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Palladium and Zinc Oxide particles
No full textA Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Department of Physics at the University of Zululand, South Africa [2024].The detection of odours emitted by meat products when they start to spoil remains a challenge. In response to this, materials of ZnO decorated with palladium nanoparticles were synthesised using the hydrothermal method for the purpose of testing their gas sensing properties. After the synthesis of these nanoparticles, various characterization techniques for the investigation of both physical and chemical properties were employed. Different percentages of Palladium ranging between 0.2% and 0.7% from a PdCl2 precursor with 99.9% purity were used during the synthesis. A gas sensor was fabricated through the drop casting method on a gold grid. These gas sensor samples were exposed to both reducing and oxidizing gases. Sensing was performed at a temperature from 25°C to 225°C. The best result was obtained at 150°C using 0.2%Pd-ZnO sensor for NO2 gas sensing. A sensitivity of 3.8 was recorded, with both response time and recovery time of 3.5 minutes. The 0.5%Pd-ZnO sensor performs well at room temperature for CO2, SO2, and ethanol gases.
OKUHUNYUSHWE NGOLIMI LWESIZULU
Ukutholakala kwephunga elikhishwa yinyama lapho isiqala ukubola kuseyinselelo. Ukuphendula lokhu, izinto ze-ZnO ezihlotshiswe nge-palladium (Pd) nanoparticles zahlanganiswa kusetshenziswa indlela ye-hydrothermal ngenhloso yokuhlola izakhiwo zabo zokuzwa igesi. Ngemva kokuhlanganiswa kwalawa ma-nanoparticles, kwasetshenziswa amasu ahlukahlukene kucutshungulwa izakhiwo ezingokomzimba nezamakhemikhali. Amaphesenti ahlukene e-Palladium aphakathi kuka-0.2% no-0.7% kusukela ku- PdCl2 eyandulelayo enobumsulwa obungu-99.9% asetshenziswe ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa. Inzwa yegesi yakhiwe ngendlela yokulahla phansi kugridi yegolide. Lawa masampula enzwa yegesi avezwe kukho kokubili amagesi anciphisa nawoku-oxidizing. Ukuzwa kwenziwa ezingeni lokushisa elisuka ku-25°C kuya ku-225°C. Umphumela omuhle kakhulu utholwe ku-150°C kusetshenziswa inzwa engu-0.2% Pd-ZnO yenzwa yegesi engu- NO2. Ukuzwela kwe-3.8 kwarekhodwa, nakho kokubili isikhathi sokuphendula nesikhathi sokuthola kabusha semizuzu ye-3.5. Inzwa engu-0.5% Pd-ZnO isebenza kahle ekamelweni lokushisa le- CO2, SO2, kanye negesi ye-ethanol
Child sexual abuse
No full textA thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Community Psychology in the Department of Psychology at the University of Zululand, South Africa [2024].The study investigated the phenomenological inquiry into the lived experiences of adult male perpetrators of child sexual abuse. The study indicated that child sexual abuse is a global problem that has significant consequences for public health, that has been a prominent topic for public concern for more than a decade, but many basic facts about the problem remain unclear or in dispute. In this study, the focus was not on the victim but the perpetrator of sexual abuse. Sexual offending is one of the most heinous criminal acts and many theories have tried to explain sex crimes and sex offenders. The researcher aimed at enabling ten adult male sexual offenders to describe explicitly their lived experience of child sexual abuse. A semi-structured interview and audio-tape recording were used in which offenders were asked to describe their feelings before, during the process and after sexually abusing the child. Participants were sentenced and in treatment programmes at Qalakabusha Correctional Supervision Centre at Empangeni in KwaZulu-Natal. They were all Zulu speaking Blacks and their ages ranged from 18-73 years. Svensson’s (1986) and Sedala (2001) phenomenological methods were used in analysing data. According to the findings of this study, the main significant elements that drove these criminals to sexually assault children were a conflictual adult heterosexual relationship, sexual issues they were apparently suffering, and the knowledge that other females had more than one sexual partner. Furthermore, the results suggested that perpetrators saw children to be sexually fulfilling, non-judgmental, non-threatening, and welcoming. The ramifications for future research, as well as the study's strengths and weaknesses, were discussed. The results might be utilized to develop methods and techniques of reducing the prevalence of sexual abuse
Neoplatonic reception of Yoga in antiquity
Full text linkA thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy and Applied Ethics at the University of Zululand, South Africa [2023].This work responds to the – largely consensual – assumption, held over a century, that the Christian Orthodox meditation form of Hesychasm owes essential features to Yoga. The time and pathway of this reception has so far remained unclear. With a set of theoretical tools I investigate, how, why, when, and by which pathway, it took place, and fathom its depth. I show that this reception did not go directly from (Hindu) Yoga into Christian Orthodoxy, but by mediation through formations of spiritually engaged philosophies of Hellenistic and Greco-Roman culture in Antiquity, especially Neoplatonism, and from thence into Christian Orthodox monasticism, by the end of this era. In this way, this study makes an original, and long overdue, contribution to the field.
