Arca Publishing

Suleman, Rukeya

Hollinshead, Keith

The Vital Call for Soft Science Schooling Today: The Emerging and Dynamic Research Design âDietâ

Schanzel, Heike

Porter, Brooke

Femininities in the Field of Tourism Research

Moysidou, Gesthimani

 
 
Title: Ethics of Hospitality in Non-commercial Homestay Tourism 
Author: Gesthimani Moysidou  
Affiliation: Edinburgh Napier University 
Contact: 40181192@live.napier.ac.uk 
Session Type: Presentation 
 
Abstract: 
The sum of innumerable interpersonal relationships that are created between individuals 
constitute the foundation of our society (Simmel, 1950), and hospitality has been argued to 
reinforce these relationships as well as contribute to the formulation of new ones (Selwyn, 2000). 
In order to establish these connections, it is imperative for the two sides of the exchange to agree 
upon a common moral framework, according to which they will behave (Selwyn, 2000). This 
study is exploring a particular type of tourism, characterised by a combination of work, 
homestay, and cultural exchange (Cox & Narula, 2003), hereafter referred to as non-commercial 
homestay tourism (NCHT). In this setting, the guest provides work in exchange for food and 
accommodation, with the most prominent examples being Au-pairing, WWOOFing, Workaway, 
and HelpX, among others. In NCHT the rules of the exchange are not explicit or written, and the 
moral framework is negotiated during the time of the transaction. A positive social exchange is 
crucial for the success of the encounter (Mosedale, 2011), a transaction regulated by the moral 
economy rather than market forces (Kosnik, 2013), but uncertainty or even disagreement 
regarding the rules of the exchange can lead to dilemmas, friction, or moments of inhospitality 
(Rosello, 2001). 
The home setting, where this encounter transpires, introduces further complications to the 
transaction, due to the overlap of the private and public arena in a space which is at the same 
time home and work. During the stay, the host has to adapt their normal routines and behaviour 
while maintaining sovereignty of their space. Simultaneously, the guest has to forego their 
freedom, follow the home’s rules and abide by its constraints (Lynch, Di Domenico, & Sweeney, 
2007). This situation creates the necessity for a negotiation of spatial and emotional boundaries, 
while acts of mutuality and compromise during this negotiation can build intimacy between the 
two parties (Bialski, 2011). 
While tourism literature has explored the relationship between the host and the guest on a 
macro level, namely the host community and the tourists, on a micro level, the existing literature is 
limited. Encounter is in the core of tourism (Crouch et al., 2001), and a micro-analysis of these 
encounters is crucial (Gibson, 2010). Understanding the ethics involved in creating and 
solidifying this interpersonal relationship can provide a significant insight into the role 
hospitality can play in strengthening human relations. Encounters in the home have been viewed 
from the perspective of commercial homestays (Lynch, 2005; Sweeney & Lynch, 2009) and 
more personal transactions, like Couchsurfing (Germann Molz, 2011; Bialski, 2011). However, 
in this context, where the provision of work in exchange for hospitality regulates the transaction 
and its consequent unclear rules, research is limited, focusing on other aspects of the exchange 
and not elicited through a micro-ethical lens. This paper explores the way this common moral 
framework is created and negotiated between the two sides of the transaction in NCHT, by 
examining the micro-ethics informing the relationship. It is based on ongoing PhD research, 
which is going to employ a combination of an autoethnographic account and semi-structured 
interviews with both guests and hosts in this setting. The presentation will be based on a critical 
review of the literature, an outline of the methods used, and the preliminary findings of the 
 
