta indica (AI) and Andrographis paniculata (AP), both individually and in combination, against helminths, with Albendazole serving as the standard reference. Anthelmintic activity, assessed by the time taken for paralysis and death of helminths, demonstrated a dose-dependent effect for all extracts (50, 75, and 100 mg/ml).Albendazole exhibited the most rapid action, inducing paralysis and death at 13±0.5 min and 22±0.4 min respectively, at 100 mg/ml. A. indica extract showed anthelmintic properties, with paralysis at 37±0.6 min and death at 50±0.3 min at 100 mg/ml. A. paniculata extract was more potent than AI, causing paralysis at 24±0.1 min and death at 27±0.1 min at the same concentration. Notably, the combined extract of AI and AP displayed a synergistic or additive effect, significantly enhancing anthelmintic activity. At 100 mg/ml, the combination induced paralysis in 19±0.4 min and death in 21±0.8 min, comparable to Albendazole's efficacy (paralysis at 75 mg/ml: 17±0.9 min; death at 100 mg/ml: 22±0.4 min). These findings suggest that the polyherbal combination of A. indica and A. paniculata is a promising candidate for a viable alternative or complementary therapy for helminth infections, potentially mitigating drug resistance
Microbial Biodegradation of Plastics: A Sustainable Approach to Pollution Control
Get PDFPlastic pollutants caused by synthetic materials do not naturally break and are difficult to take out which is why it has become a global problem. Landfills and incinerators damage the environment, so seeking sustainable solutions matters a lot today. Natural processes with microbes can break plastics apart so they are safe for the environment. It goes into detail about studies that investigate plastic breakdown by microbes, listing the species involved and the methos they employ and also explaining any variables that affect their work. A number of studies indicate that progress in genetics and microbial fields has led to faster decomposition of toxins. The material covers the obstacles including the slow breakup of plastic, possible harm from environmental changes and the difficulty in spreading the practice. With the use of studies and different experiments, the research looks for methods to apply microbial biodegradation for handling pollution. Researchers in biodegradation investigate the ways that microbial enzymes as hydrolases and oxygenases assist biodegradation as well as what environmental factors benefit it the most. At the closing, we review possible solutions for plastic pollution that involve synthetic biology, biotechnology and government laws. It shows that having microbes biodegrade plastic as this is a major pathway for addressing plastic waste and encourages people to find solutions with scientific exploration and engineering methods
Behavioral Responses of Betta splendens to Environmental Factors
Get PDFEnvironmental conditions play a crucial role in shaping the behavioral patterns and overall welfare of aquarium fish species. This study examined the effects of three specific environmental factors—tank size, colored lighting, and sound exposure—on the behavior of male Betta splendens (Siamese fighting fish). Experiments were conducted under controlled indoor conditions, and behavioral responses were assessed based on swimming activity, exploration, hiding, resting, and aggression. Results indicated that larger tanks promoted natural and active behavior, while restricted spaces increased signs of stress such as hiding and inactivity. Lighting color significantly influenced aggression and exploratory patterns, with red light inducing more territorial behavior and blue light eliciting calmness and curiosity. Exposure to natural underwater sounds supported active behavior, whereas artificial piano music caused increased hiding and resting. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing captive environments for Betta splendens, both for enhancing welfare and maintaining natural behavior in ornamental settings
Use and application of herbal preparations against pebrin disease in Bombyx mori L. populations
Get PDFThe serious threat posed by pebrin disease of mulberry silkworm to sericulture, the limitations of existing control methods, and the relevance of searching for herbal alternatives are substantiated. The aim of the study is to study in the condition in vitro and in vivo effects of selected plant extracts from the rich vegetation of Azerbaijan against pebrin spores and to develop safe and effective herbal preparations for use in sericulture farms.The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevention and treatment of pebrin disease by a number of plant extracts used in traditional medicine (on worms emerging from naturally diseased grenae of the Namazli-2 genus). The diseased grenae had been divided into 3 parts. The first part - worms that were treated with grenae based on the existing methodology and emerged from the affected grenae were given feed soaked in plain water twice a day until the end of feeding. The second part - worms that emerged from the affected grenae were given feed soaked with herbal preparations (wormwood, mint, garlic extract, citric acid) twice a day starting from the first feeding. The third part - worms that emerged from the diseased grenae that were not affected by the preparations were given feed soaked with the above herbal preparations twice a day starting from the first feeding.As a control for the experiment, in 3 repetitions, 150 worms in each repetition, worms that emerged from naturally diseased grenae and also from healthy grenae were fed with leaves soaked in plain water twice a day.While the total mortality from Pebrin disease was 14.23% in the control, this indicator was 4.00-7.00% in the experimental variants. The survival rate of worms was also higher in the experimental variants (94.00-96.00%) compared to the control (85.78). If the cocoon yield from one box was 72.0 kg in the diseased control variant, the cocoon yield increased to 80-85 kg in the trial of herbal preparations
Genetic Diversity and Trait Contribution in Rice Genotypes Using Mahalanobis D² Statistic