Yoga, as practice and doctrine, comprises ‘eight steps’. These are described, fairly consistently, in Yogic tradition and commentaries over centuries, already in Antiquity. They have been recognised to exist in Hesychasm, in principle, but not in systematic detail. I identify them in the literature of Hesychasm, from early on, in late Antiquity, up to the culmination of Hesychast theory in the 14th century. I show that they can be regarded as a set of significant, symbolic, and performative, practices, processes, phenomena, perceptions, ritual elements and experiences, with their supporting metaphysical concepts, and social forms. This system has not been analysed in coherence, for Hesychasm, so far.
As to design and method, I apply the systemic Theory of Syncretism, as conceptualising the structured reception of foreign elements by a receiving religion, that is transformed in the process, reasserting itself. The extended cultural and religious contact, as well as the perception of the alien elements as compatible and useful, are identified here. Therefore, I trace the historiography of exchange between the Indian and the Greco-Roman realms, their mutual philosophical understanding, the appreciation of Yogis in the latter, and encounters, as documented by Neoplatonists and Christian authors of the patristic age. As main realm of this transfer, Alexandria is identified, as centre of commerce, academic Neoplatonism, religious syncretism, and of Pagan-Christian coherent systems, I apply perspectives of Embodiment and Habitus. The consistency of Yoga and Hesychasm is conceptualised as ‘Formations of Longue Durée’.
I show that the reception did not only comprise (external) features of body practices, such as breathing meditation, postures, the calming of the mind and stillness, self-awareness, ‘energetic centres’ of the body, such as the ‘heart’, and the navel region, but also philosophical, anthropological and cosmological notions, especially the concept and role of ‘pneuma’ and ‘prana’, in relation to body, intellect, and the Divine. I also compare the perceptions and phenomena of ‘spiritual light’ and their conceptualisation. Here, Neoplatonism, as mediating formation, but also Cynicism, is shown to be important. As a feature of ‘Tantra’, I identify the mantra-like invocation of the ‘holy name’, the ‘Jesus-Prayer’, as indication that this reception lasted into very late Antiquity. Thus, I work out a long-standing assumption of reception of Yoga into Hesychasm. Furthermore, I show it to comprise not merely elements of practice, but also their symbolism, philosophical, and systemic significance.
Regarding purpose, I show that a comparison of religious-philosophical literature of Yoga, and of Hesychasm, remains meaningful, and should comprise both the knowledge of their historical and systematic connection. (The theological implications remain to be worked out further.) In view of the deep global reception of Yoga, and the renewed interest in Hesychasm, over the past century, in Orthodoxy, and in other denominations of Christianity, the identification of their relation is of interest, systematically and historically. In view of rising interest in inter-cultural, and inter-religious exchange, this study is intended to present a profound and formative case of such processes. It shows that a Euro-centric perspective, that takes only the Middle East as wider realm of origin into regard, is insufficient to understand this most eminent form of Christian meditation. Considering that Syncretism Theory focusses on ‘reception’, a merely ‘Orientalising’ view is avoided, to ascribe mystic ‘Indian origins’ as form of mystic legitimisation. Rather, the ‘agency’ of active interest, understanding, and ensuing systematic appropriation, as source of new development, is taken into view in this study, of a paradigmatic case
An analysis of the impasse reading disorder in the foundation phase in selected Nkandla Circuit Schools
No full textThesis submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education in the Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education at the University of Zululand, South Africa [2024].The aim of the study was to explore the phenomenon of reading disorders regarding learners in the Foundation Phase in selected Nkandla Circuit schools, situated in KwaZulu Natal in the Republic of South Africa. There is a crisis in that learners in the Foundation Phase cannot read for meaning and proficiently. Reading disorders among Foundation Phase learners pose significant challenges to early education. The purpose of this study is also to explore what triggers these reading disorders and how to curb it. Identifying obstacles to reading in the Foundation Phase allows for early intervention.
A qualitative research approach was adopted with the purpose of finding more details from participants, using a case study design. Purposive sampling was utilised to select suitable participants, which were 6 Foundation Phase educators in selected primary schools in the rural area of Nkandla Circuit. Semi-structured interviews and non-participant 6 class observations were employed to collect data. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse qualitative data. A sociocultural theoretical framework was the theory that guided this study. Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory emphasises the role of social interactions and cultural context in the development of cognitive processes, including learning and problem-solving (Rahmatirad, 2020).