 
fieldwork.1 
 
References: 
Bialski, P. (2011). Technologies of hospitality: How planned encounters develop between  
strangers. Hospitality & Society, 1(3), 245–260. 
Cox, R., & Narula, R. (2003). Playing happy families: Rules and relationships in au pair  
employing households in London, England. Gender, Place, & Culture, 10(4), 333–344. 
Germann-Molz, J. (2011). CouchSurfing and network hospitality: ‘It’s not just about the 
furniture’. Hospitality & Society, 1(3), 215–225. 
Kosnik, E. (2013). Nourishing ourselves and helping the planet: WWOOF, Environmentalism  
and Ecotopia: Alternative social practices between ideal and reality. Doctoral 
dissertation. Victoria University of Wellington. 
Lynch, P. (2005). The commercial home enterprise and host: A United Kingdom perspective.  
International Journal of Hospitality Management, 24(4), 533–553. 
Lynch, P., Di Domenico, M.L., & Sweeney, M. (2007). Resident hosts and mobile strangers:  
Temporary exchanges within the topography of the commercial home. Mobilizing 
hospitality: The ethics of social relations in a mobile world (pp. 121–144). 
Mosedale, J. (2011). Diverse economies and alternative economic practices in tourism. In I.  
Ateljevic, N. Morgan, A. Pritchard, eds., The Critical Turn in Tourism Studies: Creating 
an Academy of Hope (pp. 194–207), London: Routledge. 
Rosello, M. (2001). Postcolonial hospitality: The immigrant as guest. Stanford: Stanford 
University Press. 
Selwyn, T. (2000). An anthropology of hospitality. In C. Lashley & A. Morrison, eds., In  
Search of Hospitality (pp. 18–36). Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann. 
Simmel, G. (1950). The sociology of Georg Simmel. In K. Wolff, ed., New York: The Free Press. 
Sweeney, M., and Lynch, P.A. (2009). Classifying commercial home hosts based on their  
relationships to the home. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 6(2), 159–
170. 
 
1The presentation will be infused with emergent findings, but as the fieldwork will be undertaken 
in early 2017, they cannot be described at the time of writing. 
 
 
 
  


English

Ethics of Hospitality in Non-commercial Homestay Tourism

Maxim, Cristina

Chasovschi, Carmen

 
 
Title: The Importance of Cultural Landscape for Sustainable Development of Tourism in 
Bucovina 
Author: Cristina Maxim1 & Carmen Chasovschi2 
Affiliation: University of West London1; “Stefan cel Mare” University2 
Contact: cristina.maxim@uwl.ac.uk 
Session Type: Presentation 
 
Abstract: 
Cultural tourism is considered a well-established field of study and a focus for many 
destinations that wish to encourage international visitation. Yet, there is little research published 
on cultural landscape, a concept that refers to the interrelation between landscape, nature, human 
culture, and the people who populate a specific region (Buckley, Ollenburg, & Zhong, 2008). 
Cultural landscape is, however, a very important component of the Romanian tour operators’ and 
travel agents’ offer to potential visitors, particularly when it comes to historic regions such as 
Bucovina. 
Bucovina is located in northeastern Romania and is considered to be one of the most 
important destinations for cultural and heritage tourism in the country. The region is well known 
for its customs and traditions, beautiful landscapes, and, most importantly, for the medieval 
monasteries famous for their painted exterior walls included among the UNESCO World 
Heritage sites. The most popular and famous such monastery is located in Voronet, and therefore 
this rural area will be the focus of this study. 
Following the fall of the Communist regime in 1989 and the opening of the borders to 
western visitors, over the past 20 years there has been a considerable increase in the number of 
tourists in Bucovina. As with many other destinations, the development of tourism in the area 
brought not only benefits but also negative impacts, in particular for the cultural landscape. 
Among the most noticeable are the rapid changes in the style and architecture of local houses and 
accommodation units which threaten the authenticity of the area. As highlighted by many 
researchers, authenticity is a very important motivator for visitors to travel to destinations, in 
particular for those who are interested in the local cultures and traditions, or in heritage tourism 
(Kolar & Zabkar, 2010). 
This study aims to better understand the importance of the cultural landscape for the 
sustainable development of tourism in the region of Bucovina, Romania. In doing so, it adopts a 
case study methodology, which allows the researchers to analyse the destination from more than 
one perspective by collecting both quantitative and qualitative data. It also allows the collection 
of data from different stakeholders involved in tourism development in the region, such as 
visitors, the tourism industry, and the local authority. As this is work in progress, the authors 
expect the findings to contribute to the limited knowledge that exists on tourism development in 
Bucovina, a popular region among international tourists who visit Romania. Moreover, it would 
help policy makers to find solutions in implementing sustainable measures for the development 
of tourism in this region while protecting the authenticity of the area. 
 
References: 
Buckley, R., Ollenburg, C., & Zhong, L. (2008). Cultural landscape in Mongolian tourism. 
Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 47–61. 
Kolar, T., & Zabkar, V. (2010). A consumer-based model of authenticity: An oxymoron or the  
foundation of cultural heritage marketing? Tourism Management, 31, 652–664.  


