International Journal of Pharmacy & Integrated Health Sciences
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EDITORIAL
No full textIt gives me great pleasure to offer this issue to the International Journal of Pharmacy & Integrated Health Sciences (IJPIHS), which focuses on cutting-edge concepts in biological, and pharmaceutical and had the potential to develop an understanding of the need to optimize drug delivery. This issue will offer a diverse cornucopia from which knowledge and fresh insights can be gleaned. The IJPIHS reflects the growing interest in a variety of health sciences fields and offers novel and practical findings in the areas of environmental sciences, pharmaceutical chemistry, genetic engineering pharmaceutics, pharmacology, bioinformatics, pharmacogenomics, natural product research, biotechnology, and nanotechnology
NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF BACTERIOCINS IN FOOD AND IMPACT ON HUMAN HEALTH
No full textBackground: Bacteriocins are proteins groups, produced by gram-positive bacteria having the potential to use as food preservatives and antibacterial agents. Objectives: This review is aim to provide a comprehensive information on bacteriocins and their application. Methodology: Different databases were searched to find relevant information. Results: The protein of bacteriocins is ribosomal synthesized peptides. These proteins are produced by protein synthesis mechanism within a cell with amino acid composition ranging from 30 to 60 amino acids. The peptides have a narrow to wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria, and their antibacterial properties remain intact even when exposed to heat. Bacteriocins proteins can be used in hot environments, such as cooking and food preparation, without losing their effectiveness. Additionally, the producer strain of Bacteriocins can provide a degree of self-protection against its own antibacterial peptide. Other than bacteriocins, specific LAB may generate antimicrobial peptides aiding in the preservation and safety of food due to production of cyclic dipeptides. Nisin is non-toxic, produced by generally recognized as safe (GRAS) bacteria, and quickly eliminated in the digestive system. Bacteriocins does not adversely affect the gut microflora. Conclusion: The bacteriocins can provide immunity for foods, allowing processors to maintain their desired microbial balance even after manufacture is complete
DEVELOPMENT OF ALOE VERA BASED FUNCTIONAL DRINK
No full textBackground: Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis miller) is composed of minerals, vitamins, polysaccharides, enzymes, phenolic compounds, amino acids, and antioxidants which provide numerous health benefits such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiviral. Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are high in polyphenols has a substantial impact on preventing cancer and heart disorders. In the beverage sector, recent work is based on the combination of functional ingredients. Aloe vera and grapes drinks are highly nutritious functional drinks that prevent different diseases. Objectives: This study investigated how Aloe vera juice improved the nutritional profile of grape juice and its sensory properties. Several parameters of the functional drink were investigated, including its physiological characteristics, oxidative stability, microbial load, and organoleptic properties. Methodology: Statistix 8.1 was used for the application of statistics, Tukey HSD Post Hoc analysis, and Two-way ANOVA was utilized for the inspection of data obtained after analysis. Different concentrations of grape juice and Aloe vera were mixed to prepare the functional beverage which is stored at 4oC temperature for 28 days. Results: the study outcomes revealed significantly improved effects in microbial analysis; maximum load of 7.68 ± 0.19, and non-significantly increasing effects were observed in titratable acidity (0.9900±0.01), ash content (0.223±0.01), dissolved solids (0.1450±0.001), and total solids (3.90±0.1) and non-significantly decreasing effects were observed in pH, total flavonoid content, and viscosity. Conclusions: Functional drink contained more nutrients when grapes and Aloe vera were combined. Among the treatments evaluated, treatment T3 with 60 percent grape juice and 40 percent Aloe vera juice produced the best sensory results
EVALUATION OF HYPERTENSION AWARENESS AMONG GENERAL POPULATION IN BAHAWALPUR, PAKISTAN: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
No full textBackground: Globally, hypertension is one of the five major causes of death and has been identified as a serious public health issue. Hypertension therapy depends on patients\u27 education, attitude, and awareness. The amount of public knowledge affects health policy. Still, there is lack of awareness about hypertension among the general population. Objectives: This research was conducted to assess the prevalence and awareness of hypertension (HTN) in the Bahawalpur region. Methodology: A descriptive Cross-sectional study was performed among the general population in Bahawalpur with a self-structured questionnaire from March to June 2017. The questionnaire consisted of 35-questions, covering sociodemographic characteristics, disease awareness, disease management and prevention. Convenience sampling method was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied using the IBM SPSS version 20. Results: This survey had 420 respondents in total, for a response rate of nearly 88%. Participants\u27 average age was 26.04 years and their standard deviation was 9.605 years. The majority of participants were female (49.1%). Only three individuals achieved a score of 20 and the mean score was 13.90 ± 2.803 out of 20. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis Males considerably outperformed females in the U-test for hypertension awareness (p>0.05). Additionally, living in an urban area, having better education, and having a higher socioeconomic level were all strongly linked to greater awareness of hypertension. Conclusion: These results showed urgent need for healthcare practitioners to pay attention to hypertension awareness campaigns. to reduce the anticipated prevalence of hypertension, researchers and policymakers must take necessary action