The transformative paradigm was utilised in this study, because the transformative paradigm is well-suited for influencing policy changes. All learners, regardless of their abilities or challenges, deserve equal opportunities to succeed. Supporting learners with reading disorders fosters inclusivity and academic excellence. Findings of this study revealed that a socioeconomic status has a negative impact in teaching and learning. Because of the shortage of reading materials, learners are not receiving enough support from their educators. The educators were also not well-equipped with reading skills, and they concurred during semi-structured interviews that they need extensive professional development and collaboration with educators that are from special needs’ schools. Based on the findings, this study recommend that the Department of Education should supply all schools with enough reading material and assistive technology devices, to accommodate learners with learning challenges. It further recommended that the Department of Education must provide extensive professional development to educators, especially giving them the skills to meet learners with learning challenges, such as reading disorders and dysgraphia
Provision of quality education in selected disadvantaged schools in uMkhanyakude Education District: the application of participative leadership model in motivating educators
No full textDisadvantaged schools are historically marginalised regarding teaching and learning resources in South Africa; hence, quality education is not accessible to everyone. This study investigates the application of the participative leadership model in motivating educators to provide quality education in schools. The literature indicates that the participative leadership model needs to be considered in motivating educators to provide quality education. As a qualitative study, the qualitative design was used to investigate the application of the participative leadership model in motivating educators to provide quality education in schools. A population from Post Level 1 (PL1) educators to the School Management Teams (SMTs), especially in disadvantaged schools was used to collect data. Purposive sampling was adopted to select information-rich participants from a population to contribute meaningfully to the body of knowledge. An in-depth interview schedule was used to collect data from principals, deputy principals and departmental heads, while the focus group discussion schedule was used to collect data from PL1 educators. Trustworthiness was observed to ensure credibility and reliability of the research instruments and findings. As a qualitative study, thematic analysis was used to analyse and present the findings. The findings show that educators are motivated by engagement in school decisions and programmes to shape the school direction. On the grounds of the findings captured, this study concludes that school leaders who are still trapped in traditional leadership approaches discourage educators from striving for quality education. When school leaders isolate educators in running schools, educators do not take responsibility for providing quality education and achieving the school goals. As such, this study recommends that educators be involved in school decisions and programmes as the participative leadership model stresses democratisation of school processes, so that the school goals are achieved. It is also recommended that a study on the provision of quality education in selected disadvantaged schools in Umkhanyakude Education District: the application of participative leadership model in motivating educators should be extended across the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province.Disadvantaged schools are historically marginalised regarding teaching and learning resources in South Africa; hence, quality education is not accessible to everyone. This study investigates the application of the participative leadership model in motivating educators to provide quality education in schools. The literature indicates that the participative leadership model needs to be considered in motivating educators to provide quality education. As a qualitative study, the qualitative design was used to investigate the application of the participative leadership model in motivating educators to provide quality education in schools. A population from Post Level 1 (PL1) educators to the School Management Teams (SMTs), especially in disadvantaged schools was used to collect data. Purposive sampling was adopted to select information-rich participants from a population to contribute meaningfully to the body of knowledge. An in-depth interview schedule was used to collect data from principals, deputy principals and departmental heads, while the focus group discussion schedule was used to collect data from PL1 educators. Trustworthiness was observed to ensure credibility and reliability of the research instruments and findings. As a qualitative study, thematic analysis was used to analyse and present the findings. The findings show that educators are motivated by engagement in school decisions and programmes to shape the school direction. On the grounds of the findings captured, this study concludes that school leaders who are still trapped in traditional leadership approaches discourage educators from striving for quality education. When school leaders isolate educators in running schools, educators do not take responsibility for providing quality education and achieving the school goals. As such, this study recommends that educators be involved in school decisions and programmes as the participative leadership model stresses democratisation of school processes, so that the school goals are achieved. It is also recommended that a study on the provision of quality education in selected disadvantaged schools in Umkhanyakude Education District: the application of participative leadership model in motivating educators should be extended across the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province
Nutrition and phytochemicals
No full textA Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany in the Department of Botany at the University of Zululand, South Africa [2024].Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley, a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is valued for its many uses, serving as a crucial food source with edible plant parts such as leaves, shoots, fruit pulp, and seeds. However, studies on L. siceraria regarding the relationship between shoot, peduncle and fruit traits during growth; nutritional and phytochemical composition of sequentially harvested shoots and fruits; as well as genetic diversity among landraces using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, are limited. These studies are crucial for enhancing plant physiological understanding, optimizing crop yields, improving nutritional value, and preserving genetic diversity in L. siceraria. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to correlate shoot, peduncle, and fruits’ traits during growth; compare the nutritional composition of shoots and fruits, and phytochemical profile of fruits harvested at different maturity stages; and assess the genetic variability using SNP markers in L. siceraria landraces sourced from northern KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo, South Africa. Multivariate analyses were conducted along with the estimations of heritability. Harvested shoot, peduncle, and fruit traits showed significant variation (p < 0.05) within each growth period and at different growth stages. Peduncles of all landraces became shorter and thicker when fruits were elongating and widening, from 0–5 days after anthesis (DAA). Positive correlations were notable among all shoot traits (shoot length, shoot width, shoot fresh mass, shoot dry mass, and shoot moisture content), and peduncle width correlating with fruit length and width. The first three principal components explained 85% of the total variability. Clustering identified three main groups, with singlets for landraces KRI and NSRC. Landraces were clustered according to peduncle and fruit sizes, as well as availability of harvestable shoots. High heritability estimates were recorded for peduncle length (55.2%) and shoot width (60.2%).