The Importance of Cultural Landscape for Sustainable Development of Tourism in Bucovina

Lean, Garth

 
 
Title: The Transformative Experiences of Asian Working Holiday Makers in Australia 
Author: Garth Lean 
Affiliation: Western Sydney University 
Contact: g.lean@westernsydney.edu.au 
Session Type: Presentation 
 
Abstract: 
Asia has a history of travel that extends as long, if not longer, than that of Europe. 
Despite this, it has often been a neglected site of enquiry for those investigating travel as a socio- 
cultural phenomenon. Many countries in Asia are presently undergoing a process of rapid 
transformation, with peoples, cultures, social structures, cities, landscapes, politics, and 
economics changing at a pace that has arguably never previously been seen in human history. 
International travel (whether for the purpose of leisure, study, business, transitory work, military 
service, migration, asylum seeking, etc.) is deeply enmeshed within this flux, being both 
reflective of it and influential upon it. Given these rapid transitions and economic growth, Asia 
becomes a fascinating site of enquiry for investigating travel as an embodied, sensual, and 
transformative phenomenon from a perspective beyond the familiar ‘western’ lens. It also 
provides an important context in which to explore the interconnection of travel, and its affective 
consequences, with other forms of mobility, life courses, and social and cultural transitions. 
This paper presents findings from research looking at the transformative experiences of 
Asian working holiday makers travelling to Australia. Building upon a 10-year longitudinal 
study of travel and transformation with participants from mostly ‘western’ cultural backgrounds 
(see Lean, 2016), over 100 online surveys and email interviews were conducted with current and 
former working holiday makers from the nine Asian nationalities eligible to participate in 
Australia’s working holiday programme. The paper will illustrate how working holidays are 
framed and narrated as transformative in policy and lived experience. It will also explore how 
these travel experiences affect, and become entwined in, the life-course of working holiday 
makers. The paper concludes by considering the implications of these findings for previous, 
‘western’-centric, conceptualisations of transformative travel. 
 
References: 
Lean, G. 2016. Transformative travel in a mobile world. Wallingford: CABI.  
 
 
  


The Transformative Experiences of Asian Working Holiday Makers in Australia

 
 
Title: The Urgent Call for Soft Science Schooling Today: The Worldwide Need for Advanced 
Interpretive/Qualitative Tutelage 
Author: Keith Hollinshead & Rukeya Suleman 
Affiliation: University of Bedfordshire 
Contact: rukeya.suleman@beds.ca.uk 
Session Type: Presentation 
 
Abstract:  
 
Introduction: The Need for Advanced Schooling in ‘Soft Science’ in Tourism Studies 
This presentation is one of a bedfellow pair of presentations which argues the case for the 
provision of an annual or perhaps biennial short course somewhere in the world where those 
interest in critical issues in International Tourism Studies can gain state-of-the-art schooling in 
advanced interpretive cum qualitative forms of inquiry. It is argued by the presenters that the 
Critical Tourism Studies Network should work with (perhaps) the Research Committee for 
International Tourism of the International Sociological Association (known as Research 
Committee 50 = RC50) to find a host institution able to regularly stage this advanced short 
course … or otherwise to find a mix of institutions (in perhaps Europe, North America, Asia, 
Australasia ???) that could stage such an offering on a rolling basis. While this first presentation 
makes the main case for a short course, the companion presentation (see Suleman & Hollinshead, 
this abstract book) provides some further details and insights as to how such a short course ought 
be established.  
 