Get PDFRice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food for over half of the global population, Salinity is a major abiotic stress limiting rice productivity, especially in coastal and irrigated regions. Excess salts disrupt plant metabolism, reduce water uptake, and impair growth. Rice, being salt-sensitive at seedling and reproductive stages, requires genetic improvement and adaptive strategies to ensure stable yields under saline conditions. This study, conducted during the Kharif 2024 season at the Centre of Excellence for Rice, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, evaluated 121 rice genotypes along with four checks (CSR-10, CSR-36, Sarjoo-52, and MTU-7029) under saline conditions. The experimental design followed an Augmented Block Design with a spacing of 20 cm between rows and 15 cm between plants. Genetic divergence was assessed using Tocher method D² statistics across 13 yield-related traits. The analysis grouped the genotypes into nine clusters using Tocher's method, revealing significant genetic diversity. Intra-cluster distances ranged from 0.00 (Clusters III, IV, VI, IX) to 4750.90 (Cluster VIII), while the maximum inter-cluster distance was 64.863 between Clusters V and IX. Traits contributing most to genetic divergence included the total number of spikelets per panicle (48.39%), biological yield per plant (14.50%), filled spikelets per panicle (13.83%), flag leaf area (11.54%), and plant height (7.02%). These findings underscore the importance of utilizing genetically diverse parents in hybridization programs to develop high-yielding, protein-rich rice varieties, thereby addressing malnutrition and enhancing food security
Molecular Phylogenetics of Six Dragonfly Species (Odonata: Anisoptera: Libellulidae) of Udaipur Region (Rajasthan)
Get PDFIn current study, mitochondrial COI gene sequencing of six species of dragonflies (Anisoptera: Libellulidae) collected from Udai Sagar lake of Udaipur region was done using Sanger sequencing protocol. All six reported species shows 100% similarity to the NCBI Genbank database. Molecular phylogenesis was done using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool). All six Sequences were submitted to Genbank, which would be useful to identify dragonflies in future studies. This study provides phylogeny trees and idea of evolutionary relationship of six dragonfly species
Acidic soil, Environmental extent, and different strategies of reclamation– A Review
Get PDFSoil is a crucial ingredient in the creation of agricultural goods. The production of this soil diminishes whenever it loses its fertility, regardless of whether the cause is acidity or alkalinity. This review focuses on the issues crops face due to soil acidity. The soil's acidity represents the most significant challenge confronting the worldwide food producing business. Acidic soil can occur in every geographical region worldwide. This review primarily examines global regions characterized by acidic soils. This page extensively discusses the chemical and biological approaches for reclaiming acid soils, accompanied by various examples and case studies
VALIDATED DISSOLUTION METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF TAMSULOSIN HCL AND TADALAFIL TABLET DOSAGE FORM USING RP-HPLC
Get PDFTesting for drug dissolution is a crucial step in pharmaceutical development and continuous quality control of medication release characteristics. Drug in-vitro behaviour has been effectively described using profiles obtained from dissolution rate experiments. The current work addresses the development and validation of RP-HPLC for the detection of Tadalafil and Tamsulosin HCL in tablet and bulk drug formulations, as well as its use in in-vitro dissolving studies. Chromatography was carried on Bakerbond C18 (250 mm X4.6 ID) having particle size 5 micron the analytical coloum using Mobile phase pH 6.8 Phosphate buffer :Acetonitrile (70:30 v/v) at a flow rate 0.8 ml/min. The detection was carried out at wavelength 244 nm. Tamsulosin HCL and Tadalafil were shown to have retention times of 2.8 and 4.5 minutes, respectively. 0.1 N HCl dissolving Medium was used to analyse the dissolving pattern.A time point of 45 minutes was selected, and a USP Type I apparatus was employed with 100 RPM. For Tamsulosin HCL, the correlation coefficient was 0.9994, while for Tadalafil, it was 0.9974. Regarding linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, ruggedness, specificity, and system applicability, the proposed approach was found to be valid. The recovery rate was determined to be between 99.63 and 101.04%. The method employed was specific for the identification and quantification of tadalafil and tamsulosin HCL in samples of dissolution and was accurate, precise, and linear over the analytical range
In Vitro α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibition and Phytochemical Profiling of Methanolic Extract of Leea asiatica
Get PDFBackgroundThe rise in world cases of type 2 diabetes has made finding secure and natural antidiabetic treatments more important. Although it has many naturally occurring active ingredients, the enzyme-inhibitory effects of Leea asiatica have not often been studied.ObjectiveAssessing the ability of Leea asiatica methanolic leaf extract to block α-amylase and α-glucosidase as in vitro antidiabetic tests and also performing initial screening of phytochemicals.MethodsLeea asiatica leaves were Soxhlet-extracted in methanol and screened for various phytochemicals. The extract was assessed for its power to stop α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes using well-known colorimetric tests in a test tube. Acarbose was used as the reference drug. The degree of IC₅₀ was measured using dose-response plots to find the strongest inhibitors.ResultsAfter analysis, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and phenolic compounds were identified. At increasing concentrations of the ex-tract, both α-amylase and α-glucosidase were inhibited. Results indicated that the extract shows similar action to acarbose in controlling blood sugar after a meal.ConclusionResearchers have demonstrated that the rich chemical composition of methanolic leaf extract from Leea asiatica helps it achieve high in vitro inhibition of carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes. Evidence shows that it could be used for antidiabetes in tradi-tional medicine, so more work should be done to determine how it works and to isolate its key components