Differences in nutrient attributes were significant within and among landraces where shoots and fruits were harvested at various growth stages. Nutritional traits correlated either positively or negatively with each other based on their translocation modes and similar chemical properties. The first five principal components explained 90.218% and 89.918% total variability in shoots and fruits, respectively. Micronutrients Ca, Mg, K, P, and N in shoots and macronutrients Fe, Zn, Cu, and Al in fruits, were the primary contributors of variability. Shoot nutrient content associated landraces into three major clusters, based on landraces with superior and inferior levels of specific nutrients at different growth stages, as well as those with distinctive nutrient profiles. Fruit nutrient status also grouped landraces into two major clusters, reflecting variations in nutrient content at different growth stages.
Phytochemical analysis identified five isoprenoids in fruits harvested at 7 DAA across all landraces, namely 1-Dodecene, 2,3-Dimethyldodecane, E-15-Heptadecenal, Eicosane, and Tridecane, 6-propyl. Lighter metabolites in molecular mass displayed shorter retention rates (9.08-16.29 min) with lower relative peak areas (1.09-6.97%), while heavier compounds exhibited longer retention rates (13.42-18.00 mins) with higher relative peak areas (2.25-11.41%). Landraces were grouped into five clusters based on fruit and seed attributes and significant isoprenoid units. Terpenoids were the predominant phytochemicals commonly identified among landraces’ fruits at different stages of growth, where 1-Dodecene; Decane,3,7-dimethyl-; 1-Octadecane; 1-Pentadecene; E-14-Hexadecenal; E-15-Heptadecenal; Eicosane; Tetradecane, 4-methyl; and Tridecane, 6-propyl-, were the highest contributors to variation. Correlation in phytochemicals was predominantly based on their availability at different fruit growth stages. Three distinct clusters grouped landraces according to the unique presence of phytochemicals at different stages of growth, as well as landraces with similar fruit traits and phytochemical availability at different growth stages.
Genetic variation at a single nucleotide base was identified among studied landraces, where the sequencing of 16 landraces revealed variations in the target genes ACS27 and CmFIS8. Molecular variance analysis and phylogenetic tree construction indicated variations among landraces. Sequenced landraces showed an average of 1.75 alleles, effective alleles at 0.419, Shannon’s information index at 0.403, expected heterozygosity at 0.265, gene flow at 6.80, and genetic differentiation at 0.082. Sequence variations were observed, and landraces were clustered based on genetic differences. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) indicated 100% variation among landraces of different origins.OKUHUNYUSHWE NGOLIMI LWESIZULU
OKUFINGQIWE
ISelwa ilungu lomndeni wezintanga elaziswa kakhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi yalo eminingi, njengoba lisebenza njengomthombo wokudla obalulekile ngenxa yamalunga esitshalo amaningi adliwayo okufaka kuwo namaqabunga, imiliba, ingaphakathi lezithelo, kanye nembewu. Noma kunjalo, ziyashoda izifundo (ucwaningo) ngamaSelwa mayelana nobudlelwane obubakhona phakathi kwemiliba, izingono kanye nezithelo ngesikhathi sokukhula; ukwakheka komsoco kanye nezivikelamzimba zemiliba kanye nezithelo ngesikhathi zivunwa ngokulandelana; kanye nokuhlukahluka kwamaSelwa kusetshenziswa indela yolibofuzo olubuka umehluko kwisakhi ngasodwana. Ngakho-ke, lolucwaningo lusebenzise amaSelwa asenyakatho neKwaZulu-Natali kanye naseLimpopo eNingizimu Afrika, ngezinhloso zokuhlobanisa izimpawu ezenzekayo nezibonakalayo phakathi kwemiliba, izingono, kanye nezithelo ngesikhathi zikhula; ukuqhathanisa ukwakheka komsoco (kwezakhamizimba) kwimiliba nezithelo, kanye nokwakheka kwezivikelamzimba yezithelo uma zivunwa ngezigaba ezahlukene zokukhula; kubuye kuhlolwe ukuhlukahluka kwamaSelwa kusetshenziswa indela yolibofuzo olubuka umehluko wesakhi ngasodwana. Ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela kwakubuka ukwehluka, ukuhlobana, ukuhlaziywa kwezingxenye eziyizinhloko (ezenza umehluko osobala), ukuhlaziya ngamaqoqo, nezilinganiso zofuzo. Kwatholakala ukwehlukahlukana okusobala (p < 0.05) kwimiliba, izingono nezithelo zeSelwa elilodwa ngezikhathi ezehlukene zokukhula, kanye namaSelwa ahlukene ehlolwa esigabeni esisodwa sokukhula. Kuzozonke izinhlobo zamaSelwa, uma amaSelwa ekhula kusukela osukwini lokuqala kuya kolwesihlanu emva kokwamukela inqakazo, izingono ziba mfishane zande ngomzimba ngesikhathi izithelo seluleka zibazinkulu ngesidumbu, Ukuhlobana okuhle kwaphawuleka phakathi kwalezizingxenye zamaSelwa nezikhathi ezihlukene zokukhula; lokhu kubonakala kwiSelwa ngalinye nalapho liqhathaniswa namanye. Izingxenye ezintathu zokuqala eziyinhloko zichaze okungamashumi ayisishagalombili nanhlanu ekhulwini (85%) kwengqikithi yokuhlukahluka. Ukuhlanganisa ngokuhlobana kuhlonze amaqoqo amathathu amakhulu amaSelwa ahlobene, bese kuthi izonhlobo ezibizwa ngo-KRI kanye no-NSRC zahlala ngazodwana. Lokhukuqoqana kwamaSelwa kwakwencike kakhulu kubunjalo bengono nezithelo kanye nokubakhona (ukutholakala) kwemiliba engavuneka (engakheka). Izilinganiso eziphezulu zokudluliselana ngofuzo zatholakala ubudeni bezingono (55.2%) kanye nobubanzi bemiliba (60.2%). Ubungako kanye nezinhlobo zezakhamizimba zemiliba nezezithelo zazehlukile kakhulu kwiSelwa ngalinye ngezikhathi ezehlukene zokukhula, kanye naphakathi kwamaSelwa ahlukene uma kuhlolwa esigabeni esisodwa. Izinhlobo ezehlukene zezakhamizimba zazihlobana kahle noma kabi, kususelwa ngokwezindlella ezihamba ngayo esitshalweni kanye kokwakheka kwazo. Izingxenye ezinhlanu zokuqala eziyizinhloko zichaze u-90.218% kanye no-89.918% wokuhlukahluka okuphelele kwemiliba nezithelo, ngokulandelana. Izakhamizimba ezingumthamo omkhulu okuyi-Ca, Mg, K, P, no-N kwimiliba, kanye nalezo ezingumthamo omncane okuyi-Fe, Zn, Cu, ne-Al ezithelweni, yizona ezibambe iqhaza ngokuyizinhloko ekuhlukeni. Izakhamizimba ezitholakala emilibeni zihlukanise amaSelwa ngokwamaqoqo amathathu amakhulu, kususelwa ebuningini noma ebincaneni bomthamo wezakhamizimba ezithize, kanye nezakhamizimba ezihlukile nje ngokwazo. Isimo sezakhamizimba wezithelo siphinde senza amaqoqo amabili amakhulu amaSelwa, okubonisa ukuhlukahluka ngokwezakhamizimba ezigabeni zokukhula ezihlukene.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezivikelamizimba ezithelweni zazozonke izinhlobo zamaSelwa emva kwezinsuku eziyisikhombisa zamukele inqakazo, kwahlonza ama-isoprenoid amahlanu, okuyi-1-Dodecene, 2,3-Dimethyldodecane, E-15-Heptadecenal, Eicosane, ne-Tridecane, 6-propyl ukuthi atholakala kuwo wonke amaSelwa. Lezozivikelamizimba ezinesisindo esilula zahlonzwa emva kwesikhathi esincane (imizuzu esukela ku 9.08–16.29) futhi emazingeni aphansi okubonakala komthamo (ubungako kwikhulu busukela ku 1.09–6.97), kuyilapho izinhlanganisela ezisindayo zabonakala emva kwesikhathi eside (imizuzu esukela ku 13.42–18.00) futhi zingumthamo ophakeme (ubungako kwikhulu busukela ku 2.25–11.41). AmaSelwa aba ngamaqoqo amahlanu kususelwa kwizimpawu zezithelo nembewu kanye nobukhulu bezinhlobo bezivikelamizimba. Izivikelamizimba ezikumndeni wama-Terpenoids yizona ezazitholakala kuzozonke izithelo zezinhlobo ezehlukene zamaSelwa ezigabeni ezahlukene zokukhula, lapho i-1-Dodecene; Decane,3,7-dimethyl-; 1-Octadecane; 1-Pentadecene; E-14-Hexadecenal; E-15-Heptadecenal; Eicosane; Tetradecane,4-methyl; kanye ne-Tridecane, 6-propyl-, babe negalelo eliphakeme kakhulu ekwehlukeni kwezinhlobo zamaSelwa ezigabeni ezehlukene zokukhula. Ukuhlobana kwezivikelamizimba kwakwencike kakhulu ekutholakaleni kwazo ezigabeni ezihlukene zokukhula kwezithelo. Amaqoqo amathathu ahlukene amaSelwa avela kususelwa kwizakhamzimba ezikhethekile futhi ezitholakala ngesikhathi esehlukile sokukhula, amaSelwa abukeka ehlobene ngaphandle, kanye nezakhamizimba ezifanayo kodwa ezivela ngezikhathi zokukhula ezehlukeneyo.