Background: The Call for a Pilot Short Course on ‘Soft Science’ 
In recent decades, social science research methodologies have changed considerably, in 
some senses in small but important ways in which received ‘orthodox science’ / ‘conventional 
scientistic approaches’ are tickled or nuanced to bring favoured methods into alignment with the 
freshened outlooks of so called ‘postmoderm’, ‘postcolonial’, or ‘postdisciplinary’ conceptual 
climates of today. Sometimes, however, the changes of late decades (since the 1980s) have 
constituted tall and / or strident breaks with the old ‘proper’ and ‘designated’ laws of neutral / 
detached / universalised scientific inquiry, and some of the emergent tenets of social science 
research have witnessed large and substantive shifts in practice in homage to the aerated 
invigorations of the critical turn, the interpretive turn, the discursive turn, and to a number of 
other conceivable change-of-the-century ‘turns’. Thus, what many soft scientists now espouse 
often involves the adoption of stances or the engagement in processes which are diametrically 
opposed to the received investigative wisdoms and the ‘research religiosities’ of the mid- and 
early-late 20th century. 
In this light, it is important to inspect how the new endorsements in social science are 
affecting—even liberating!—Tourism Studies and Related Fields today. This presentation 
thereby calls for the staging of a pilot short course at a bona fide institution or university NHTV 
which has proven connectivities with Critical Tourism Studies, where needful postgraduate 
students (graduate students in North American parlance) and advanced researchers can attend an 
intensive three-day / four-day rampage through the new legitimations of the 1990s and on 
through the opening two decades of the 21st century. Such a short course should inspect the new 
thoughtlines and the freshened principles which comprise the unfolding soft science approaches 
of our time—that is, those oxygenated concerns of ontology and epistemology which have 
 
 
broadened the possibilities of what is deemed to be ‘appropriate’ or ‘acceptable’ in advanced 
interpretive and qualitative styles of inquiry today. 
 
The Aim: The Regular Staging of a Cutting-Edge Short Course  
Hopefully, the pilot event would then be assessed and adjusted as necessary to then 
become a regular (annual or biennial) short course in soft science approaches … whether it be 
staged at that same host body or otherwise offered at different locations / different campuses 
around the world. Perhaps such a pilot short course could first be staged in 2019 after (1) 
delegates here in Mallorca in 2017 at this CTS International Conference, and (2) delegates at the 
2017 ‘International Tourism Studies’ sessions of the World Congress of Sociology (as convened 
by RC50 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in mid-2018) have had chance to have input on its 
conceivable content and contours. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  


The Urgent Call for Soft Science Schooling Today: The Worldwide Need for Advanced Interpretive/Qualitative Tutelage

 
 
Title: Culture as Seduction: Some Liquid Modern Propositions on the Palette of Imagination of 
Tourism 
Author: Keith Hollinshead & Rukeya Suleman 
Affiliation: University of Bedfordshire 
Contact: rukeya.suleman@beds.ca.uk 
Session Type: Presentation 
 
Abstract:  
This presentation is the second of two cousin working papers (see Suleman & 
Hollinshead, this abstract book) on the condition of culture under globalisation and the 
interweaving of populations. It focusses upon the altered function of culture under liquid 
modernity and (like presentation 1 of 2) it constitutes a contextual application (to Tourism 
Studies) of the ideas of the social studies theorist Bauman. 
Initially, in this second presentation, a number of points from presentation 1 of 2 will be 
situated within Tourism Studies. The following three questions will be particularly stressed: 
 
A = Under the globalising imperatives of liquid modernity, the so-called modern condition of 
cultural life loses its old solidities and dissolves into a litany of molten or limpid forms (p. 11). 
None of these emergent and flowing / running cultural forms is generally able to maintain its 
shape or condition for long, and local / national life becomes increasingly dissolved and 
impermanent (p. 12). What does this therefore mean for the representational power of Tourism 
Studies? 
 
B = Under the globalising actions of our contemporary age, the molten and limpid forms of 
social life which emerge and flow exist as cultural mutations which find their own unpredictable 
level in and across societies (p. 88). Their respective life courses tend to be vicissitudinous, and 
most tend to be definitive, fixed, irrevocable (p. 88), having blurred boundaries with other 
cultural forms (p. 90). What does this mean for the relationship Tourism Studies supposedly has 
with other so called inscriptive / performative fields? 
 
C = Under the globalising imperatives of liquid modernity, cultural value / cultural importance is 
often something bestowed via the imprimatur of a promoted or heralded ‘event’ (p. 112). In this 
fashion, such events are prone to be loudly projected / multimedia attention-makers, but they are 
‘one-off’ or ‘short-lived’ culture-generating / behaviour-stimulating spectaculars, generally 
orchestrated in harmony with a perceived resonance with the supposed / claimed spirit of the 
times (p. 113). Such culture-creating events are designed for maximal impact, yet instant 
obsolescence, and their providers are inclined to avoid the obligation of long term investment (p. 
113). What does this mean in terms of what is and what is not commonly and critically 
researched in Tourism Studies today? 
 