CURRENT TRENDS AND AVAILABILITY OF INJECTABLE THERAPY IN PAKISTAN FOR MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
No full textBackground: Diabetes is a metabolic disorder and is a growing healthcare problem in South Asian countries. The management guidelines provided by American Diabetes Association (ADA) have provided a thorough approach for the use of oral and injectable therapies. Current statistics indicate an increase in premature mortality, which poses a severe danger to global prosperity. Sulphonylureas, biguanides, alpha glucosidase inhibitors and thiazolidinediones are examples of recent generations of drugs that have been created as a result of scientific and technological developments and have a high efficacy in reducing hyperglycemia. Objectives: This communication aims to connote the trends and availability of injectable therapy in lower middle income countries. Methodology: We reviewed a number of studies (published between 2010-2020), a market survey for availability and the Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan official website for the registration status of newly registered injectable therapy for managing diabetes mellitus. Results: Novel classes of drugs that have been developed as potential targets for diabetes treatment drugs include Incretin mimics, Amylin analogues, GIP analogues, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. In Pakistan and other parts of the world, getting new insulin products in sufficient quantities has always been demanding. A list of imported insulin and GLP-1 products and their availability in lower middle income countries like Pakistan, India and Bangladesh is made so as to meet international standards. Conclusion: This short communicatiob shows the availability of Injectable therapy for management of diabetes in Pakistan.
VITAMIN C AND CRANBERRY EXTRACT EFFERVESCENT TABLET FORMULATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND EVALUATION
No full textBackground: Effervescent floating tablets are used oral dosage form, to enhance the patient compliance, drug bioavailability and to increase the absorption rate. Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), widely used as a preventive agent against urinary tract infections, also suggested for Type II diabetes, myalgic encephalomyelitis, scurvy, and as a diuretic pill for being rich in nutrients and anti-oxidant properties. Objectives: The aim of the study is to formulate and evaluate the effervescent tablets of Cranberry and Vitamin C. Methodology: As per defined criteria of US FDA, effervescent tablet as per composition is formulated by citric acid and sodium bicarbonate and intended to dissolve in water before administration. Active substance and excipient compatibility studies were done by UV and FTIR, resulted absence of any interaction. Pre-formulation studies including Bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Hausner’s ratio, Carr’s index and water content. Results: Formulations were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, pH of solution, drug dissolution time, content uniformity as defined specification of U.S.P and BP. Stability and storage condition studies were also monitored with average results of 96% drug assay and dissolution. All the results showed excellent formulation of tablet and flow properties of granules. Conclusion: Further studies required to approach targeted and spontaneous release of active as optimized effervescence maybe helpful in delivery of actives and enhancing patient compliance
COSMECEUTICALS: THE BIOACTIVE ELEMENTS IN NEW-AGE BEAUTY PRODUCTS
No full textBackground: Cosmeceuticals are defined as products that bridge the gap between cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. They are intended to affect the biology of the skin, and as such, their effects often go beyond the simple improvement of the appearance of the skin. The bioactive elements in cosmeceuticals may include traditional pharmaceutical ingredients, herbal extracts, or other biologically active agents. The end user\u27s needs drive the choice of bioactive elements in a cosmeceutical product. Objectives: In this review, we discuss the various bioactive elements used in cosmeceuticals and their potential disadvantages or benefits for skin health. Methodology: The most relevant literature was retrieved by using different electronic databases. Results: Safety is a feature that is frequently valued when categorizing these cosmeceuticals, and the prevalence of cosmeceuticals exhibited a rising trend due to the expanding beauty business. As the market expands and therapeutic possibilities continue to become realistic options for component selection, the desire for cosmeceuticals is clear. Conclusion: These cosmeceuticals may reduce the effects of aging or even out skin color, but their protective qualities will always make them the preferred choice