Ukwehluka kolibofuzo kusisekelo sesakhi esisodwa kwabonakala phakathi kwamaSelwa, lapho ukubala ngokulandelana kwezakhi ngazinye kumaSelwa ayishumi nesithupha kwaveza ukwahlukana okuboniswa iziphathifuzo okuyi-ACS27 ne-CmFIS8. Ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi zolibofuzo kanye nokuhlobana ngofuzo, kwakhombisa umehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo zamaSelwa. Ukubala ngokulandelana kwezakhi zolibofuzo phakathi kwamaSelwa kwaveza izilinganiso ezingu-1.75 zolibofuzo olukwaziyo ukushintshana phakathi kwembewu yabazali, esingu-0.49 solubofuzo olulindeleke ukuthi lushintshane phakathi kwabazali kuya enganeni, i-Shannon’s information index engu-0.403, kanye nokuhlukana okusobala okulindelekile kulibofuzo okungu-0.265, ukugeleza kweziphathifuzo ngokwezizukulwane okungu-6.80, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kolibofuzo okungu-0.082. Ukubala ngokulandelana kwezisekelo zezakhi ngazodwa zolibofuzo kwakhombisa ukwehlukana phakathi kwamaSelwa, kanti ukwehlukana kolibofuzo kwaba yimbangela yamaqoqo phakathi kwamaSelwa. Ukuhlukahluka kokulandelana kwezakhi zeziphathifuzo kwabonakala, kanti nezinhlobo zamaSelwa zenza amaqoqo ngokokuhlukana kolibofuzo lwazo. Izinhlobo zamaSelwa ezingezokudabuka ezindaweni ezehlukene zakhombisa ukungabi nabo ubuhlobo uma kuhlaziywa ngendlela yokubuka ukwahlukahlukana kwezakhi zolibofuzo
Composition on magnetic properties
Full text linkA Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Department of Physics and Engineering at the University of Zululand, South Africa [2023].This project presents the effects of particle size and composition on the magnetic
properties of ferrites investigated by magnetization and electron spin resonance
(ESR) spectroscopy. CuxMn1−xFe2O4, (Zn, Cd)Fe1.2Al0.8O4, NixCo1−xFe2O4 and
Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 nanoferrites were produced by glycol-thermal reaction under a low
reaction temperature of 200 ◦C. Structural properties were analysed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
For CuxMn1−xFe2O4, the majority of the XRD peaks were indexed to the cubic
spinel phase. However, a small impurity peak at 2θ ≈ 52◦ attributed to α-Fe2O3
and Mn2O3 phases for samples 0.4≤ x ≤ 0.8 was observed. The particle sizes varied
between 8 nm and 16 nm. The particle size for the sample x = 0.3 (Cu0.3Mn0.7O4),
which did not show any impurity phases was about 8 nm. The reduction of lattice
parameters as a function of increasing Cu content is attributed to the smaller Cu
replacing Mn ions. Magnetization data revealed superparamagnetic Cu0.3Mn0.7Fe2O4 fine particles and spin-glass behaviour. Enhanced magnetization and coercive fields at 10 K were explained by the core-shell model and spin freezing.
An attempt to produce (Zn, Cd)Fe1.2Al0.8O4 was made. The XRD spectrum of the
Cd-based sample showed impurity phases. XRD analysis showed clean ZnFe1.2Al0.8O4 with a particle size of about 6 nm. TEM images revealed nearly spherical particles with a reasonably narrow distribution of particle size which compared well with the value estimated from XRD data. ESR measurements showed a single-line signal indicative of dominant superexchange interactions. A small peak at very low magnetic field (about -500 ≤ H ≤ 500 G) was observed for the Zn- based oxide annealed at 1000 ◦C. This anomalous peak may be due to the low field microwave absorption(LFMA) phenomenon that is not fully understood in magnetic materials.
NixCo1−xFe2O4 were successfully indexed to the cubic spinel. An additional peak
associated with α-Fe2O3 was observed for samples with 0.7 ≤ x ≤ 0.9. XRD spectra
revealed crystallite sizes ranging from 8 nm to 13 nm. There was no significant change in lattice parameters with increasing Ni concentration due to the small difference in their atomic radii. The ESR results showed single-line signals. Additional resonances were observed at low fields which need further measurements. We suspect these additional resonance peaks to be due to LFMA. The Land´e g-values varied between 1.98 and 3.6.