Thereafter, this second presentation will focus upon the provision of five propositions to help 
guide researchers of and about the parameters of culture in Tourism Studies … in relation to the 
above three questions: 
 
Proposition 1 = Visions of Culture Not as Essentialised Objects but as Ongoing Processes 
Considerable gains can be made in Tourism Studies by viewing culture not as a fixed or 
 
 
essentialised set of objects but as an ever-dynamic realm of processes … .  
 
Proposition 2 = Visions of a More Provisional Global Order 
Considerable advantages can accrue to Tourism Studies researchers who are open to a 
more contingent and less authoritative view of and about the global order of things … .  
  
Proposition 3 = Visions of Plural Knowability 
Considerable benefit—in terms of equity and creative opportunity—can result for 
governing bodies in tourism management and development who are alive to (become aware of) 
the hegemonic understandings they uphold in their day-by-day / quotidian acts of promotion … .  
 
Proposition 4 = Visions over Cultural Poesis as well as over Cultural Politics 
Considerable dividend can ensue for researchers in the social science field of Tourism 
Studies (who have a large mandate for matters of culture) when they turn their disciplinary / 
crossdisciplinary attention towards ethnoaesthetic meanings … .  
 
Proposition 5 = Critical Visions of the Worldmaking Power and Compass of Tourism 
Considerable interpretive gains can result for the field of Tourism Studies when ‘it’ 
indulges in many more robust and penetrative and many more nuanced and refined critical 
studies of the effectivities (and thereby, the worldmaking agency) of tourism … . 
 
 
All citations (above) are from the work of Bauman (2012), as commissioned by the National 
Audiovisual Institute for the European Cultural Congress, based in Wroclaw, Poland. 
  


Culture as Seduction: Some Liquid Modern Propositions on the Palette of Imagination of Tourism

Heimtun, Bente

Filial Duty and Holidays: The Experiences of Midlife Single Women

Duignan, Michael

 
Title: Disorganised Host Event Spaces: Revealing Rio’s Fault Lines at the 2016 Summer 
Olympic Games 
Author: Michael B. Duignan 
Affiliation: Anglia Ruskin University 
Contact: Michael.Duignan@anglia.ac.uk 
Session Type: Presentation 
 
Abstract:  
Drawing on Deleuze and Guattari’s (1987) theoretical framing of ‘striated’ and ‘smooth’ 
spaces and the idea around Olympic states of exception (Marrero-Guillamon, 2013), this paper 
investigates the extent to which the spatial organisation of the Rio 2016 Olympic Games 
territorialised a number of targeted event and venue spaces across the host city. The paper 
unpacks, using in-depth descriptive analysis, how Rio 2016’s main Games sites and ancillary 
event zones were spatially organised. It also explores the variegated implications of the Olympic 
Games’ spatial organisation for Rio’s host communities. Observational insights serve as a 
snapshot in to the potential effects this had on local communities and small traders attempting to 
engage and leverage from the Games through the researcher’s perspective. Empirically driven 
and qualitative in its focus, the study’s in-depth insights are shared through the use of narrated 
observation and photo and video diaries captured in advance of the Rio Games and during its 
operation. These audio-visual findings will be presented at the CTS 2017 presentation to 
illustrate local dynamics at play, and to illustrate exactly how micro-level empiricisms helped to 
build the findings and theoretical developments discussed. The author will touch up on how, 
through using qualitative coding and Attride-Stirling’s (2001) ‘Thematic Network Analysis’ 
(TNA), research themes were developed. 
Specifically, in terms of the findings, the paper illustrates that, whilst the city of Rio and 
associated event spaces became controlled and striated in a variety of ways, they simultaneously 
emerged disorganised, somewhat chaotic but in turn more open, fluid, and ‘democratic’. The 
authors argue that host community, venue, and Last Mile spaces offered greater propensity for 
creative resistance, plurality of voice, and the affordance of alternative narratives. As a result, 
local stakeholders across host communities, including local smaller traders who may have 
represented vulnerable and excluded actors under previous mega-event conditions (e.g., London 
2012) (see Pappalepore and Duignan, 2016; Duignan, 2017), appeared to have been more 
effective in leveraging event-related and -induced benefits (e.g., event visitor economy 
consumption). In return, this is argued to have helped support the redistribution of leveragable 
benefits across a wider spectrum of stakeholders, and not just those with social and economic 
capital, who have historically been the only ones able to access such opportunity (Ziakas, 2014). 
This has, and continues to be, of critical importance to the field of critical event studies, in the 
context of mega-event analyses. 
 