ASSESSING STROKE PATIENTS\u27 TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS TO ENHANCE THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
No full textBackground: Stroke is the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Global stroke rates rise with age. Socioeconomic factors make low- and middle-income youth more susceptible to stroke. Objectives: This study assessed many strokes incidence and predictive factors in Pakistan. Methodology: Stroke cases were studied at Peshawar Postgraduate Hospital. The study comprised consenting patients with recent first-time or recurrent strokes without secondary causes. Results: Our study found that strokes are more common in men (88%) and those over 63. The satisfied income group (72%) and urban population (60%) were the most affected. Ischemic type affected 84% of these cases. Anatomical MRI data shows that a stroke can impact any brain region. Hypertension (55%), with a mean blood pressure of 136/84 and 109/67mm Hg in male and female patients, respectively, was the main risk factor for stroke. Stroke victims\u27 lipid levels were mostly normal. Aspiration pneumonia occurred in 19% of stroke patients. Blood chemistry assays for haemoglobin, total lymphocyte count, blood urea, alkaline phosphatase, and random blood sugar showed significant alterations. 28%, 47%, and 5% of patients\u27 prescription regimens had minor, major, and severe interactions, respectively. Conclusion: Our study found that urban Khyber Pakhtoon Khwa inhabitants have a higher stroke risk than rural residents. These patients had mostly ischemic strokes. This paper summarizes stroke demographics, kinds, and interactions to help discover effective treatments for this potentially fatal disorder
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SELF EMULSIFYING SOLID DISPERSIONS OF MEBENDAZOLE TO IMPROVE SOLUBILITY
No full textBackground: In drug development process, poor aqueous solubility is one of the challenging factors. To design an oral dosage form, poor bioavailability is the major challenge. Objectives: The aim of this study was to improve the solubility of mebendazole (MBZ) by formulating solid dispersion (SDS) and self-emulsifying solid dispersions (SESDS). Mebendazole is an BCS class II drug having low solubility and can ultimately lead to poor absorption and low bioavailability. Methodology: Physical mixture and kneading method were employed to enhance the solubility of MBZ and prepare SDS and SESDS using poloxamer-188 as the hydrophilic carrier. Soybean oil, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and Transcutol-P were used as oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. Eight formulations were designed to formulate SDS by varying the ratios of MBZ and Poloxamer-188 (1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4). All formulations were evaluated for solubility studies, and a formulation that showed maximum enhanced solubility was selected to prepare SESDS of mebendazole. All of the prepared formulations were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy to check chemical interactions, crystallinity, thermal stability, drug entrapment and morphological changes, respectively. Results: The results show that SDS and SESDS improved solubility compared to that of a pure drug. However, SESDS prepared using kneading methods showed the highest drug solubility (6.61 folds) as compared to pure drug. Conclusion: The study concluded that solubility of MBZ improved due to increased wettability, hydrophilicity of carrier and reduced crystallinity
ASSESSMENT OF THE STUDENTS IN PHARMACY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTES OF LAHORE, PAKISTAN, REGARDING COVID-19 AND ITS IMPACT ON THEIR EDUCATION: AN ONLINE CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY
No full textBackground: Globally, COVID-19 pandemic has drastically trembled day to day activities, including education. Objective: This study aims to assess students studying at pharmacy institutes that are located in Lahore, Pakistan. Methodology: An online cross-sectional survey was performed from 25th August to 25th December, 2020 in order to collect the data from students. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version: 25) was used to commute descriptive statistics and independent t-test. Results: Total 471 responses were received out of which 261 (55.4%) females and 210 (44.6%) males participated in this study. The majority of population 429 (91.1%) belonged to Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm-D) in comparison to 33 (6%) M.Phil./MS and 9 (1.9%) PhD scholars. The summary of the results with maximum response against each question is: 201 (42.7%) participants were not satisfied by e-lectures, 435 (92.4%) had internet availability, 354 (75.2%) replied they were guided before switching to online teaching, 201 (42.7%) claimed they understood e-lectures thoroughly, 420 (89.2%) faced internet and voice interruptions, 420 (89.2%) said their lab and research work got disturbed during pandemic, 261 (55.4%) were satisfied with their assessment, 273 (58%) said that pandemic had affected their mental health and 366 (77.7%) students were optimistic and wished they could study physically in their institutes. Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic affects the education system in a worst possible way. Once this pandemic is over, proper policies should be developed by the government and pharmacy institutes to facilitate students regarding clinical rounds, industrial internships and retail rotations so they can perform well in their professional field