Nanosized Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 fine particles with particle sizes of about 12 nm were
produced. XRD did not show any impurity phases. The as-prepared oxide was
annealed from 500 ◦C to 1100 ◦C to investigate particle size effects. Grain growth to about 46 nm was observed after annealing at 900 ◦C. ESR data revealed enhanced magnetization on the sample annealed at 900 ◦C due to the large ferromagnetic domains
Role of food street vending in empowering indigenous women in South Africa: Case study of uMhlathuze Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal
No full textThesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology and Development Studies at the University of Zululand, South Africa [2024].In this research project, I examined the role of Food Street vending in empowering black women in South Africa, using the case study of women street vendors in uMhlathuze Local Municipality in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Food street vending was a very popular phenomenon among black people in South Africa. Though popular, there was not yet enough academic research on how this phenomenon positively and/or negatively affected the empowerment of black women. In general, this type of vending entailed preparing and selling food and beverages on the streets and/or other public spaces with the aim of generating income. In this study, I deployed the decolonial feminist critique to examine both the generative environment behind the socio-economic status of black women in South Africa and how their involvement in a phenomenon such as food street vending affected their position within the patriarchal power structure. Thus, in this study, I examined the socio-economic background of black women involved in Food Street vending in uMhlathuze Local Municipality and how their involvement and participation in this activity had positively altered this background. In order to gain an in-depth understanding of the nature of the transformation brought about by the intervention of Food Street vending in the lives of black women, I deployed a mixed-method approach to generate both qualitative and quantitative data on the phenomenon. The main finding of the study was that the phenomenon of food street vending yielded several positive results for black women involved in this activity in terms of their empowerment. This was a development that disrupted and caused a diachronic change in the power structure of patriarchy. For instance, several black women who participated in food street vending gained financial independence and ‘voices’ in their homes as a result of their involvement in this activity
Development of strategies to reduce high failure rate among Learners at Etjendlovu Cluster Primary Schools
No full textDissertation submitted to the Faculty of Education in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education in the Department of Educational Foundations and Management at the University of Zululand, South Africa [2024].This study examined the rationale behind the use of a variety of teaching techniques by teachers to instruct learners in the four primary schools located in the Etjendlovu cluster of the Shiselweni region. It aimed to assess the effect of high failure rates on learners and to develop intervention strategies to mitigate it. Guided by Carl Rogers' Theory and employing a qualitative approach rooted in interpretivism, the study utilized semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), and observations. A maximum variation purposive sampling was employed to select 24 teachers, ensuring representation of the foundation, middle and Upper levels. All teachers participated in the FGD while three teachers were individually interviewed and observed during instruction per school. The study was cross-sectional and qualitative content analysis was utilized to identify themes within the data. The findings indicated that most teachers relied on lectures, discussions and question-and-answer methods, with minimal use of discovery approach. Lower and middle-level teachers incorporated the same methods with some songs and demonstrations. The study revealed that some learners exhibited improved behavior and academic performance when repeating a grade for the first time. However, the high failure rate was associated with several negative effects, including increased lateness, negative attitudes towards teachers and subjects, social isolation, school dropout, and low self-esteem. The study proposed a three-stage intervention strategy involving early planning, implementation, and conclusion. In the early planning stage, struggling learners, teachers and counselors devise support strategies. The implementation and conclusion stages involve executing the strategies with the assistance of headteachers and the Ministry of Education and Training until the learners successfully overcome failure. The study contributes to educational practices by suggesting interventions aimed at enhancing teaching effectiveness and reducing failure rates. Recommendations included employing qualified counselors and revising policies regarding teacher/learner ratios to facilitate the proposed interventions. Additionally, the study suggested conducting further research on a larger scale to develop comprehensive strategies for reducing failure rates across the Shiselweni region
An investigation into the making of the cultural traditions of kwa Sokhulu chiefdom in modern South Africa: an Afrocentric approach