References: 
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: An analytical tool for qualitative research.  
Qualitative Research, 1, 385–405. 
Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1987). A thousand plateaus. Minneapolis: University of  
Minnesota Press. 
 
Duignan, M.B. (2017). Olympic territorialisation, shocks. and event impacts: Small businesses  
and London’s ‘Last Mile’ spaces. Doctoral dissertation. Anglia Ruskin University. 
Marrero-Guillamón, I. (2013). Olympic state of exception. In H. Powell & I. Marrero-
Guillamón, eds., The Art of Dissent: Adventures in London’s Olympic State. London: 
Marshgate. 
Pappalepore, I., & Duignan, M.B. (2016). The London 2012 cultural programme: A  
consideration of Olympic impacts and legacies for small creative organisations in East 
London. Tourism Management, 54, 344–355. 
Ziakas, V. (2014). For the benefit of all? Developing a critical perspective in mega-event  
leverage. Leisure Studies, 34, 689–702. 
 
 
 
 
  


Disorganised Host Event Spaces: Revealing Rioâs Fault Lines at the 2016 Summer Olympic Games

Cuffy, Violet

 
Title: Is There a Role for a Lifelong Tourism Education Model in the 21st Century? 
Author: Violet V. Cuffy 
Affiliation: University of Bedfordshire  
Contact: violet.cuffy@beds.ac.uk 
Session Type: Presentation 
 
Abstract: 
The need for a critical turn in tourism studies has been a core theme of debate in the 
general academic literature in the last few decades (Bianchi, 2009). In the specific area of 
tourism education, there has been a call for more reflexivity, a balance between vocational and 
liberal education, and the adoption of much more critical methodologies and approaches. 
Meanwhile, in the UK, the government has an invested political interest in the implementation of 
widening access and increased participation in its education provision agenda. 
The impact of globalisation and ongoing advances in international travel and technology 
necessitate tourism education frameworks and programmes that are versatile and efficient in 
addressing the demands of an ever evolving industry. As such, matters of employability take on 
new meaning far beyond mere vocational and instrumental learning. 
According to the British Council (2012), the increasingly competitive external 
environment has called for continuous improvement of countries’ quality assurance standards 
and the development of international criteria for their education systems. The council further 
suggests that, in order to maintain global relevance, internationalisation of both teaching and 
research have become critical objectives for most tertiary institutions. Improvements and 
advances in science and technology, a swiftly shifting geo-political environment, increased flow 
and mobility between continents and within countries, plus increasing changing demographics all 
dictate an immediate and robust response by education providers that seek to remain relevant in 
the changing face of the education sector. 
The onset of the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) in the UK brings to the fore the 
pertinent refocus on the value and importance of the teaching and learning process. In its 
‘Success as a Knowledge Economy: Teaching Excellence, Social Mobility, and Student Choice’ 
2016 white paper, there is a clear call for flexible, innovative, and ‘lifetime’ learning—providing 
the best options for students that suit their individual circumstances—in addressing 21st century 
education demands (The Secretary of State for Business, Innovation, and Skills, 2016). 
With these shifts comes the need for continuous improvement in teaching and learning 
within an adaptable and dynamic education system. It has been argued by Scott (2015) in a paper 
prepared for UNESCO, that formal education must be transformed to enable new forms of 
learning that are needed to tackle complex global challenges. Further, it remains pertinent to 
explore pedagogies and learning environments that may contribute to the development and 
mastery of twenty-first century competencies and skills, and advance the quality of learning. 
Arguably, lifelong education offers an avenue for delivering on the required needs of the 
learner, the educational institution, and industry. Cuffy et al. (2012), and later Su (2015), explore 
the role of a lifelong learning approach for tourism. For its significance, this agenda was again 
revisited by UNWTO at its 2015 conference on Talent Development and Education in Tourism. 
This paper further advances these concepts and strongly advocates for a lifelong tourism 
education model in the 21st century. 
  


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