Full text linkThesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology and Development Studies at the University of Zululand, South Africa [2024].English
This research study contributes to the existing body of literature by investigating The Making of the Cultural Traditions of KwaSokhulu Chiefdom in Modern South Africa from an Afrocentric Approach. The KwaSokhulu Chiefdom is situated in the northern part of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa, along the east coast between St. Lucia and Richards Bay. The coastline, reserved for subsistence gatherers, stretches approximately two kilometres (Harris, 2000:1). The study was conducted in the Zululand area of KZN, encompassing Mandlazini (the Traditional Seat of the Chiefdom), Emhlangeni, eNtambanana, eMtubatuba, KwaMbonambi, and Enseleni. The research is anchored in the Afrocentric paradigm, focusing on African identity from the viewpoint of African people as centred, located, oriented, and grounded. Molefe Asante's (1987) concept of "Afrocentricity" informed the theoretical framework, emphasizing the need for African people to be historically, economically, socially, politically, and philosophically recentred. A qualitative research design was employed to gain an in-depth understanding of the cultural traditions of the KwaSokhulu Chiefdom. Data collection methods included semi-structured interviews with 20 purposively selected participants, comprising traditional leaders, elders, and community members. Focus group discussions and participant observations were also conducted to gather diverse perspectives and enrich the data. Document analysis of historical texts and traditional records supplemented the primary data. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the data, allowing for the identification of key patterns and themes related to cultural traditions, roles, and the impact of modernity. Findings reveal that the Chiefdom is traditionally viewed as a complex institution shaped by norms, traditions, achieved and ascribed statuses, roles and expectations. These elements are embedded in belief systems regulated by principles and symbolized through material and abstract artefacts. The Chiefdom also functions as an intermediary between traditional governance systems and modern governmental structures. Furthermore, the study highlights how apartheid-era policies influenced the socio-cultural dynamics of KwaSokhulu, leading to both disruptions and adaptations in traditional practices. The research concludes that while the KwaSokhulu Chiefdom retains strong cultural traditions, it faces challenges in adapting to modern governance frameworks. modern municipal systems, promoting cultural education to preserve
indigenous knowledge and encouraging community Recommendations include fostering greater integration between traditional leadership and participation in governance to enhance social cohesion. These strategies are essential for safeguarding cultural heritage while facilitating progressive development within the Chiefdom.NGOKUFINGQIWE
Lolu cwaningo lwengeza embhalweni ngokubheka indlela uDkt Nelson Mandela kanye neNkosi Mangosuthu Buthelezi abasungula ngayo ubuholi babo ohlelweni lwentando yabantu eNingizimu Afrika. Ibuyekeza ukuthambekela kwezepolitiki kwalaba baholi ababili futhi ihlaziye amandla aphoqayo omphakathi ezenzweni zomuntu ngamunye kanye namandla ahlaba umxhwele abantu ngabanye okuguqula lowo mphakathi. Ubudlelwano phakathi kukaMandela noButhelezi babunomlando omude futhi oguquguqukayo, womuntu siqu kanye nowepolitiki, kusukela ngesikhathi bobabili besoPhikweni Lwentsha lwe-ANC. Kwaphola ngesikhathi i-Nkatha isuka kulokho uButhelezi akuchaza ngokuthi ‘yi-ANC’yaqala ukungezwani futhi yacasuka ngemuva kuka-1994 njengoba isimo saKwaZulu Natali saba nomthelela kuyo. Kodwa ngisho nangezikhathi ezinzima, babexhumana. Babhalelana ngesikhathi uMandela eyisiboshwa, kokubili ngokuqondile nangomkakhe kaButhelezi, uIrene, kuzo zombili izindaba zomndeni nezombusazwe. Naphezu kokungezwani kwakhe neANC, uButhelezi wayehlala ecela ukukhululwa kukaMande futhi wenqaba ukuxoxisana nohulumeni kwaze kwaba yilapho uMandela nezinye iziboshwa zezombusazwe bekhululwa. Esikhathini esingaphambi kokhetho luka-1994 uMandela wayevame ukukhuluma naye, emqaphela njengamandla abalulekile. Ekugcineni iminikelo yabo yokuvalelisa yabe, uma ikhononda futhi ingacacile, nokho yayihloniphekile. UMandela washo izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ukuthi ‘wayenenhlonipho enkulu’ ngoButhelezi ‘njengomsindisi owesabekayo’. UButhelezi wahlala eqinisekile ukuthi ubunzima phakathi kwakhe noMandela buyimphumela yokuthi i-ANC ibahlukanise. Lolu cwaningo luphinde luchaze ukuthambekela kwezepolitiki
kwabaholi ababili okusekelwe emibonweni yobuholi ukusekela umbono: laba baholi ababili bahambisana nezitayela zobuholi bokufunda benguquko kanye nezenhlalo eziqinisekisayo futhi ezigcizelelwa uhlaka lwethiyori Lobuholi Base-Afrika; Inkontileka Nokwethenjwa Komphakathi; Umuntu Omkhulu, kanye ne-Ego Development. Lokhu kuhlaziywa kwezindlela zethiyori kunikeza izibonelo ezinemininingwane eminingi yezitayela zobuholi ezivamile nezihlukile zabaholi, kanye nezici ezihlukanisa Phakathi kwezindlela ezintathu zobuholi bakudala; isimilo, izindlela zokuziphatha nezimo, kanye nezindlela zobuholi obusha; izindlela zokuguqula kanye nokufunda komphakathi (Bryman, 1992: 124)